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The big issue now is housing problem which means many people can not afford their housing costs. There are many factors for that, such as population growth that will caused shortage on land supply. Also, development in economy lead to the housing problem, because people will migrate to the city has more employment opportunity and higher income level. Some people believe housing problem can be solved if they move business to smaller cities. And this is unpractical, for instance, employees may unwilling to move because they have families and they can get better income and recreation in big city. In addition, moving companies will damage the business. The problem is the huge moving expenses and they will lose consumers because people in small cities have less consume power.

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urbanisation
density population

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remote work
on-line office
meta universe

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The traffic problem is a condition in transport that is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queueing. What causes congestion every day? About half of all traffic slowdowns are caused by temporary traffic flow disruptions. The other half of slowdowns are caused by recurring congestion like a rush hour every day. Some people maintain that traffic problems can be solved by moving factories to the countryside. However, there are many better solutions for that. The temporary measure for that is free up road capacity that is soon filled by induced demand. The virtuous measure starts a feedback loop that induces more people to make a modal shift away from driving. For example, making bus service more convenient or cheaper. In this way, the air pollution will be also reduced.

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What Causes Temporary Congestion

About half of all traffic slowdowns are caused by temporary traffic flow disruptions. These are the unwelcome surprises that take over part of the roadway, such as an accident blocking a lane, a construction zone causing a bottleneck, or inclement weather conditions that affect all drivers. These are the slowdowns that you typically can’t anticipate.

What Causes Congestion Every Day

The other half of slowdowns are caused by recurring congestion. Many drivers experience these delays multiple times a week. They are more predictable as they occur whenever too many vehicles enter the roadway, such as during a specific time of day (e.g., rush hour, which is likely on the way to work, after work, or weekends).

Even though we know when they’re likely to occur, many of us can’t avoid getting stuck in these delays, simply because our schedules are similar to those of the other drivers on the road.

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Congestion-reduction measures can be thought of as falling into two categories: temporary and virtuous.

Temporary measures free up road capacity that is soon filled by induced demand: people adapt their lifestyles to prevailing road conditions. Such measures are therefore worth pursuing only if they either buy time or lay the foundations for more radical interventions. We take a quick look at measures in this category that should not be considered as solutions – at least not in isolation.

Virtuous measures start a feedback loop that induces more and more people to make a modal shift away from driving. Making a bus service more convenient or cheaper will increase patronage, which means that the service can be run more frequently and for longer hours, making it convenient and attractive to more people. These are the changes transport policy must support.

Interventions to reduce traffic congestion

Modern, sophisticated initiatives that are better than typical ‘big ideas’ include:

Optimise traffic-light management

Use CCTV to monitor road conditions

Enforce existing road traffic laws

Improve perceptions of buses

Extend residents’ parking zones

Charge for workplace parking

Improve cycling infrastructure

Improve bus services

Develop and refine park-and-ride

Use Inbound Flow Control

Rationalise distribution and deliveries

Existing rail network

Light rail

Strategic Road Network resilience

Road pricing

As can be seen, these begin with interventions requiring only a low level of capital investment, before moving on to those which require an increasing degree of public and/or private sector investment. We will look at each in turn, before finishing by looking at the role of transport in health and welfare and providing some concluding thoughts.

The one-hit solution

It is often incorrectly suggested that congestion may be solved with one big idea, such as:

Widen roads

Narrow roads

Add bus lanes

Remove bus lanes

Build tunnels

Build a new ring road

Build a light rail network

Switch off traffic lights

Ban cycling

Ban cars from city centres

Close through-routes to private vehicles

Close car parks

Build more car parks

Build more park-and-rides

Make buses free

Make park-and-ride free

Introduce a congestion charge/road pricing

None of these can deliver a complete solution, and most of them provide only temporary relief until induced demand fills up the road space once more. Road pricing (which we cover later) is the nearest to a one-hit solution, but it still needs to be paired with big improvements to public and active transport options.

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in order to address the housing problem and the traffic problem, the proposed measure proves to be less feasible and not effective.

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P 1 outline
1.1
1.2

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Species succession
[in plant communities, i.e., the temporal sequence of appearance and disappearance of species, ]

is dependent on events occurring at different stages in the life history of a species.

Variation in rates of invasion and growth plays an important role
[in determining patterns of succession, especially secondary succession. ]
演替取决于不同阶段的事件； 侵占速度决定了演替的规律

The species 【that are first to colonize a site】
are those
【 that produce abundant seed that is distributed successfully to new sites. 】
先入侵  --大量种子

Such species generally grow rapidly and quickly dominate new sites, 【excluding other species with lower invasion and growth rates.】

The first community
【that occupies a disturbed area therefore 】
may be composed of species
【with the highest rate of invasion, 】

whereas the community of the subsequent stage may consist of plants with similar survival rates but lower invasion rates.

第一批 物种 入侵快 则占领快
第二批 成活率一致 但是入侵率慢。

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Colonization是植物改变生态环境的一种方式。Colonization主要由两个部分组成：入侵和存活。 Colonization的成功取决于是否有合适的地点。

不同物种的入侵率有很大差异。

如果物种产生寿命短的后代，他们需要产生很多数量除非它们可以扩散到新的栖息地。很多植物靠风传播大量体积小并且短命的后代。另一种策略则是植物产生更少但更大并且更长命的种子通过动物来传播。

发芽的适应性在colonizing species 发展的很好。 特定物种种子发芽日期让他们更有可能在合适的环境下发芽。这对于气候多样性环境中定居的物种来说尤其重要。