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1. https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blisstree.com%2Ffiles%2F2010%2F05%2F0520-BP-oil-dispersant.jpg_full_600.jpg&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blisstree.com%2F2010%2F05%2F21%2Fsex-relationships%2Foil-spill-in-the-gulf-%25E2%2580%2593-bp-continues-to-botch-clean-up-efforts%2F&docid=AQgpcyLt30LU1M&tbnid=yA15Uo6RmECmjM%3A&vet=10ahUKEwjNoqT2ouTSAhUFI5QKHcA8DUAQMwgdKAIwAg..i&w=600&h=400&bih=817&biw=1821&q=dispersants%20oil%20spill%20clean%20up&ved=0ahUKEwjNoqT2ouTSAhUFI5QKHcA8DUAQMwgdKAIwAg&iact=mrc&uact=8

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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Oil destroys the insulating ability of fur-bearing mammals, such as sea otters, and the water repellency of a bird's feathers, thus exposing these creatures to the harsh elements. Without the ability to repel water and insulate from the cold water, birds and mammals will die from hypothermia.

Many birds and animals also ingest oil when they try to clean themselves, which can poison them.

Fish and shellfish may not be exposed immediately, but can come into contact with oil if it is mixed into the water column. When exposed to oil, adult fish may experience reduced growth, enlarged livers, changes in heart and respiration rates, fin erosion, and reproduction impairment. Oil also adversely affects eggs and larval survival.

Oil waste poisons the sensitive marine and coastal organic substrate, interrupting the food chain on which fish and sea creatures depend, and on which their reproductive success is based. Commercial fishing enterprises may be affected permanently.
The fate of oil residues on shore depends on the spilled oil's composition and properties, the volume of oil that reaches the shore, the types of beach and coastal sediments and rocks contacted by the oil, the impact of the oil on sensitive habitats and wildlife, weather events, and seasonal and climatic conditions. Some oils evaporate, disperse, emulsify, weather, and decompose more easily than others. The weather and seasonal and climatic conditions may accelerate or delay these processes.

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Oil spillage in Mexico
Debris and oil from the Deepwater Horizon oil rig after it sank on April 22, 2010.

U.S. Coast Guard

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How to clean up the crude oil spillage in the ocean?

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How to clean up the crude oil spillage in the ocean?

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a.    In US, there are two agencies that responsible for cleaning up oil spills which are Coast Guard and the Environmental Protection Agency

b.    Providing scientific expertise to predict where the spill is going and what impacts it might have

c.    Identifying resources risk

d.    Recommending cleaning up methods depending on the location of the spills, potential hazards, weather conditions, waves and currents.

i.    Use dispersants to break down and speed up natural biodegradation of the oil: Chemical dispersant can be used to break down the oil and to speed up its natural biodegradation. Dispersants break the slick into droplets of oil, which makes it easier for the oil and water to mix, and for the slick to be absorbed into the aquatic system. However, this method is not appropriate for all oil spills, and especially not in all locations. Dispersants should not be used when it can affect marine organisms, as the chemicals and broken-down oil can be absorbed by marine life including sub-tidal seafood that can enter into the food chain.

ii.    Contain the spill using booms and collect the oil from the surface of the water using skimmers: Long, buoyant booms, which can be solid or inflatable tubes, surround and isolate the oil slick. The booms rise about 3 feet (1 Meter) above water level, and are attached to a skirt that hangs underwater. From the surface, skimmers suck or scoop the oil into containment tanks on the shore or on nearby vessels. It is more difficult to use booms and skimmers on the high seas and under conditions of high winds.

iii.    Add biological agents to the spill: Oil that has washed up along the shoreline can be broken down through a process called biodegradation. Biodegradation occurs when bacteria and other micro-organism break down the oil into harmless substances, such as fatty acids and carbon dioxide. Clean up crews can speed up this process of biodegradation by adding fertilizing nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus, which encourage the growth of micro-organism.

iv.    Let the oil break down naturally: If there is no possibility that the oil will pollute coastal regions or marine life, the oil could be left to disperse naturally. The sun, wind, currents and waves can disperse and evaporate most oils, through light oils can disperse quicker than heavy oils.

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What happen to the oil spill chemically?
The ocean most often are caused by accidents involving tankers, barges, pipelines, refineries, drilling rigs, and storage facilities.
1. Oil float on saltwater (the ocean) and usually floats on freshwater (rivers and lakes)
2. Very heavy oil can sometimes sink in freshwater(rarely)
Oil usually spreads out rapidly across the water surface to form a thin later = oil slick.
3. As the oil continues spreading, the layer becomes thinner and thinner, finally becoming very thin layer called a sheen, which often looks like a rainbow.

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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Usually, people are often used the most basic method of clean up is using physical barriers to control the spread of the oil . For example, when oil spills in water, it tends to float on the surface and spread out, forming a thin slick just a few millimetres thick (a very thin slick is called a sheen, which often looks like a rainbow and can be seen in parking lots after a rainstorm). Firstly, clean up workers first surround the slick with floating bloom from keeping it to spreading to harbors, beaches or biologically important areas like marshes. Then they can use different tools to remove the collected oil. Often they will drive skimmers, boats that skim spilled water from the water's surface, through the slick.

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Spillage oil?Crude oil is predominantly a mixture of hydrocarbons, but every crude oil is a unique mixture of molecular compounds. There are thousands of named crude oils in use around the world. Our chemists make recommendations by determining the source of the spill and the optimal cleanup methods and safety issues, based on the unique properties of the oil released.