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Definition: Mining beneath the surface of the earth.

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National Wildlife Refuge System is a designation for certain protected areas of the United States managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. The National Wildlife Refuge System is the system of public lands and waters set aside to conserve America's fish, wildlife, and plants.

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1. open country used for grazing or hunting animals.

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Open-pit mining, also known as open-cast or open-cut mining and in larger contexts mega-mining, is a surface mining technique of extracting rock or minerals from the earth from an open-air pit, sometimes known as a borrow.

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A tree plantation, forest plantation, plantation forest or timber plantation is a forest planted for high volume production of wood, usually by planting one type of tree as a monoculture forest. Plantation forestry a high volume of wood in a short period of time.

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a cavity in the ground, especially in limestone bedrock, caused by water erosion and providing a route for surface water to disappear underground.

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strip mining, removal of soil and rock (overburden) above a layer or seam (particularly coal), followed by the removal of the exposed mineral.

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a large area covered chiefly with trees and undergrowth.

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Michael Hendryx: Mountaintop removal is a form of surface coal mining. As the name suggests, it literally removes up to 800 feet off the tops of mountains to try to reach coal seams that are not accessible by other mining techniques because the terrain is too steep or the veins are too thin

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A wilderness is an area of land that has been largely undisturbed by modern human development. Wilderness areas usually lack roads, buildings, and other artificial structures. They provide a natural environment for plant and animal species, and allow scientists to study healthy ecosystems

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a large natural or artificial lake used as a source of water supply.

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the number of heat units needed to raise the temperature of a body by one degree.

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Salinization refers to the increase in salt concentration in an environmental medium, notably soil. It is also known as salination.

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prevention of wasteful use of a resource.

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A drainage basin is any area of land where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet, such as into a river, bay, or other body of water.

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Environmental Mitigation Plan or “EMP” means the plan, in form and substance satisfactory to the Association adopted by the Recipient on November 19, 2004, describing measures for the mitigation, reduction and or offset of the environmental and social impacts of activities under the Project, including environmental ...

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water that collects on the surface of the ground.

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The photic zone, euphotic zone, epipelagic zone, or sunlight zone is the uppermost layer of a body of water that receives sunlight, allowing phytoplankton to perform photosynthesis. It undergoes a series of physical, chemical, and biological processes that supply nutrients into the upper water column.

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The heat of vaporization is defined as the amount of heat needed to turn 1g of a liquid into a vapor, without a rise in the temperature of the liquid.

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1. water held underground in the soil or in pores and crevices in rock.

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National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

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National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

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The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) was signed into law on January 1, 1970. NEPA requires federal agencies to assess the environmental effects of their proposed actions prior to making decisions.

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a body of permeable rock which can contain or transmit groundwater.

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Water quality can be thought of as a measure of the suitability of water for a particular use based on selected physical, chemical, and biological characteristics.

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Desalination is the process of removing salts or other minerals and contaminants from seawater, brackish water, and wastewater effluent and it is an increasingly common solution to obtain fresh water for human consumption and for domestic/industrial utilization.

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When rain falls, it becomes either runoff, which means it is unable to soak into the ground, or infiltration, which happens when the soil can absorb the amount of rain that falls. Learn more about the definitions of runoff and infiltration processes and discover the effects of runoff on the environment.