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The National Convention turned on Robespierre on July 27, 1794 — the 9th of Thermidor on the revolutionary calendar. He was arrested that night and executed the following day, along with around 80 of his supporters.

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Jacobins and people who were involved in the Reign of Terror were attacked and executed. Gangs of youths ("Bands of Jesus") with connections to the aristocracy or who had avoided serving in the army beat known Jacobins in the streets and murdered suspected terrorists in prisons.

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Repeal of Legislation for Women's Rights

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Repeal of Legislation for Women's Rights

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Legislation that had been passed in 1792 was repealed, making divorce less equitable for women once again. Thermidorians had seen enough attempts at change and wanted family life to return back to the way it was before the revolution. Therefore, after 1795, women had less freedom than they had before 1789.

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The Constitution of the Year III (1795) reflected the Thermidorian direction of rejecting both monarchy and democracy. A two house legislature was established, consisting of the Council of Elders and Council of Five Hundred. The Directory was the 5-person executive body.

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By 1795, the political structures of the Old Regime had transformed into a system of civic equality and status that was based on owning property. New people gained access to political life, causing new questions of property distribution, economic regulations, and representation to arise.

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The Convention severed ties with the sans-culottes, and the Thermidorians repealed the ceiling on prices because of their belief in an unregulated economy.

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France experienced the worst food shortages of the period in the winter of 1794-1795 as a result of the unregulated prices. The Convention suppressed any food riots in order to prove that the era of sans-culottes journées was over. Royalist agents attempted to take advantage of the discontent, but were quickly shut down by the government's artillery.

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The Convention concluded peace with Prussia and Spain in March to June of 1795.

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The Convention ruled that at least two-thirds of the new legislature must have served in the Convention itself. Legislators feared the resurgence of radical democrats and royalists in the upcoming Council of Five Hundred elections. However, the Two-Thirds Law quickly undermined any public faith in the new constitutional order, as the law favored politicians who were already in office.

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In the spring of 1796 in Pairs, Gracchus Babeuf led the Conspiracy of Equals, calling for a more radical democracy and equality of property. He was arrested, tried, and executed. The Directory still faced numerous issues: suppression of the sans-culottes, the weak power of the constitution, the discontent with the Two-Thirds Law, and the Catholic royalist revival.