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Focus on one error at the time. Do not expect students use the correct form right away.

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Focus on one error at the time. Do not expect students use the correct form right away.

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Ability to use the vocabulary of text books and teacher talk

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Ability to use the vocabulary of text books and teacher talk

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No. A students first language supports their sense of identity. Also, they often need to be able to speak this language to communicate with their family and community

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older students have more cognitive strategies to learn 

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older students have more cognitive strategies to learn 

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Constant corrections can increase anxiety in language learners. When teachers respond to errors, we need to make sure to be judicious and respectful, by providing feedback without embarrassing the students.

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It's important to maintain and develop their own language while learning English. 

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It's important to maintain and develop their own language while learning English. 

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It is a foundation and a tool as well as part of their identity.

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No. Because first language is the foundation  of second language. 

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No. Because first language is the foundation  of second language. 

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The affective filter - older students might be anxious 

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The affective filter - older students might be anxious 

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The older the language learner, the bigger the "gap" they have to try to catch up to. If a student start learning the language at 4, they are only 4 years behind their peers, whereas a student that starts acquiring the language at 15, has a 15 year gap compared to their peers. Also students after puberty often can never speak the language without an "accent"

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Cognitive abilities and greater first language development of older students gives them an advantage for learning grammar and vocabulary

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Cognitive abilities and greater first language development of older students gives them an advantage for learning grammar and vocabulary

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older students has more linguistic skills due to L1 exposure 

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older students has more linguistic skills due to L1 exposure 

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But older students have larger gaps

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When acquiring your second language, you seldom have the ideal conditions for language learning that were outlined at the beginning of the chapter, unlike with an L1

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Making errors is part of the process - always respond to the message first. Be selective in deciding which errors to respond to. 

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Making errors is part of the process - always respond to the message first. Be selective in deciding which errors to respond to. 

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No positive link between correction and speed or accuracy with which students learn English

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No positive link between correction and speed or accuracy with which students learn English