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- L.A. people were seperated because of their skin color.

- different places wanted to trade for different things.

Venezuela -> oil

Brazil -> cotton

Argentina -> wheat

Chile -> copper

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The Panama Canal and the Torrijos-Carter Treaties

A Summary:

The Hay-Herrán Treaty and Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (they sound like the same thing and basically do the same thing) in 1903 was an agreement between Columbia and the U.S. which would allow the U.S. rights to the land surrounding the canal they planned to make. The canal was finished in 1914. As time progressed, riots and protests arguing if Panama or the U.S. should control the canal broke out. There were also protests about the Panamanian flag being flown in the Canal Zone in 1964. Americans believed it should not be, as the U.S. owned the land, and Panamanians protested it should since it is their right to the land. By 1967, U.S. and Panama's president (Marco Robles) had formed three treaties on the rights of the Panama Canal. But Marco Robles was defeated by Arnulfo Arias Madrid in 1968 elections, who was then deposed of soon after by Colonel Omar Torrijos and negotiations faced a major setback. Between 1973 and 1976, Panama and the U.S. worked to form the Torrijos-Carter Treaties which allowed U.S. use of the canal but not control of the Canal Zone. But when Jimmy Carter was then elected into U.S. office, he was against the treaty. But soon after his election, his advisers convinced him otherwise and he agreed to form a treaty once more with Panama. But, U.S. Congress was hesitant to agree. After much convincing from Carter and Torrijos, two treaties were signed; the Neutrality Treaty and The Panama Canal Treaty. These treaties made the Canal Zone no longer exist (in 1979) and the canal was put under Panamanian control (in 1999).

Questions/Thoughts:

Why exactly did the Canal Zone exist in the first place? Why not only control the Canal and leave the rest to Panama? Would have doing so stopped fights between the U.S. and Panama or would Panama still want control over the Canal? If the U.S. supported Panamanian revolts against Columbia, why did they buy the Canal Zone from them and not Panama? And also, why would they demand control over the area if they supported Panamanians having independence?

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The Panama Canal: The U.S. built the panama canal and controlled the panama canal in the early 90s. Panama believed that it should belong to them because the U.S. thought that the opposite this caused tensions to rise between the two. They wanted to build the panama so they had faster and easier trade that was cheaper to go over seas also the panama connected the atlantic and the pacific oceans the U.S. got the canal from the french that had an epic failure on building the canal french looked to sell their rights to some countries to build the canal t. Roosevelt negotiated with colombia and colombia denied.

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Something that interested me was the manufactured goods that everyone wanted. Argentina needed beef and wheat. Chile needed copper. Brazil needed coffee and cotton. Venezuela needed oil. Caribbean islands needed sugar and Central America needed bananas.

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One thing that interested me the most and got stuck in my mind is the social classes. The social classes Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos, and Mulattoes. In that order is what they ranked in social classes and how much power that they had. Peninsulares were Spanish and Portuguese officials who were born in Europe. Creoles: Descendants of Europeans born in LA. Mestizos: offspring of Europeans and Native Americans. Mulattoes: Offspring of Africans and Europeans. The thing that I took away the most from this was the Peninsulares. The reason why is because they were basically completely erased. Intense resentment from creoles and the new governments drove them out and eventually collapsed.

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6 Horrifying Facts About Fidel Castro

1. Castro's government was responsible for thousands of executions, nearly 10,723 deaths attributable to the regime.

2. Thousands of political opponents, human rights activists, journalists, writers, and artists were jailed in abysmal conditions.

3. The Cuba Archive has credible information regarding at least 11 cases of forced blood extraction from individuals.

4. All newspapers, television channels, and radio stations were controlled by the government.

5. Castro's economic policies led to a shattered economy and hardship for many Cubans, resulting in an estimated 78,000 people dying while attempting to flee the country.

6. Castro's decision to allow the Soviet Union to place nuclear missiles in Cuba brought the world to the brink of nuclear war in 1962.

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7 fun facts about Che Guevara

1. Che Guevara graduated as a physician in 1953.

2.A 1952 motorcycle trip across South America with Alberto Granado exposed him to extreme poverty, shaping his beliefs and desire to fight capitalism.

3. The famous, high-contrast photograph taken by Alberto Korda in 1960 is one of the most reproduced images in history, representing counterculture and rebellion.

4. Following the 1959 revolution, he served in several roles, including President of the National Bank and Minister of Industries.

5. Guevara suffered from severe asthma throughout his life.

6. He left Cuba in 1965 to promote revolution abroad, attempting to start uprisings in the Congo and later Bolivia.

7. The CIA tried to assassinate Fidel Castro over 600 times, allegedly.

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Simon Bolivar The Liberator:

Simon Bolivar was born in Caracas, Venezuela he was born into wealth and status. He lost both of his parents at a young age, and then went to Spain to complete his education at sixteen. He was very interested and inspired by the Enlightenment ideas. He helped freed multiple countries including Peru, Columbia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama, and Bolivia. He believed that the countries in South Africa were sovereignty ready, so he used his speed and surprise tactic with his army to liberate multiple different countries.

Caste Paintings:

In Latin America people were categorized by race in baptism records with more categories than just four. These categorizations varied and became more complex over time. Paintings from the 1700s represented various categories like Mestizos and Mulattos. Categorizing by caste was very important for administration because different castes had different rights. While sixteen categories were theoretically used, only a few were actually applied.

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Roberto Clemente's Legacy

Roberto Clemente was a person who always cared about helping children and inspiring the next generation. Clemente died from a plane crash while he was trying to deliver supplies to help earthquake victims. The legacy that Roberto Clemente left will never be forgotten and will continue to inspire people forever.

How the Haitian Revolution Impacted America

The Haitian revolution impacted the way the United States viewed slavery. The Haitian revolution made the United States write more specific laws to stop the enslavery of people. The Louisiana territory was only able to be purchased by the United States because the French did not want to keep the land after losing to Haiti. The Louisiana purchase is seen to be one of the most important events in American history. The Haitian Revolution changed the way the United States handled slavery and helped turn the American people into what they are today.

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The Panama Canal and the Torrijos-Carter Treaties

The U.S. built and controlled the Canal in the early 90's. Panama believed that the Canal should belong to then while the U.S. thought the opposite this caused tensions to rise between the two. In 1977, president Jimmy Carter and the Panamanian leader Omar Torrijos signed the Torrijos-Carter Treaties which stated that the U.S. would slowly give the canal back to Panama. The Canal was fully given back by 1999. The treaty also helped improve American relations in Latin America.

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7 facts about the Panama Canal

1. Ideas to built the Panama Canal stemmed all the way back to 1513, There were even accounts stating that Charles V, who was the Holy Roman emperor in 1534, ordering a survey of the land for a possible canal.

2. 2 men worked on the canal during the Frenches fail attempt one was, Ferdinand de Lesseps, who contributed to the construction of the Suez Canal in egypt. Also working on this project was Gustave Eiffel who like his name worked on the tower in Paris.

3. America was in talks with Nicaragua to built the Canal before Panama.

4. More than 25,000 workers died during the construction of the Canal. They died due to make reasons, some being terrain, violent weather, heavy rain, and majorly tropical diseases. 20,000 some workers died during the Frenches failed attempt on contracting the Canal.

5. On average around 14,000 ships utilize the Canals passage per year. The most ships are from the United States.

6. Control was transferred from the U.S. to Panama in 1999 after tensions rising between the two countries.

7. The Canal was expanded in to permit modern megaship's to pass through. Work started in 2007 and ended in 2016.

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"How the Haitian Revolution Made America":

In this video, the narrator delves into an article that explores how the Haitian Revolution has shaped America. After the revolution in Haiti, the U.S. passed certain laws to further restrict the freedoms of enslaved persons, thus preventing the spread of emancipation-related ideas to America. In the South especially, discussion about the Haitian Revolution was largely avoided. The narrator enforces the idea that such avoidance of discussion could have continued to dominate the public perspective as new generations would remain largely uneducated about the Haitian Revolution. Additionally, whites who escaped from Haiti after the revolution told stories of the horrors they had witnessed; the slaves captured and tortured their masters. These stories created a sense of fear among slave owners, as they imagined the consequences of similar revolts in America.

Napoleon himself stated that his involvement in the revolution was "the greatest Folly of his life." The Haitians had managed to defeat French, Spanish, and British troops as well as Napoleon's seemingly unstoppable army. White supremacy was severely weakened by the suppression of these major European powers.

However, the overpowering of the French by the Haitians actually created an advantage for the U.S., since the French lost power on the global stage. The French owned a large portion of land in North America: Louisiana. They felt the need to sell this land, and the U.S. took advantage of this. For the U.S., this was an incredibly significant developmental point in its history. The acquisition of Louisiana also changed the American mindset, creating the sense of "Manifest Destiny."

Caste Paintings:

In Latin America, the caste system functioned as a way for the colonial administration in Spain to distribute certain privileges and obligations among the populations in Latin America. The reality of intercultural blending was overwhelming to Spanish officials, and they attempted to organize people into a racial hierarchy to ensure the preservation of their social status. The Spanish commissioned many paintings in the 18th century that provided depictions of unique race/ethnic combinations, and ultimately, the caste system would include sixteen different categories of people, although only a few were acknowledged by the general public. These paintings often stereotyped specific mixes, and terms were used to identify and denigrate them.

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"Latin American Society" two things I took away from this article was Latin America's population has grown significantly, leading to the rise of megacities with challenges like slums and crime. Women's roles are evolving, with more women entering the workforce. The other article I read was called "Empire Building in Africa" the two things I took away from it were Britain sought to protect its interests in Egypt and the Suez Canal and the French and Italians were also involved in the competition for colonies in North Africa. Some questions I have about these articles are, what were the main European countries involved in colonizing Africa? Why did the United States get involved in Latin American affairs?

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How the Haitian Revolution Made America:

This source shows how the Haitian Revolution which was a successful slave revolt in Saint-Domingue. This revolt affected the United States in a couple of ways. It frightened many American slaveholders, mostly in the south. Became worried because it showed that enslaved people could rebel and overthrow their masters. At the same time, this revolt influenced debates about slavery and freedom in the Americas. These debates became the reform movement of abolishment of slavery.

Simón Bolívar – The Liberator

This source describes Bolívar’s role in leading independence movements in South America against Spanish rule. I learned that he became inspired by Enlightenment ideas and earlier revolutions like the American and French Revolutions. Bolívar helped free several countries including Venezuela, Colombia, and Peru. He believed in independence but struggled to create stable governments afterward. Bolivar was a very important figure in Latin America. Bolivar was a pivotal reason that Latin America could declare its independence over the Spanish and Portuguese rule.

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Firstly, the part of the Good Neighbor speech on the paper. Look, I'm no psychologist, but what I read basically stated that the U.S. will play nice and help, so long as those who they interact with do not attempt to stop them, or start any conflict over what they do. At this point it should've been called the bigger stick policy, because what they just said is that if another country attempts to speak their grievances and retaliate for it, the U.S. will shut them down to put it politely. Seems a whole heck of a lot like a dictator over countries, which is what this was put in place for; to get rid of dictators. Secondly, the article, "Haiti edges towards holding first elections since 2016" by BBC. What in the actual ----- was literally any part of the U.S. government doing when they did 'government reforms' for these places? It's in actual chaos, let alone how one person was in power for so long, was killed, the next in line trapped at an airport until they resigned, and now nobody is there. The amount of gang violence is insane, and I'd bet you the U.S. has something to do with it. While they can't create colonies, at least attempt to influence peace amongst them, and try to fix the failing systems. On top of that, the underpayment for these issues is partially also the U.S.'s fault. I'm looking directly at the 188 BILLION DOLLARS allocated to Ukraine. Half of that could be used to fund many resources and movements to help fix these issues, if not just funding NATO and hoping they fix them. So far it seems a little over 600 people have been sent to try and fix this, which I think is beyond low. There are entire gangs trying to control the government and some 600 'soldiers' are Not going to fix it. How any of this was severely overlooked when these places were given independence is beyond me. Forgive the rant, but it is utterly stupid what goes on, let alone that nobody does anything about it.

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Caste Paintings

In 18th century Latin America the people were split up based on racial identity. Each person went through a documented process that gave them their status is society. Caste painting were used to illustrate the divide and hierarchy that had been established. These paintings were also used to represent the different kinds of groups that had come about due to the mixing of races.

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Nicolas Maduro stated that Christmas would be celebrated, nationally, on October 1 rather than December 25. This was a way for him, not only to express his power, but also a way to distract what was happening in Venezuela at the time. An old Christmas song, TUN TUN, was newly being darkly twisted into reality for Venezuelans. 

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Christmas in Venezuela