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Implications of Cognitive Developmental Theories for Children’s Artistic Development

It is well known that children’s artistic ability reflects mainly two factors: physical growth and cognitive development. Without understanding both growth and development, it would be difficult to analyze and interpret the process of humans’ artistic development. Thinking about how humans grow up and how they then start to perceive the world is essential before discussing the relationship between generalized growth and development and artistic development. Generally, both words -- “growth” and “development” -- tend to be used similarly. In developmental psychology, growth indicates quantitative changes in the process of physical growth. Development means the process in which the function and the construction of mind change qualitatively with age. On the one hand, physical growth is fixed, and changes in physical size, structure, and capacities appear with the age. The characteristics of physical growth are genetically handed down from parents rather than being the result of cultural influence. There is a concrete theory and pattern of physical growth, although they are affected by environmental factors - diet, schedule, health care. On the other hand, there are diverse theories in cognitive developmental psychology.

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DAYANGKU NADHIRAH BINTI AG HAMIDUN (179867)

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DAYANGKU NADHIRAH BINTI AG HAMIDUN (179867)

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Literature Review on Historical Background of Fermented Food

The origins of fermented foods in the diets of humans date back many thousands of years and usually predate the existence of written records of their production and consumption (Campbell-Platt, 1987). Ancient Egyptians kept cows for their milk which was consumed as such or processed into other products. There are many drawings that illustrate the milking of cows and milk processing. It is believed that Egyptian fermented milks were some of the oldest known dairy products in the world (Abou-Donia, 1984). 5 In Europe, Asia and Africa, from time immemorial, sour milk was known as being more stable and advantageous than fresh milk. Fermentation preserves the high quality nutrients present in a form that has a longer shelf-life (Oberman & Libudzisz, 1998).

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A Literature Review on the Significance of Movies in Promoting Destinations by
Jose K Antony & Rashmi R.

Film tourism is defined as ―tourist visits to a destination or attraction as a result of the destination being featured on television, video, or the cinema screen‖. While choosing a destination, movies play an important role as it influences the viewer‘s choice of the destination. Film tourism describes the effects that film and TV-productions can have on the travel decisions as movies motivate people to take up travel to places.

Film tourism is a growing phenomenon and is used as an effective marketing tool in order to attract more number of tourists to the country. Film tourism is an excellent strategy to captivate the minds of the viewers and attract them towards the destination. There has been a strong relationship between movies and tourism. With the growing popularity of the movie, the places showcased in it also attracts tourists.

Hollywood movies have been doing an excellent work in depicting tourist destinations which catches the eyes of viewers. Tourists travel to many international destinations watching these movies and it becomes a motivating factor for them to take up travel. Evidence shows that places like New Zealand and Australia became top tourist destinations with the increase in the popularity of movies which were being filmed there. The screening of movies such as Piano (1993), The Last Samurai(2003), The Lord of the Rings trilogy shot on the territories of New Zealand, and Crocodile Dandy (1986), Mad Max (1985), The Wolverine (2013) and Mission Impossible 2 (2000) filmed in Australia generated a boom in tourist arrivals in to these countries. The animated movie – Finding Nemo (2003) also had a huge impact on it‘s viwers where the underwater backdrop in the movie depicted the beautiful marine life of Australia‘s Great Barrier Reef. The Harry Potter series which were shot in various locations in the United Kingdom had resulted in an increase of 50% and more vistors to the filmed locations. For Hollywood Makers, film induced tourism has become an established concept and they have being doing wonders with this marketing tool.

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The link between physical symptomsand depression.

Physical symptoms are common in depression, and, in fact, vague aches and pain are often the presenting symptoms of depression. These symptoms include chronic joint pain, limb pain, back pain, gastrointestinal problems, tiredness, sleep disturbances, psychomotor activity changes, and appetite changes. A high percentage of patients with depression who seek treatment in a primary care setting report only physical symptoms, which can make depression very difficult to diagnose. Physical pain and depression have a deeper biological connection than simple cause and effect; the neurotransmitters that influence both pain and mood are serotonin and norepinephrine. Dysregulation of these transmitters is linked to both depression and pain. Antidepressants that inhibit the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine may be used as first-line treatments in depressed patients who present with physical symptoms. Many physicians consider patients to be in remission when their acute emotional symptoms have abated, but residual symptoms—including physical symptoms—are very common and increase the likelihood of relapse. All symptoms must be measured in order to achieve full remission. There are a number of short yet accurate measurement tools (rating scales) available that effectively measure the remission of physical symptoms as well as emotional symptoms.

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A Comparative Literature Survey of Islamic Finance and Banking

There has been large-scale growth in Islamic ﬁnance and banking in Muslim countries and around the world during the last twenty years. This growth is inﬂuenced by factors including the introduction of broad macroeconomic and structural reforms in ﬁnancial systems, the liberalization of capital movements, privatization, the global integration of ﬁnancial markets, and the introduction of innovative and new Islamic products. Islamic ﬁnance is now reaching new levels of sophistication. However, a complete Islamic ﬁnancial system with its identiﬁable instruments and markets is still very much at an early stage of evolution. Many problems and challenges relating to Islamic instruments, ﬁnancial markets, and regulations must be addressed and resolved. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive comparative review of the literature on the Islamic ﬁnancial system. Speciﬁcally, we discuss the basic features of the Islamic ﬁnance and banking. We also introduce Islamic ﬁnancial instruments in order to compare them to existing Western ﬁnancial instruments and discuss the legal problems that investors in these instruments may encounter. The paper also gives a preliminary empirical assessment of the performance of Islamic banking and ﬁnance, and highlights the regulations, challenges and problems in the Islamic banking market.

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This project examines evidence of dark archetypes in the works of J.K. Rowling. These dark archetypes are examined and discussed by applying the Archetypal Approach, specifically that of Jungian Archetypal Theory in which the shadow archetype is heavily emphasised.

The analysis of the authors' works shows that the dominant usage of dark archetypes expose a close relationship to the explication of the shadow archetype evident within these selected archetypes. The analysis also displays the various interpretation of evil that can be derived from the authors' dominant usage of dark archetypes as manifestations of the Shadow Archetype.

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Nadiah Binti Ismail 179301 (Politeness strategies in the job application letter: Implications of Intercultural Rhetoric for designing writing feedback )

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Nadiah Binti Ismail 179301 (Politeness strategies in the job application letter: Implications of Intercultural Rhetoric for designing writing feedback )

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This is a descriptive research that analyzes resources and the administrative procedures of Malay terms formation from foreign languages. This was done in order to give an exposure to readers about the administrative procedures that were set by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP) to form a Malay terms from foreign languages，The study was conducted to examine the factors affecting Internet advertising in Malaysia. Specifically the study was also aimed to identify the factors affecting consumers purchasing behaviours on the internet and the products that were advertised on the Internet. Two series of focus group discussion and two in-depth interviews were conducted with six respondents from Maximum Impact Marketing Communication Sdn bhd. Six themes namely: informative, trend, competition, accessibility, cost and integration of information were identified from the data analysis on the factors affecting Internet advertising in Malaysia. While the four themes affecting consumers purchasing behavior on the Internet were influence, credibility and trust, interest and attitude

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ABSTRACT

To desire is to be in a particular state of mind. It is a state of mind familiar to everyone who has ever wanted to drink water or desired to know what has happened to an old friend, but its familiarity does not make it easy to give a theory of desire. We often dream that our desires will lead to complete satisfaction and fulfillment, that achieving them will give us lasting happiness. However, these desires can either end with  crashing oneself apart or sustaining your previous life as usual in accordance to the desire. For instance, your desire to take revenge on someone will at the end of the day be the kind of damage to your future or you will survive in implementing your desire of taking that particular revenge. This research will first examine the current theoretical and research positions surrounding desire and its effect in modern society, through examining its aetiology, behaviours, and personalities in the main character of three chosen short stories from KL NOIR YELLOW.

Keinginan merupakan suatu keadaan yang berlaku di dalam minda seseorang. Ia merupakan suatu keadaan minda yang sinonim dengan semua orang, contohnya seperti apabila seseorang itu haus dan berlakunya keinginan untuk meminum air ataupun dalam keadaan di mana seseorang ingin mengetahui keadaan rakan lamanya yang telah terpisah, namun sifat sinonim sebuah keinginan tidak dapat ditafsirkan dalam bentuk teori yang mudah. Kita selalu mengimpikan bahawa keinginan kita akan membawa kepada suatu kepuasan apabila dilaksanakan, dan pelaksanaan sebuah keinginan dapat memberikan impak yang positif dan baik. Namun begitu, keinginan mampu merosakkan masa depan seseorang ataupun mampu mengekalkan hidup seperti sebelumnya. Seperti contoh, apabila kita ingin melaksanakan dendam terhadap seseorang, keinginan kita untuk membalas dendam mampu membuatkan hidup kita hancur ataupun kita mampu melunaskan keinginan tersebut dan tiada apa-apa yang buruk berlaku terhadap keinginan kita itu. Kajian ini akan mengenalpasti teori yang wujud berkaitan keinginan, melalui kajian tingkah laku serta personaliti di dalam beberapa karakter yang terdapat dalam cerita-cerita pendek yang telah dipilih dalam buku KL NOIR YELLOW.

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The Misconception and Manipulation of Religion

In Hypatia, Okin stated that religion is regarded unquestionably a good thing that has to be protected and and taught to people as young as possible (42). This is the main reason why society uses religion to fulfil their needs and wishes because religion is something that we can argue and respect. Therefore, “many violations of women’s basic human rights both occur within families and are justified by reference to culture, religion, or tradition” (Okin 39). According to Islamic belief, women belong to men and men have authority over women (The Koran, Women, Verse 38) and this line has been manipulated by Malay society that leading to the misconception of religion. Williams stated that from Islamic view as clearly assured in Quran, it is easy to see the cultural connotations of interpretation and the ways that those cultural connotations can be one of the reasons of oppression for some of the believers in that religion, even when many of them acknowledge the interpretation as universal (13).
“Women’s unfreedom stems not from Islam per se, but from the use and interpretation of Islam to feed into and support overtly political agendas and purposes which are in turn developed by and for men and serve patriarchal interests, just as supposedly gender-neutral value systems, such as liberalism and Christianity have been used by and for Western men” (Williams 13). It is because religion and gender are tightly intertwined in Islamic countries. In his essay Islamic Feminism and Feminist Theory, Cathrine Williams proofs that the interpretation of the Holy Quran has a authorized system attached that take slight notice of changes in roles, expectations and requirements and mostly mislead from the earlier interpretations directly linked to the original text (Quran) (13). Mostly the oppression of women through religion happens because “the text [Quran] is studied has little to do with original intent [but] more to the cultural expectations of interpreter” (Williams 13).

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Obesity in Malaysia is getting serious.

Malaysia obesity is a disease that harms a person's health and are now rising that makes our country is ranked the highest in the Asia Pacific region who have this problem. People with obesity in Malaysia so great a par with the United States. The reason is that people, especially working parents tend to choose fast food as a staple dish for the kids because it is easy and fast.
Meanwhile, the Obesity Prevention Council also expects Malaysia will become the first country in Southeast Asia with the highest number of diabetics in 2017 and sixth in Asia Pacific in terms of obesity.
President of the Association for the Study of Obesity, Prof Dr Mohd Ismail Noor said that the current situation shows that measures should be started as soon as there are also children who have weight problems.
Therefore, all stakeholders need to pay adequate attention towards preventing obesity problem and the action plan. Systematic needs to be made towards combating this problem.

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Ain Adilah Ainan 178639LANGUAGE AND GENDER: A brief Literature Review by Alastair PennycookWith the general growth of feminist work in many academic fields, it is hardly surprising that the relationship between language and gender has attracted considerable attention in recent years. In an attempt to go beyond "folklinguistic" assumptions about how men and women use language (the assumption that women are "talkative", for example), studies have focused on anything from different syntactical, phonological or lexical uses of language to aspects of conversation analysis, such as topic nomination and control, interruptions and other interactional features. While some research has focused only on the description of differences, other work has sought to show how linguistic differences both reflect and reproduce social difference. Accordingly, Coates (1988) suggests that research on language and gender can be divided into studies that focus on dominance and those that focus on difference. Much of the earlier work emphasized dominance. Lakoff's (1975) pioneering work suggested that women's speech typically displayed a range of features, such as tag questions, which marked it as inferior and weak. Thus, she argued that the type of subordinate speech learned by a young girl "will later be an excuse others use to keep her in a demeaning position, to refuse to treat her seriously as a human being" (1975, p.5). While there are clearly some problems with Lakoff's work - her analysis was not based on empirical research, for example, and the automatic equation of subordinate with `weak' is problematic - the emphasis on dominance has understandably remained at the Centre of much of this work. Research has shown how men nominated topics more, interrupted more often, held the floor for longer, and so on (see, for example, Zimmerman and West, 1975). The chief focus of this approach, then, has been to show how patterns of interaction between men and women reflect the dominant position of men in society. Some studies, however, have taken a different approach by looking not so much at power in mixed-sex interactions as at how same-sex groups produce certain types of interaction. In a typical study of this type, Maltz and Borker (1982) developed lists of what they described as men's and women's features of language. They argued that these norms of interaction were acquired in same-sex groups rather than mixed-sex groups and that the issue is therefore one of (sub-)cultural miscommunication rather than social inequality. Much of this research has focused on comparisons between, for example, the competitive conversational style of men and the cooperative conversational style of women. While some of the more popular work of this type, such as Tannen (1987), lacks a critical dimension, the emphasis on difference has nevertheless been valuable in fostering research into gender subgroup interactions and in emphasizing the need to see women's language use not only as ‘subordinate’ but also as a significant subcultural domain. Although Coates' (1988) distinction is clearly a useful one, it also seems evident that these two approaches are by no means mutually exclusive. While it is important on the one hand, therefore, not to operate with a simplistic version of power and to consider language and gender only in mixed-group dynamics, it is also important not to treat women's linguistic behaviour as if it existed outside social relations of power. As Cameron, McAlinden and O'Leary (1988) ask, "Can it be coincidence that men are aggressive and hierarchically-organized conversationalists, whereas women are expected to provide conversational support?" (p.80). Clearly, there is scope here for a great deal more research that * is based on empirical data of men's and women's speech; * operates with a complex understanding of power and gender relationships (so that women's silence, for example, can be seen both as a site of oppression and as a site of possible resistance); * looks specifically at the contexts of language use, rather than assuming broad gendered differences; * involves more work by men on language and gender, since attempts to understand male uses of language in terms of difference have been few (thus running the danger of constructing men's speech as the ‘norm’ and women's speech as ‘different’); * aims not only to describe and explain but also to change language and social relationships.

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Ain Adilah Ainan 178639LANGUAGE AND GENDER: A brief Literature Review by Alastair PennycookWith the general growth of feminist work in many academic fields, it is hardly surprising that the relationship between language and gender has attracted considerable attention in recent years. In an attempt to go beyond "folklinguistic" assumptions about how men and women use language (the assumption that women are "talkative", for example), studies have focused on anything from different syntactical, phonological or lexical uses of language to aspects of conversation analysis, such as topic nomination and control, interruptions and other interactional features. While some research has focused only on the description of differences, other work has sought to show how linguistic differences both reflect and reproduce social difference. Accordingly, Coates (1988) suggests that research on language and gender can be divided into studies that focus on dominance and those that focus on difference. Much of the earlier work emphasized dominance. Lakoff's (1975) pioneering work suggested that women's speech typically displayed a range of features, such as tag questions, which marked it as inferior and weak. Thus, she argued that the type of subordinate speech learned by a young girl "will later be an excuse others use to keep her in a demeaning position, to refuse to treat her seriously as a human being" (1975, p.5). While there are clearly some problems with Lakoff's work - her analysis was not based on empirical research, for example, and the automatic equation of subordinate with `weak' is problematic - the emphasis on dominance has understandably remained at the Centre of much of this work. Research has shown how men nominated topics more, interrupted more often, held the floor for longer, and so on (see, for example, Zimmerman and West, 1975). The chief focus of this approach, then, has been to show how patterns of interaction between men and women reflect the dominant position of men in society. Some studies, however, have taken a different approach by looking not so much at power in mixed-sex interactions as at how same-sex groups produce certain types of interaction. In a typical study of this type, Maltz and Borker (1982) developed lists of what they described as men's and women's features of language. They argued that these norms of interaction were acquired in same-sex groups rather than mixed-sex groups and that the issue is therefore one of (sub-)cultural miscommunication rather than social inequality. Much of this research has focused on comparisons between, for example, the competitive conversational style of men and the cooperative conversational style of women. While some of the more popular work of this type, such as Tannen (1987), lacks a critical dimension, the emphasis on difference has nevertheless been valuable in fostering research into gender subgroup interactions and in emphasizing the need to see women's language use not only as ‘subordinate’ but also as a significant subcultural domain. Although Coates' (1988) distinction is clearly a useful one, it also seems evident that these two approaches are by no means mutually exclusive. While it is important on the one hand, therefore, not to operate with a simplistic version of power and to consider language and gender only in mixed-group dynamics, it is also important not to treat women's linguistic behaviour as if it existed outside social relations of power. As Cameron, McAlinden and O'Leary (1988) ask, "Can it be coincidence that men are aggressive and hierarchically-organized conversationalists, whereas women are expected to provide conversational support?" (p.80). Clearly, there is scope here for a great deal more research that * is based on empirical data of men's and women's speech; * operates with a complex understanding of power and gender relationships (so that women's silence, for example, can be seen both as a site of oppression and as a site of possible resistance); * looks specifically at the contexts of language use, rather than assuming broad gendered differences; * involves more work by men on language and gender, since attempts to understand male uses of language in terms of difference have been few (thus running the danger of constructing men's speech as the ‘norm’ and women's speech as ‘different’); * aims not only to describe and explain but also to change language and social relationships.

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LANGUAGE AND GENDER: A brief Literature Review by Alastair Pennycook

With the general growth of feminist work in many academic fields, it is hardly surprising that the relationship between language and gender has attracted considerable attention in recent years. In an attempt to go beyond "folklinguistic" assumptions about how men and women use language (the assumption that women are "talkative", for example), studies have focused on anything from different syntactical, phonological or lexical uses of language to aspects of conversation analysis, such as topic nomination and control, interruptions and other interactional features. While some research has focused only on the description of differences, other work has sought to show how linguistic differences both reflect and reproduce social difference. Accordingly, Coates (1988) suggests that research on language and gender can be divided into studies that focus on dominance and those that focus on difference.

Much of the earlier work emphasized dominance. Lakoff's (1975) pioneering work suggested that women's speech typically displayed a range of features, such as tag questions, which marked it as inferior and weak. Thus, she argued that the type of subordinate speech learned by a young girl "will later be an excuse others use to keep her in a demeaning position, to refuse to treat her seriously as a human being" (1975, p.5). While there are clearly some problems with Lakoff's work - her analysis was not based on empirical research, for example, and the automatic equation of subordinate with `weak' is problematic - the emphasis on dominance has understandably remained at the Centre of much of this work. Research has shown how men nominated topics more, interrupted more often, held the floor for longer, and so on (see, for example, Zimmerman and West, 1975). The chief focus of this approach, then, has been to show how patterns of interaction between men and women reflect the dominant position of men in society.

Some studies, however, have taken a different approach by looking not so much at power in mixed-sex interactions as at how same-sex groups produce certain types of interaction. In a typical study of this type, Maltz and Borker (1982) developed lists of what they described as men's and women's features of language. They argued that these norms of interaction were acquired in same-sex groups rather than mixed-sex groups and that the issue is therefore one of (sub-)cultural miscommunication rather than social inequality. Much of this research has focused on comparisons between, for example, the competitive conversational style of men and the cooperative conversational style of women.

While some of the more popular work of this type, such as Tannen (1987), lacks a critical dimension, the emphasis on difference has nevertheless been valuable in fostering research into gender subgroup interactions and in emphasizing the need to see women's language use not only as ‘subordinate’ but also as a significant subcultural domain.

Although Coates' (1988) distinction is clearly a useful one, it also seems evident that these two approaches are by no means mutually exclusive. While it is important on the one hand, therefore, not to operate with a simplistic version of power and to consider language and gender only in mixed-group dynamics, it is also important not to treat women's linguistic behaviour as if it existed outside social relations of power. As Cameron, McAlinden and O'Leary (1988) ask, "Can it be coincidence that men are aggressive and hierarchically-organized conversationalists, whereas women are expected to provide conversational support?" (p.80). Clearly, there is scope here for a great deal more research that

* is based on empirical data of men's and women's speech;

* operates with a complex understanding of power and gender relationships (so that women's silence, for example, can be seen both as a site of oppression and as a site of possible resistance);

* looks specifically at the contexts of language use, rather than assuming broad gendered differences;

* involves more work by men on language and gender, since attempts to understand male uses of language in terms of difference have been few (thus running the danger of constructing men's speech as the ‘norm’ and women's speech as ‘different’);

* aims not only to describe and explain but also to change language and social relationships.

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Adolescent Depression and Attachment

In a research article by Salzman (1996),The focus of the investigation was on late adolescent female attachment patterns, specifically maternal, using a semi structured interview.

Next, the topic of attachment in relation to adolescent depression is addressed according to social networks.(Olson et. Al 1999)

Next, the topic of attachment in relation to adolescent depression is addressed using a hypothetical model. In the research article by Milne and Lancaster (2001), they investigate the processes that are related to depression.

Next, the topic of attachment in relation to adolescent depression is addressed by testing factors related to attachment. In the research article by Muris, Messters, Melick, and Zwambag (2001), it is hypothesized that adolescents who considered themselves securely attached on the initial measure would have higher scores of trust and communication and lower scores of alienation than ambivalent or avoidant attached adolescents.

Adolescents that are secure attached to their primary care giver tend to have lower rates of depression related symptoms and behaviors. It can be assumed from these five literature reviews that infant attachment styles influence future attachments, behaviors, and psychological well-being. More longitudinal studies should be done. It is important to understand the actual though process over several years of individuals who have different attachment styles. Also, parents and other individuals who play a major role in the individuals’ lives who are involved in the study should be included more. This would help with testimony reliability and better assessment of the severity of the disorder

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The Impact Of The Chat: A brief Literature Review

by Vicky, Chau Ka Ki

Internet communication is getting more and more popular among the public. Apart from using telephones or automobiles and sending mails, people can now communicate with each other through the chat technology. The chat, in fact, is a kind of Internet technology that supports human-to-human communication. ICQ, for instance, is one of the latest chat. Over the past two years, with the advanced level of technology, there is an increasing trend of using ICQ for communication. With ICQ, users can chat, send messages, files and URL’s or play games with others users in real time. Because of the proliferation of using the chat like ICQ, studies have been focused mainly on its impact on our society.

Much of the work stresses the good impact of the chat. Hauben’s (1997) writing suggested that as the impact or influence of first impressions is removed, users are free to communicate without fears, limits or apprehension through the chat. This statement actually points out the main reason for the increasingly use of the chat. Only one advantage, however, seems inadequate to attract such a huge number of users to use the chat, so it seems that there may be other benefit. Accordingly, Licklider (1997) claimed that people can communicate online with others who have similar goals and interests, thus their life will be enriched and communication will be more productive and more enjoyable then. Although Licklider is actually the prophet of the Net, it seems that the chat really has this benefit.

Some studies, however, have taken a different approach by looking not so much on the advantages of the chat, but focusing more on its related problems. Randall (1997), for instance, mentions that problems have actually been existed. First of all, there is no doubt that the chat users will not use their real identities for communication. They will rather create a new cyberspace identities which are very different from their real ones. Because of this, Randall argued that such behavior makes people difficult to switch back and forth between these two identities. To him, those who have developed multiple cyberspace identities for Internet communication are the most sophisticated rhetoricians on the Internet. In fact, Randall questions whether it is credible to create a new identity when communicating through the chat.

In Randall’s viewpoint, on the other hand, the purpose of people who use the chat is for socializing. But he emphasized that such kind of socializing is different from that in the real world, as the former only involves the exchange of words with other users but the latter means to interact with others face-to-face. While the trend of using the chat is increasing, Randall suggested that children and youths will be discouraged from the normal social contact but will adopt cyberspace contact instead. However, although the chance of happening this phenomenon is quite high, it seems neither right nor wrong according to Randall.

While educators and students are expecting online education to be existed, Randall has already shown concern on the consequence of using such kind of education. In his point of view, the traditional teacher dominance of the classroom will be reduced, no matter this education is workable or not, because of the poor financial situation of the government. It seems that unemployment will be resulted in the near future.

To sum up, the chat has good impact on the society but problems exist at the same time. However, these problems are not serious in fact. Therefore, even if these problems exist continuously, the chat technology will still become central to our lives and it has already begun actually.

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The objective of this study is to find out the ability of teachers as well as students in the teaching and learning of the Science subject in English. This study also aims to survey the role played by the Malay Language in the teaching and learning of the subject in English. It is also to find out the languages which are often used in teaching Science. This survey is based on observation, transcription from the recording of a teacher teaching in a classroom, consisting of 28 pupils as a sample. The result of the survey shows that there are 4 factors why the students are very weak in Science. Firstly, the teachers have no skill in the English Language. Secondly, the teachers use more Malay Language in teaching their students. Thirdly, many teachers use Kelantan dialect. The teachers also use incorrect English grammars and the students are not given enrichment activities. Those are the reasons why the students are very weak in Science.

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Social Media Cause An Anxiety
In addition to being a source of depression and anxiety, social media is also a common
source of stress to its users. Another survey performed on 7,000 mothers, found that 42% of mothers using the photo-sharing site Pinterest, reported occasionally suffering from Pinterest
Stress. Obviously, social media causes depression anxiety, but how? How social media causes
depression anxiety, occurs in two ways. Chronic stress causes depression anxiety. Being
constantly alert for new social media messages, to your instinctive fight or flight limbic system,
is the same as being on continuous alert for predators, which causes a release of the stress
hormone cortisol.

The second way social media causes depression anxiety is from the stress produced from
constantly trying to project an unrealistic and unachievable perception of perfection within your
social network. The social anxiety of stress is associated with trying to project a perfect self at all
times. The constant stress from constantly trying to project an image of perfection, a perfect
career, perfect marriage, etc. leads to the constant release of the stress hormone cortisol, and just
like social media usage, leads to depression anxiety. The constant release of the stress hormone
cortisol, from heavy social media usage, over time causes damage to your gastrointestinal tract
(gut), which opens the door to an immuno-inflammatory response in the body and brain, leading
to depression anxiety.

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Accessibility for Disabled in Public Transportation Terminal.

Accessibility is important in daily life especially when dealing with external and internal environment. Realising that most public transport terminals still lack in terms of good design and facilities thus a serious concern for the matters is needed to ensure the convenient for all. It has been widely accepted that disabled people, have fewer opportunities and lower quality of life than non-disabled. Added with poor accessibility, the disabled people face more challenges and difficulties while travelling and using the public transport. Therefore, it becomes increasingly difficult to ignore the disabled issues while using the facilities of the public transport.

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The effects of foreign language on your brain.

Learning a foreign language can increase the size of your brain. This is what Swedish scientists discovered when they used brain scans to monitor what happens when someone learns a second language. The study is part of a growing body of research using brain imaging technologies to better understand the cognitive benefits of language learning. Tools like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and electrophysiology, among others, can now tell us not only whether we need knee surgery or have irregularities with our heartbeat, but reveal what is happening in our brains when we hear, understand and produce second languages.

The Swedish MRI study showed that learning a foreign language has a visible effect on the brain. MRI scans showed specific parts of the brains of the language students developed in size whereas the brain structures of the control group remained unchanged. Equally interesting was that learners whose brains grew in the hippocampus and areas of the cerebral cortex related to language learning had better language skills than other learners for whom the motor region of the cerebral cortex developed more.

In other words, the areas of the brain that grew were linked to how easy the learners found languages, and brain development varied according to performance.

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Kesan mempelajari bahasa asing terhadap otak kita

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The Misconception and Manipulation of Religion

In Hypatia, Okin stated that religion is regarded unquestionably a good thing that has to be protected and and taught to people as young as possible (42). This is the main reason why society uses religion to fulfil their needs and wishes because religion is something that we can argue and respect. Therefore, “many violations of women’s basic human rights both occur within families and are justified by reference to culture, religion, or tradition” (Okin 39). According to Islamic belief, women belong to men and men have authority over women (The Koran, Women, Verse 38) and this line has been manipulated by Malay society that leading to the misconception of religion. Williams stated that from Islamic view as clearly assured in Quran, it is easy to see the cultural connotations of interpretation and the ways that those cultural connotations can be one of the reasons of oppression for some of the believers in that religion, even when many of them acknowledge the interpretation as universal (13).

“Women’s unfreedom stems not from Islam per se, but from the use and interpretation of Islam to feed into and support overtly political agendas and purposes which are in turn developed by and for men and serve patriarchal interests, just as supposedly gender-neutral value systems, such as liberalism and Christianity have been used by and for Western men” (Williams 13). It is because religion and gender are tightly intertwined in Islamic countries. In his essay Islamic Feminism and Feminist Theory, Cathrine Williams proofs that the interpretation of the Holy Quran has a authorized system attached that take slight notice of changes in roles, expectations and requirements and mostly mislead from the earlier interpretations directly linked to the original text (Quran) (13). Mostly the oppression of women through religion happens because “the text [Quran] is studied has little to do with original intent [but] more to the cultural expectations of interpreter” (Williams 13).

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Why So Many Translators Hate Translation Technology

In general, technology should serve to make our lives better. Software can automate manual steps, reducing the human workload. Translation, like most language-related tasks, is complex. Machines have not yet gotten to the point where they can use language the way people can. Translation is, at a minimum, two times more complex than just writing in a language, and it’s several layers deeper too. So, with such complexity, it would seem that every professional translator on earth would be eager to use technology to streamline their work, speed up the translation process, and make their lives better. This is not always the case.

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LITERATURE REVIEW
Leadership Theories
A. Great-Man Theory
The effort toward explorations for common traits of leadership is protracted over centuries as most cultures need heroes to  define their successes and to  justify their failures. In 1847, Thomas  Carlyle  stated in the best interests of the heroes that “universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at the bottom of the history of  the great men who have  worked  here”.  Carlyle claimed in his  “great  man  theory” that leaders are born and that only those men who are endowed with heroic potentials could ever become the leaders. He opined that  great  men  were  born,  not  made. (Dobbins & Platz, (1986).

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LITERATURE REVIEW
Leadership Theories
A. Great-Man Theory
The effort toward explorations for common traits of leadership is protracted over centuries as most cultures need heroes to  define their successes and to  justify their failures. In 1847, Thomas  Carlyle  stated in the best interests of the heroes that “universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at the bottom of the history of  the great men who have  worked  here”.  Carlyle claimed in his  “great  man  theory” that leaders are born and that only those men who are endowed with heroic potentials could ever become the leaders. He opined that  great  men  were  born,  not  made. (Dobbins & Platz, (1986).

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Past Research on Flouting of Maxim in Talkshow.
Yanthi Monica Saragi (n.d.) conducted a study on the Ellen DeGeneres talk show to identify the maxims flouted in conversations between Ellen and her guests. It also aimed to describe the types of conversational implicatures and to know the relevance of implicatures in the conversations obtained from the show. The study was conducted using qualitative research design in which the researcher analysed and described the implicatures and maxims flouted from the talk show one by one. From the study it was found that there were several functions for the flouting of maxims such as changing the subject, giving information, insulting, entertaining, and mainly explaining. The flouting of maxims of quantity was mostly done by Ellen’s interlocutors, signaling that Ellen had failed to dig up the information she wanted. The interlocutors consciously flouted the maxim of quality in order to avoid exposing the truth about their personal life

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Pemerolehan gender gramatikal bahasa perancis di kalangan pelajar-pelajar bahasa asing
Abstract: | This study investigated the sensitivity to gender cues exhibited by foreign language learners of French and the application of grammatical gender. The participants were 60 students in intermediate level French classes at the university level. Three tests were given to ascertain the students' ability to assign and apply the grammatical gender. The first test was to see the sensitivity towards gender cues. The second test was to verify the sensitivity and the application of gender on the sentences given and the last test was to observe students’ sensitivity and direct application. An error analysis was conducted on the three tests and the results supported Carroll’s (1984) findings, which showed that the students were insensitive to cues in the word-final phonemes that reliably indicate gender, including natural gender cues. These students exhibited a low degree of awareness of the gender associations of certain prepositions. When dealing with adjectives, the students had difficulties in associating them with the gendered noun, especially for inanimate objects. The findings indicated that students adopted a few strategies in their application of gender: overgeneralization strategy, translation from the dominant language strategy, subject pronoun referent strategy and noun-ending cues strategy. These strategies appeared to have contributed to the errors in the use of grammatical genders in French.

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THE ROLE OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN THE TOURISM INDUSTRY
The Malaysian government has designated 2007 as visit Malaysia year. The country is expected to attract more than 20 million visitors and earn about RM50 billion from tourism related activities. An important component in the tourism industry is the human resource. The human resource factor plays an eminent role in promoting the image of the country as a top tourism spot. Tourists do not just come for the facilities and attractions. They want to be treated right and well. A good command of the English language is always regarded as an asset for personnel in the tourism industry since most visitors do not speak Bahasa Melayu, the national language. However, the preference for those with good English proficiency will burden the recruitment of hotel personnel. This paper will present the findings of a study conducted employing the questionnaire survey and interview methods to investigate the relative role of English language proficiency in the choice of holiday destination. It was found that the role of English language proficiency in the tourism industry is prominent. It is a factor that could affect choice of hotel and satisfaction of stay. However, the results obtained indicate that the role and importance of the English language in the tourism industry is relative to job function.

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Cultural and linguistic identity of the Thesaban Takbai ethnic Malays of Southern Thailand: A phenomenological analysis.

The construction of ethnic minority identity is oft

en overshadowed by that of the majority. To let th

e minority get out of the shadow this study seeks to inquire into the type of language and cultural identity that theThesaban Takbai, an ethnic Malay minority of Southern Thailand, desired to construct for themselves. The study used a phenomenological research paradigm that focused on understanding the Thesaban Takbai world view on ethnic identity . Ten informants of five men and five women, aged between 20 to 60 years and of varied occupational and educational backgrounds were selected to be interviewed in depth. The sampling utilized a non-probability, purposive and snowballing method. The findings revealed that the Thesaban Takbai ethnic Malays still wanted tomaintain their Patani Malay culture in terms of personal dress and name. The informants’ views on language identity indicated that they were very tolerant and respectful of the official status accorded to the Thai language as the country’s national language. Despite such attitude of tolerance on the minority’s part the findings do imply that the Thai government would do well to take into account the interests of the minority by not enforcing unto them a top-down policy of assimilation which may be construed and perceived as discriminatory.

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Undang-Undang Kedah Manuscript : A Law Canon Of An Early Malay State

Early stages in the development of Kedah’s government, showed the business activities were focused around the ports of the Sungai Mas and the Lembah Bujang. However, these did not persist for long as Kuala Kedah emerged in the early 17th century as the main Kedah port. Kuala Kedah was also known as ‘Kota Kuala Bahang Negeri Kedah Darul Aman’, as stated in ‘Undang-undang Kedah’ ML 25. At the time, Kedah was still under the suzerainty of the kingdom of Aceh which, from 1045 AH (1635 AD) barred Kedah from trading beyond ports under its control. All trade needed to be transacted in the port of Banda Aceh. Consequently, the Kedah ports were neglected during this period until Aceh became unstable following the death of Sultan Iskandar Thani in 1641 AD and its control over Kedah was weakened. After that, Kuala Kedah became busier with the commercial ships coming from all over the world including India, China and England. As a consequence of this, Kedah’s government took the initiative to codify the laws used to manage the port. The result is known as the Undang-undang Pelabuhan Kedah (Kedah Port Laws). These laws clearly show Islamic influence while also maintaining certain features of customary law as practiced by the Malay sultanates, particularly Malacca and Aceh (Ahmad Jelani Halimi 2002).

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Verbal taboos, even those imposed by purely social conventions, serve direct human interests by avoiding the things that threaten to cause distress and offense. These include reference to body parts, bodily functions, sex, madness, disease, death, the supernatural – and since the 1990s, the problem of how to talk to and about others, particularly others perceived to be disadvantaged or oppressed. Euphemism is avoidance language. It provides the verbal escape hatch for speakers confronting the problem of how to talk about things they would rather not talk about. Dysphemism is the counterpart of euphemism. It involves the verbal resources for being offensive, being abusive, or just plain letting off steam. Like euphemism, it is motivated by fear and distaste, but also by hatred and contempt.

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The Impact Of The Chat:

Internet communication is getting more and more popular among the public. Apart from using telephones or automobiles and sending mails, people can now communicate with each other through the chat technology. The chat, in fact, is a kind of Internet technology that supports human-to-human communication. ICQ, for instance, is one of the latest chat. Over the past two years, with the advanced level of technology, there is an increasing trend of using ICQ for communication. With ICQ, users can chat, send messages, files and URL’s or play games with others users in real time. Because of the proliferation of using the chat like ICQ, studies have been focused mainly on its impact on our society.

Some studies, however, have taken a different approach by looking not so much on the advantages of the chat, but focusing more on its related problems. Randall (1997), for instance, mentions that problems have actually been existed. First of all, there is no doubt that the chat users will not use their real identities for communication. They will rather create a new cyberspace identities which are very different from their real ones. Because of this, Randall argued that such behavior makes people difficult to switch back and forth between these two identities. To him, those who have developed multiple cyberspace identities for Internet communication are the most sophisticated rhetoricians on the Internet. In fact, Randall questions whether it is credible to create a new identity when communicating through the chat.

To sum up, the chat has good impact on the society but problems exist at the same time. However, these problems are not serious in fact. Therefore, even if these problems exist continuously, the chat technology will still become central to our lives and it has already begun actually.

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Yefta Andrius 178200 TRANSLATION OF CULTURAL TERMS: POSSIBLE OR IMPOSSIBLE? This paper aims at answering the very question of the possibility or impossibility of the translation of culture, by presenting some of the most popular theories related to the culture-bound terms and their equivalents. Translation and culture are so interrelated that translators can no longer ignore cultural elements in a text. That is why, before analysing some translation theories related to cultural studies, it is very important to establish what culture is and what the problems raised by its passage into a different community are. Every language has its own way to perceive reality, which influences the way in which reality is expressed by the members of a community. When translating, people find out things aboutothers, about a world which is not theirs. If translation did not exist, it would be difficult to communicate with people from other countries, by communication meaning not only theransmission of words and phrases but also the sense of a text, because what translatorsshould translate is messages, senses, and texts. Different translation scholars offer variousways in which translation problems could be solved so that the receiving audience mayperceive the culture and the otherness of another world. Finally, to a certain degree andlosing a part of the otherness of the source culture, culture can be translated by using sometranslation methods like the so-called equivalence, according to the functionalist theories.

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Yefta Andrius 178200 TRANSLATION OF CULTURAL TERMS: POSSIBLE OR IMPOSSIBLE? This paper aims at answering the very question of the possibility or impossibility of the translation of culture, by presenting some of the most popular theories related to the culture-bound terms and their equivalents. Translation and culture are so interrelated that translators can no longer ignore cultural elements in a text. That is why, before analysing some translation theories related to cultural studies, it is very important to establish what culture is and what the problems raised by its passage into a different community are. Every language has its own way to perceive reality, which influences the way in which reality is expressed by the members of a community. When translating, people find out things aboutothers, about a world which is not theirs. If translation did not exist, it would be difficult to communicate with people from other countries, by communication meaning not only theransmission of words and phrases but also the sense of a text, because what translatorsshould translate is messages, senses, and texts. Different translation scholars offer variousways in which translation problems could be solved so that the receiving audience mayperceive the culture and the otherness of another world. Finally, to a certain degree andlosing a part of the otherness of the source culture, culture can be translated by using sometranslation methods like the so-called equivalence, according to the functionalist theories.

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TRANSLATION
The concept of equivalence in the field of translation requires in-depth analysis pertaining to the use of words with similar or same meaning. However, the usage of the respective words is evaluated based on the contect and situation, as well as the cultural awareness of the author, translator or the target native speaker of the source language. In this light, this study aimed to examine the translation of The Pearl from English into Malay language based on the comparison of the source and target words and to carry out a semantic analysis of the translated text. The Malay translation of The Pearl by Abdullah Hussain is based on the original English novel written by John Steinbeck. Findings from the study revealed different occurences of equivalence in translated text, namely word and sentence level, translation approach, and equivalence acceptance in the receiving culture.

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Raja Noor Marina binti Raja Mahadi 181084

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Raja Noor Marina binti Raja Mahadi 181084

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Fitness First Member's Perception of Fitness First Brand Image and Brand Positioning As Malaysia Superbrand 2005

The purpose of this research is to examine the Fitness First members' perception of Fitness First brand image and brand positioning as Malaysia Superbrand 2005. This research is aim at identifying the Fitness First members' perception of Fitness First positioning image the two Fitness Centers, Califoria Fitness and Celebrity Fitness with respect to its common attributes.

The sample consisted of 100 respondents choosen from Fitness First's members to participate in the research by answering a set of questionnaire. The sampling used was the simple random sampling. The research was conducted at nine Fitness First Centers in the Klang Valley area.

The research showed that the majority of the respondents' perceived Fitness First as a convenient center. In terms of image positioning, the respondents perceived Fitness First as the easily accessed center as compared to two Fitness Centers, California Fitness and Celebrity Fitness

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How music could help concentrate in the study

How music could help you to concentrate while studying

Should we follow what research says, or is listening to music while working just down to individual preference?
It’s fair to to say the majority of students prefer to study while listening to music. Whether frantically cramming some last-minute reading to Kanye, or finalising an essay to the sound of the Arctic Monkeys, go to any university or college library and the majority of students there will be listening to their music of choice.

Music is a very significant part of our daily lives; the image of the quietly-focused student isolating themselves into a personal study zone has led to interest into whether listening to music actually helps studies or not. Research into the field has proven fairly ambiguous, with many studies contradicting each other. However this does provide an useful insight for students who maybe looking into ways to use music to enhance their exam performance.

The most famous theory linking music and cognitive performance is the ‘Mozart effect’, the popular idea that listening to Mozart makes you smarter. The research itself was interested in the relation between Mozart and ‘spatial-temporal reasoning’, or knowing how to fit things into other things, basically. The idea that music - particularly classical - can improve exam results has endured, with websites such mozarteffect.com selling music supposedly designed to “charge the brain.”

However, research has shown that performance in tasks involving memory and concentration was better in a silent environment, though, studying in place often disturbed by talkers, sneezers, or traffic, few students have access to a silent study space. Subjects tested in environments with background music were found to get better results than those tested against background noise. Therefore, taking along an iPod and a set of headphones may come in handy if you’re looking to avoid being distracted by any ambient sound

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WARM UP BEFORE EXERCISE

Doing warm up exercises before your workout is important in many ways. A good warm up will gradually increase your heart rate, increase circulation to your muscles, tendons and ligaments, and mentally prepare you for your workout. Although warm ups and stretching generally occur in the beginning of a workout session, they are two different concepts.
The importance of warm up exercises can be compared to driving your car in freezing cold weather. It is generally best to allow your car to warm up a bit before revving it up to high speeds. The same principle applies when you work out. You want to physically prepare your body for the demands of a strenuous workout by gradually increasing your body temperature
When you give your body 5 to 10 minutes of a good warm up, through walking or jogging in place for example, you gradually increase blood circulation throughout your muscles, tendons and ligaments. This is much like oiling a squeaky wheel. You give the different aspects of your physiology a chance to prepare to work together. Your heart rate increases gradually. Your muscles warm up to prevent injury. Your ligaments and tendons become more flexible, reducing the chance of tears.
Warm up exercises are also important as a form of mental preparation. Your mind can ease into the workout. This is especially helpful if you engage in strenuous forms of exercise such as hiking or cycling a steep hill, lifting heavy weights or taking an advanced aerobics class. Your body experiences a great deal of stress during these types of activities, so an adequate warm up and mental preparation increase your chances of enduring and benefiting from the hardest part of your exercise regimen.

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Metaphoric competence

Recent developments in cognitive linguistics have highlighted the importance as well as the ubiquity of metaphor in language. Despite this, the ability of second language learners to use metaphors is often still not seen as a core ability. In this paper, we take a model of communicative competence that has been widely influential in both language teaching and language testing, namely Bachman (1990), and argue, giving a range of examples of language use and learner difficulty, that metaphoric competence has in fact an important role to play in all areas of communicative competence. In other words, it can contribute centrally to grammatical competence, textual competence, illocutionary competence, sociolinguistic competence, and strategic competence. Metaphor is thus highly relevant to second language learning, teaching and testing, from the earliest to the most advanced stages of learning.

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Abstract
Translation machines based on the internet like Google Translate are widely used to ease up the
learning of language and translation activities. Most students tend to use Google (GT) for the Arabic-
Malay/Malay-Arabic translation activities because it is easy, fast and free. However, GT translation
depends solely on the software and its available word bank, while humans employ their ability and
aptitude in language in the process of translation. This research intends to 1) observe the skills
possessed by students in relations with idafah phrase translation 2) observe the comparison between
the products of translation by the students and GT. The research includes a sample of 30 form 4
students that were randomly handpicked in an SABK school in the Selangor province. This analysis
involves the preciseness of words using an idafah phrase test taken from an Arabic Language text
book for form 4 students. The result concludes that the students’ mastery of translation of idafah
phrases is outstanding. Furthermore, in the aspect of the comparison between the two, the students’
translations have more value and quality compared to GT’s translation, in terms of accuracy of the
meaning and the connotation of the whole sentence. This research also proposes a strategy of word
predictions that can be applied by the students to comprehend the context of the meaning produced by
GT.

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International students' experiences in learning.

Apart from social integration and social support, Kalantzis, Cope and others(2005) argued that belonging to learning can be a source of academic success and failure. In their terms, students '.....have to feel they belong in the content: they have to feel they belong in the community or learning setting; they have to feel at home with that kind of learning or way of getting to know the world' (p.43). The more students feel that they belong in what they learn, how they learn , and who they learn with/from in what settings, the more likely they are to learn. This typology of belonging is useful to broaden the understandings of factors other than social integration and social support in educational experiences. Although Kalantzis and colleagues wrote about school experiences, their typology of belonging may be equally relevant to first-year university students' learning experiences, and their social experiences. These aspects of belonging offer a fuller understanding of students' educational experiences in higher education.

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Social learning

Knowledge and understanding are sometimes best undertaken through collaboration with others as opposed to individually. Social learning, also called “collaborative” or “cooperative ” learning, is defined as acquiring knowledge as a group (Bandura, 1977). It is a process of observing how others in a group act, observing consequences, and acting to modify individual behavior. The role models observed by learners first, in order to take advantage of social learning: both active learning and social learning are more student-driven than traditional college lectures (Perkins, 1999).Not every concepts calls for the time it takes to incorporate active learning, and active learning can exist without social learning. However, social learning may help with learning specific types of knowledge. Group discussion may help students with ritual knowledge- knowledge perceived as being routine and meaningless (Perkins, 1999).

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This article discusses the sense division of the entry " menjulang" in two Malay- English bilingual dictionaries : Intelek Malay-Bahasa Dictionary and Kamus Perwira Bahasa Melayu-Bahasa Inggeris. A questionnaire study showed that "menjulang" is the most problematic entry due to its incomplete coverage of terms of meaning and equivalent. The Frame Semantics theory is chosen as the basic for analysis based on data from five million -words UKM-DBP Malay corpus. Linguistic analysis is not only based on corpus data but also on the Malay and English monolingual dictionaries, while English equivalents are taken from Frame Net database. Frame Semantics analysis organises sense divisions based on frame elements and word valency. This article also proposes a better organised entry for " menjulang" together with its English Equivalents

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SITI FATIMATUL AINI BT IBRAHIM ( 176498)

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SITI FATIMATUL AINI BT IBRAHIM ( 176498)

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Raja Siti Aishah binti raja Idris 176753

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Raja Siti Aishah binti raja Idris 176753

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The Potrayal of women in Poems Monsoon History by Shirley Geok-lin Lim

The purpose of this study is to look at the potrayal of women in the poems of Shirley Geok-lin Lim. This study highlights the situations and conditions of women in her poems to help understand the position of women in society as perceived by the poet.
With the help of Marxist Feminist approach the social injustices that oppress women are brought to focus.The plight of women is looked at from the perspective of women's experiences, which is best written by a woman. According to Karl max, our experiences as individuals and or idea of the world are a result of the natural conditions around us or the way our society is organized economically to create the means of sustaining and reproducing itself.(susan Walkins:56)

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The ‘5P’ procedures of Malay terms formation

This is a descriptive research that analyzes resources and the administrative procedures of Malay terms formation from foreign languages. This was done in order to give an exposure to readers about the administrative procedures that were set by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP) to form a Malay terms from foreign languages. For this research, interviews and content analysis methods are used. The interview method is used to obtain data related to administrative procedures Malay terms formation. Meanwhile, the content analysis method was used to examine the text or previous studies on the textual and contextual. The main objective of this research is to identify the resources and administrative procedures of Malay terms formation from foreign languages. The result shows that there are three main sources that terms were used in the formation of Malay language, the cognate of the Malay language and foreign languages (English and Arabic). Based on the analysis from the point of formation procedures of Malay terms resulted in a finding that indicates there are five administrative procedures of Malay terms development: legislation, verification, coordination, manuscript and dissemination. In short, the establishment of administrative procedures of Malay terms is an element or a complicated process and takes a long time. This procedure should be disclosed to the users of Malay terms to enhance the prestige of the Malay language globally.

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Review of Literature

Communication Styles When Flirting. Flirting is often associated with the start of a couple’s relationship. It is employed when one shows interest in another person or when one wishes to demonstratesexual attraction. As demonstrated in Horan and Booth-Butterfield’s (2010) study, receiving affection is directly related to relational satisfaction. While giving affection is connected to commitment in a relationship. However, many may wonder if the act of flirting continues in committed relationships such as marriage. Is there a reason to flirt within marriage, and if so, how do women and men differ in their flirtation styles? In Frisby and Booth-Butterfield’s(2012) study on the purpose of flirtation, theyfound that a major reason for flirtation within a marriage was to create a private world between the couple. They also found that women were more likely than men to use attentive flirting, in which the woman showsa great amount of concern for her husband. However in a separate study on flirtation motivation, men were also found to utilize attentive flirting in order to make their wives feel beautiful(Frisby, 2009). In concordance with previous research, Frisby found that men typically flirt to encourage sex, and women often flirt to focus on attention, fun, and interest in their spouses.

Another difference in flirtation style may occur due to the differences in the amount of expressiveness between men and women. Weisfeld and Stack (2002) conducted a study on nonverbal communication related to the closeness of married couples. Their research shows that on average, women smile and laugh significantly more than men. According to the same study, 78% of the spontaneous touches that occurred during the experiment were initiated by women, demonstrating that women’s flirtation style is much more animated.

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Semantic field, naming and auditory comprehension in aphasia

Abstract

The status of semantic fields for 16 target nouns was compared in high and low comprehension aphasics, brain damaged, and normal controls, by measuring latency and miss rate for recognition of six classes of associates, which were presented orally on tape. The ability to name each target was also examined as a function of the integrity of the subject's semantic field for that word. Low comprehension aphasics showed both quantitative and qualitative changes in semantic fields, while milder aphasics showed only mild quantitative impairment, as compared to controls. Both latency and miss rate measures indicated that failure to name a word is associated with reduced semantic field for that word. This result is interpreted as supporting the view that nameing is, in part, determined by the convergence of associations.

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Factors affecting internet advertising in Malaysia
The study was conducted to examine the factors affecting Internet advertising in Malaysia. Specifically the study was also aimed to identify the factors affecting consumers purchasing behaviours on the internet and the products that were advertised on the Internet. Two series of focus group discussion and two in-depth interviews were conducted with six respondents from Maximum Impact Marketing Communication Sdn bhd. Six themes namely: informative, trend, competition, accessibility, cost and integration of information were identified from the data analysis on the factors affecting Internet advertising in Malaysia. While the four themes affecting consumers purchasing behavior on the Internet were influence, credibility and trust, interest and attitude

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Factors affecting the internet advertising in Malaysia
The study was conducted to examine the factors affecting Internet advertising in Malaysia. Specifically the study was also aimed to identify the factors affecting consumers purchasing behaviours on the internet and the products that were advertised on the Internet. Two series of focus group discussion and two in-depth interviews were conducted with six respondents from Maximum Impact Marketing Communication Sdn bhd. Six themes namely: informative, trend, competition, accessibility, cost and integration of information were identified from the data analysis on the factors affecting Internet advertising in Malaysia. While the four themes affecting consumers purchasing behavior on the Internet were influence, credibility and trust, interest and attitude

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Meaning Expansion Of Alim: A Cognitive Semantic Approach.The advent of Islam to the Malay world has brought a huge influence not only in the culture and life style, but also encompasses language elements and thoughts. This phenomenon can be seen in the increase of Arabic words that enriches the Malay vocabulary through borrowing. This research aims to focus on some Arabic words that show a departure in meaning and imply that its original meaning is no longer become the core meaning. These changes occur as a result of semantics assimilation process and the Malay sociocultural lifestyle. The entries that are investigated is ‘alim’ (pious) and the selection of the entry is based on the 4th Edition of Kamus Dewan, 2007. ‘Alim’ is polysemy in nature and apparently its core meaning from Arabic has changed when borrowed as loanword into Malay. This paper explains to what extent the changes have taken place based on 470 ‘alim’ concordance lines taken from DBP corpus data bank. The analysis shows that the meaning of ‘alim’ has widen to other meanings and differ from the list given in the dictionary (4th Edition Kamus Dewan, 2007). It clearly shows that the expansion of meaning is semantically motivated. Based on

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Internet Slang & High School Students

Using social media, individuals can create a message and share it with those within a community. This is in hopes that it becomes a subject of discussion with those who receive the message. This is a very different interaction than face-to-face communication where there is physical interaction via eye contact, facial expression, and body language cues being sent back and forth between sender and receiver. Begley (2004) expresses, “Face-to-Face communication remains the most powerful human interaction and as wonderful as electronic devices are, they can never fully replace the intimacy and immediacy of people conversing in the same room” (p. 3). Teens of today have embraced the technology at hand using their social media devices to interact, and they have formed their own community - with their own vernacular: Internet Slang.

Communitarianism is a “theoretical perspective that seeks to lessen focus on individual rights and increase the focus on communal responsibilities” (Bennett-Woods, 2005, p.32). Newman and Zoysa (1997) mention community and can give us some light into this community/culture of teens “it is hoped that individual community members can regain control over their lives and localities from the encroaching central state” (p. 629). Teenagers are a community, and many teens have heard how oppressive, controlling, and untrustworthy adults can be over their lives. Lenhart (2012) states, “mobile phone providers have begun to offer parental controls to allow parents to manage or constrain their child’s mobile phone use” (p. 9). Schools have also tried to suppress the use of mobile phones on school grounds. Thomas, Orthober, and Schultz (2009) remark on schools and banning mobile device use on school campus: “When cell phones first appeared almost a decade ago, most school systems in the United States banned them from school grounds. After the Columbine tragedy, however, schools

reluctantly acquiesced to parental pressure to allow phones back in schools” (p. 55).

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Noor Aisyah Bt Jamil 185846

In linguistics, Semantics is generally considered as the study of meaning in a language (Palmer 1976:1). Semantics tries to understand what meaning is as an element of language and how it is constructed by language as well as interpreted,obscured and negotiated by speakers and listeners of language. Semantics is also informed by other sub disciplines of linguistics, such as Morphology, as understanding the words themselves is integral to the study of their meaning, and Syntax which researchers in semantics use to reveal how meaning is created in language, as how is structured is central to meaning.

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Bahasa mampu berkembang dan mempunyai pengaruh yang amat besar untuk mendorong sesuatu bangsa itu mencapai perubahan, pemodenan, dan kemajuan walaupun bahasa dan budaya bangsa itu sudah mengalami tekanan dan penjajahan (Abd. Rhim Abd. Rashid, 2004). Dapat dilihat bahawa bahasa memainkan peranan yang penting dalam pembangunan masyar kat. justeru, kajian dialek juga mempunyai beberapa kepentingan yang dapat digarap dengan adanya kajian-kajian dan penelitian terhadap bahasa-bahasa ini.

Salah satunya adalah memberi ilmu dan pengetahuan kepada orang ramai tentang bentuk-bentuk bahasa dan dialek yang terdapay di Malaysia dan seantero dunia. Selain itu, kajian-kajian bahasa juga akan dapat menentu dan mengumpulkan rumpun-rumpun yang sama dalam sistem bahasa ini. sebagai contoh, bahasa Melayu tergolong di dalam bahasa Austronesia (Zulkifli Osman, 2003).

Umum mengetahui bahawa ilmu Linguistik telah pesat berkembang. Banyak kajian yang menyentuh tentang bahasa Melayu kini dikaji dengan lebih teratur berasaskan teori-teori yang mantap.

Linguistik merupakan satu bidang yang membahaskan tentang kajian bahasa secara saintifik. Boleh dikatakan setiap masa kita menggunakan bahasa dalam pelbagai cara bagi pelbagaI tujuan seperti memberi dan mendapatkan maklumat. Selain itu banyak lagi tujuan dan keperluan bahasa dalam kehidupan seharian kita. Antara lain keperluan berbahasa dan berkomunikasi adalah untuk menyampaikan ilmu. Ianya merupakan sesuatu yang sangat penting dalam kehidupan supaya setiap individu tidak ketandusan pengetahuan dan pendidikan tidak kira dalam bidang apa sekalipun.

Di Malaysia, terdapat pelbagai kaum dan masyarakat. tentunya bahasa yang digunakan juga berbagai bentuk. Bentuk-bentuk bahasa yang kita gunakan berubah-ubah mengikut banyak faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Salah satu faktor adalah faktor geografi. Faktor geografi inilah yang kemudiannya mewujudkan salah satu bentuk bahasa iaitu dialek kawasan.

Jadi, berteraskan kepada kedua-dua aspek keperluan berbahasa dan kepelbagaian bahasa di Malaysia, penulis memilih untuk meneliti aspek bahasa dalam ceramah agama. Ustaz Azhar Idrus dan Ustaz Kazem Ilias merupakan penceramah Islam yang sedang mengukir nama di arena pentarbiahan di Malaysia. Masing-masing mereka adalah daripada Terengganu dan Perak. Dialek kedua-dua negeri ini menarik untuk dikaji.

Namun begitu, oleh kerana ustaz Kazim Ilias lebih banyak menggunakan bahasa standard dalam ceramah kali ini, penulis memilih untuk tidak menganalisis bahasa yang digunakan oleh beliau. oleh itu, kajian ini hanya akan menganalisis bahasa komunikasi yang digunakan oleh ustaz Azhar Idrus sahaja iaitu dialek Terengganu.

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Recounting the plot of a movie, telling what happens, is the simplest way to explain it to someone else. But this is neither a film review nor a film analysis. It’s merely a synopsis that anyone else who sees or has seen the movie will likely agree with. This level of content may be called the referential content, since it refers directly to things that happen in the plot and possibly to some aspects of the story that are merely implied by the plot. In John Boorman’s Deliverance (1972), four men from the city go on a weekend canoe trip that unexpectedly becomes a life or death struggle for survival of man against man and man against nature. Some characters survive, others don’t. Most films can be analyzed more thoroughly to reveal deeper levels of meaning.

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MUHAMMAD AMIRUS SYAAMIL BIN HAMZAH (186010

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MUHAMMAD AMIRUS SYAAMIL BIN HAMZAH (186010

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Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 – An Unsolved Mystery

On March 8, 2014 a Malaysia Airlines jet carrying 239 people on board vanishedfrom the radar screens. The Boeing 777 was on its way from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing when it disappeared . Almost three years later the three countries that looked for the missing plane, China, Malaysia and Australia, announced that the search was being called off. The disapperence of  Flight 370 is surely one of the greatest aviation mysteries of all times.

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Bahasa mampu berkembang dan mempunyai pengaruh yang amat besar untuk mendorong sesuatu bangsa itu mencapai perubahan, pemodenan, dan kemajuan walaupun bahasa dan budaya bangsa itu sudah mengalami tekanan dan penjajahan (Abd. Rhim Abd. Rashid, 2004). Dapat dilihat bahawa bahasa memainkan peranan yang penting dalam pembangunan masyar kat. justeru, kajian dialek juga mempunyai beberapa kepentingan yang dapat digarap dengan adanya kajian-kajian dan penelitian terhadap bahasa-bahasa ini.

Salah satunya adalah memberi ilmu dan pengetahuan kepada orang ramai tentang bentuk-bentuk bahasa dan dialek yang terdapay di Malaysia dan seantero dunia. Selain itu, kajian-kajian bahasa juga akan dapat menentu dan mengumpulkan rumpun-rumpun yang sama dalam sistem bahasa ini. sebagai contoh, bahasa Melayu tergolong di dalam bahasa Austronesia (Zulkifli Osman, 2003).

Umum mengetahui bahawa ilmu Linguistik telah pesat berkembang. Banyak kajian yang menyentuh tentang bahasa Melayu kini dikaji dengan lebih teratur berasaskan teori-teori yang mantap.

Linguistik merupakan satu bidang yang membahaskan tentang kajian bahasa secara saintifik. Boleh dikatakan setiap masa kita menggunakan bahasa dalam pelbagai cara bagi pelbagaI tujuan seperti memberi dan mendapatkan maklumat. Selain itu banyak lagi tujuan dan keperluan bahasa dalam kehidupan seharian kita. Antara lain keperluan berbahasa dan berkomunikasi adalah untuk menyampaikan ilmu. Ianya merupakan sesuatu yang sangat penting dalam kehidupan supaya setiap individu tidak ketandusan pengetahuan dan pendidikan tidak kira dalam bidang apa sekalipun.

Di Malaysia, terdapat pelbagai kaum dan masyarakat. tentunya bahasa yang digunakan juga berbagai bentuk. Bentuk-bentuk bahasa yang kita gunakan berubah-ubah mengikut banyak faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Salah satu faktor adalah faktor geografi. Faktor geografi inilah yang kemudiannya mewujudkan salah satu bentuk bahasa iaitu dialek kawasan.

Jadi, berteraskan kepada kedua-dua aspek keperluan berbahasa dan kepelbagaian bahasa di Malaysia, penulis memilih untuk meneliti aspek bahasa dalam ceramah agama. Ustaz Azhar Idrus dan Ustaz Kazem Ilias merupakan penceramah Islam yang sedang mengukir nama di arena pentarbiahan di Malaysia. Masing-masing mereka adalah daripada Terengganu dan Perak. Dialek kedua-dua negeri ini menarik untuk dikaji.

Namun begitu, oleh kerana ustaz Kazim Ilias lebih banyak menggunakan bahasa standard dalam ceramah kali ini, penulis memilih untuk tidak menganalisis bahasa yang digunakan oleh beliau. oleh itu, kajian ini hanya akan menganalisis bahasa komunikasi yang digunakan oleh ustaz Azhar Idrus sahaja iaitu dialek Terengganu.

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Literature Review - metaphore in lyrics

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Child abuse.
Child abuse is widespread and can occur in any culture, ethnic and income groups. Child abuse involves physical, emotional, verbal, or sexual. It happens due to neglect. Abuse can cause serious injury to a child and can lead to death.
Physical abuse, by burning,hitting, or breaking the bones of children. In addition, the use of abusive languange that may damage or pose a threat to a child, for example, belittling them, threatened acts of physical or sexual abuse can cause emotional.
Studies show that one in four girls and one in eight boys are sexually abused before the age of 18, and that about one in 20 children are physically abused each year. Sexual abuse is the deliberate exposure of minor children to sexual activity, even if the child can not understand or agree. This means that children are forced or talked into sex or sexual activity by others. This behaviour includes acts such as inappropriate touching of breasts or genitals of the child, fondling and many more.
Child neglect occurs when a person does not provide the necessities of life for children, whether intentionally or by not taking into account the welfare of the children. This can include physical neglect, such as food, clothing, shelter, or other necessities for children. So that children can live happily.

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Ways of learning second language
The work of Asher (1977) and Krashen (1982) establish the research base for the common-sense notion that second language learners need ample opportunity to listen to and develop understanding of their new language. The language that they hear and understand becomes the linguistic input necessary for the process of language acquisition. Second language learners can better understand the language that they hear when contextual clues, such as actions, gestures, visuals, props, settings, and predictable routines, help make the meaning comprehensible (Echeverria, Vogt, & Short, 2004). Typically comprehension develops in advance of the ability to produce language. Therefore, students can understand more complex language than what they can produce (Asher, 1977). A message that is largely comprehensible but contains some challenging words or structures is generally considered optimal input for language acquisition. Many second language learners pass through a "silent period" during which they focus on comprehending and speak very little (Krashen, 1982). To monitor and advance students' comprehension during the period, teachers elicit and observe physical responses to instructions such as "Take out your crayons" or "Show me the lines of latitude on the map" (Asher, 1977; Krashen & Terrel, 1983). As teachers observe students’ appropriate responses, they can slowly begin to increase the complexity of their instructions and invite students to produce one-word answers, sentence completions, and short phrases.

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Past Studies on Speaking Anxiety and L2/FL Learning.

Past studies have shown that motivation, self-efficacy, and tolerance of ambiguity are among the factors that can influence speaking anxiety. This statement is supported by a study conducted by In a study done on the effect of attitudes and motivation on learning English, the findings indicated that students with positive attitude and highly motivated are likely to succeed in the language learning more. Their speaking skill is also better than students who are less motivated as they face low speaking anxiety (Muneera & Shameem, 2013). It is inferred here that motivation plays a crucial role in determining the successfulness of a language learning process and also their level of speaking anxiety.

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ABSTRACT

This study was aimed to investigate the usage of English swear words among Chinese youths as well as to compare the use of swear words between male and female youths. The framework of this study is made up of the works of Battistella (2005), Lakoff (1995) and Talbot (1998). The participants consisted of seventy four (74) students studying at a private secondary school in the state of Selangor. Instrumentation used for the survey included a 26 item questionnaire and semi-structured interviews with focus groups. Two categories of focus groups consisted of randomly selected participants from the same sample and English language teachers from the school of the participants. Permission to conduct the study was obtained from the school principal, teachers and participants.The analysis was based on Battistella (2005) for taboo language and Lakoff (1995) and Talbot (1998) for gender and language. The results showed that the most common swear words among Chinese male and female youths belong to the obscenity category. The study infers that anger was the main reason for swearing among both genders. However, male youths also cited that the need of self- identity and the use of swear words were also due to peer influence. Female youths, on the other hand, indicated that swearing was linked to emotions. The study also found that male youths tend to swear more in the same gender group while female youths tend to swear more in mixed gender group. The study also found that the presence of different genders in the environment largely influences male language choice but not the female speakers. In conclusion, it is hoped that the findings of this study will be able to shed some light on the choice use of language among Chinese youths.

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NEWS CONSUMPTION AMONG UNDERGRADUATES OF UNIVERSITY PUTRA MALAYSIA.

The general objective of the study was to identify news consumption among undergraduates of Universiti Putra Malaysia. The specific objectives were to identify the level of news consumption of UPM undergraduates, to determine the preferred news media by UPM undergraduates, to identify the reason for the preferred news media, and to determine whether there is news discussion of UPM undergraduates. A survey was conducted at Faculty  of Modern Language and Communication, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor. A self-administered questionnaire was used as the instrument to gather the data. A total of 180 respondents participated in the study. The data were analyzed descriptively using SPSS WIN 16.0. The result showed that a majority of the respondents had moderate level of news consumption, most of the respondents prefer online news website and social media because they provide sufficient information, critical review of an issue and comprehensive coverage of controversial issues compared to mainstream news media. It also showed that almost every respondent discusses news with others and entertainment news is the most discussed topic.

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Title : Economic Issues Preoccupy Malaysians

As the New year gets underway, ordinary citizens are concerned about the rising cost of living, the ringgit's low level and the outflow of capital.
In Malaysia, a major talking point is the state of the economy. Three issues are worrying the ordinary Malaysian is rising prices, the fall of ringgit and the outflow of capital. Each is an issues in its own right, but they are also all interlinked.

Inflation has become a hot issue because it is accelerating and will continue to do so. There are one-off factors influencing retail prices, such as the removal of the cooking oil subsidy, the weather affecting vegetable output or the slight recovery of the world oil prices. But prices across the board are affected by the weakening of the ringgit since thus increases the price of imports. Malaysia is very dependent on imports for a wide range of products, from food and household utensils to machinery and components for making cars, computers and all kind of other goods.

The second issue is the ringgit decline itself, which has bad and good effects, with some sectors and people losing and others benefiting. The negative effects include:
- Consumers having to pay higher prices for imported goods and services
- Manufacturers and construction firms paying higher costs for parts and production imputs, which will translate into higher consumer prices and eventually higher house prices.
- Parents with children studying abroad must fork out more ringgit even if the fees and hostel rent remain the same.

Among the goods effects:
- Smallholders and companies exporting palm oil, rubber, petroleum and other commodities will receive more revenue in ringgit terms.
- Local manufacturers exporting goods such as rubber gloves and furniture become more competitive as they can reduce their prices in foreign currency, or else they receive more in ringgit if they retain their international prices.

On balance, will the gains outweigh that losses? From a public perspective, this is unlikely as the higher cost of living will affect all Malaysians, especially the poor and middle classes, and the higher external debt repayment will affect the public and the economy overall.

The prospect of further depreciation also has a bearing on capital flows, the third issue. Malaysia is one of the countries most vulnerable to the shocks of foreign funds moving out, because so much capital was allowed to move in. In recent years, a new typo of vulnerability emerged when foreign funds were welcomed to invest in government bonds denominated in ringgit. It was originally thought that foreign loans in ringgit would be safe as the borrower would avoid the foreign exchange risk, as contrasted with loans denominated in US dollars. This is true but the sheer volume of bonds now owned by foreigners makes the economy vulnerable to large outflows in a short period.

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Nur Ainna Mardhiah binti Md. Noor 179939

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Nur Ainna Mardhiah binti Md. Noor 179939

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The Characteristics of Adolescents at Risk

Various types of misconduct involving young people in school are truancy, smoking, theft, gangsterism and bullying to list a few. Those negative symptoms are likely to be the cause or causes of a person to involve in negative activities in future. The risked teens currently raised from a variety of perspectives are often labeled as a loose family ties, drop in the current study, the influence of peers and negative behaviors that contribute to social threat. So the objective of this paper is done to clarify the concept of youth at risk and identify the characteristics of youth at risk. This is a qualitative method of writing based on these studies and previous research through documents, journals and books related to the discussion on youth at risk. Literature is the principal methods in this paper are analyzed using inductive and deductive arguments of the Quran and Hadis to reach a firm conclusion in identifying the characteristics of youth at risk. The literature found that the characteristics of the dominant risk in adolescents at risk are those from the group who have a dysfunctional family, has a background of low socioeconomic status (SES) and does not have the support of individual and environmental factors that act as protective as a parent, family member, community member, school and religion are central in determining patterns of mind and behavior of adolescents to avoid harm.

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The construction women in media

Luzón Marca has found out the female stereotypes used in adverts which help to perpetuate the idea that each gender has specific social roles. The attributes that these stereotypes have make for the construction of women as a social group whose world is dependent on that of men. The ideal of beauty presents women as sexual objects who must transform themselves in order to be attractive to men. Women are also described as being passive elements, both in the reproduction process, and in the taking of decisions. Their "natural" role is to be wives and mothers, even when they work outside the house. The linguistic choices made in the adverts create and reflect the unequal power relations between the two genders. The type of discourse which is associated with women's speech, reflecting their "presumed" worries and their linguistic features, the selection of adjectives to describe women, the semantic and syntactic roles that they have, the processes they perform, among many other factors, contribute to actualising stereotypical images of women in the receiver's mind. These stereotypes reflect an ideological system where men and women are considered different social groups with clearly delimited social role

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Literature Review - Language Attitude

Language  is  an  important  component  of  group  identity  (see  Cavallaro,  2005; Fought,  2006).  The  attitudes  and  actions  of  a  majority  group  towards  minority  languages  are  likely  to  determine  their  position  within  society and  the  direction of  language  change  in  a  community (Bissoonauth,  2011). The understanding  of  language   attitudes   and   languages   has undergone   a   considerable   shift.   The behaviourist  approach  to languages  before  the 1960s  considered  language  as behaviour   rather   than a cognitive   or   mental   activity.   Subsequent   work   by Lambert  and  colleagues  in  1960 demonstrated how  perspectives  on  languages can  change as  a  result  of overt  and  covert  attitudes.  Fishbein  and  Ajzen  (1975) define attitude as ‘a   learned   predisposition   to   respond   in   a consistently favourable or unfavourable manner with respect to a given object’ (ibid., p. 6). In other words,  attitude is not innate but is acquired through a socialisation process beginning in  early  childhood.  While  attitudes may  be positive  or  negative,  they  can  also  be  instrumental  or  integrative.  According  to  Gardner  and  Lambert  (1972),   instrumental attitudes  are  related  to the  desire  to  receive  social-status recognition  or  other benefits as  well  as  learning  the  language  for  personal  interest; whereas  integrative  attitudes  are  related  to  the  desire  to  be integrated into  another  language  community,  for  example,  a  community  that  speaks  a  specific   language. Language   learners may   report   both instrumental   and integrative   attitudes   in   response   to   instruments   measuring   these   attitudes (Gardner,  1985;  Baker,  1992).  Another  typology  of  language  attitudes  is  put  forward  by  Cargile  et  al.  (1994), according  to  whom  the  nature  of  language  attitudes  is  three-dimensional: ‘it  is  cognitive  in  that  attitudes  comprise  ‘beliefs  about  the  world,’  affective  in  that  they  are  constructed  ‘feelings  about  an  attitude object,’ and behavioural in that they ‘encourage certain actions’’ (ibid., p. 221).  Attitudes  are  also  affected  by  experience  (Mamun  et  al.,  2012),  with  positive experiences being associated with positive language attitudes.

Minority  languages  are  strongly  influenced  by  socio-economic  factors  within  the society. In particular, the role of other languages is likely to diminish in situations where a country’s economic and political power is represented by one dominant group (O’Rourke,  2011b). The  author  argues  that  ‘the  rise  or  decline  of  any  language  cannot  be  seen  as  a  ‘natural’  phenomenon  that  occurs  without  human or   social  agency’ (ibid.,  p.  35).   In  other  words,  attitudes  towards  minority  languages are influenced by the differences in social positions of various linguistic groups. Public opinion that does not see minority languages as important plays an important part in defining attitudes towards them (Das, 2004).  O’Rourke (2011a) and   Baker (1992) argue that   attitudes   are   a   better   guide   for   the future ‘prosperity’  of  the  language  than  current  behaviour and that language attitudes can help explain and predict language behaviour.

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How Undergraduates perceive pirated compact discs and original compact discs

The research was done to identify how undergraduates perceive pirated compact discs and original compact discs. The research questions are formed to determine the awareness of undergraduates towards piracy activities, the comparison between pirated discs and original discs, the reasons undergraduates buy pirated compact discs and the solution to the eliminate piracy. The research method used is surveyed by using questionnaires. The survey is conducted among 336 undergraduates from the Faculty of Modern Languages and Communication. As a conclusion, it is found that the undergraduates were aware that piracy of compact discs in Malaysia is reaching an alarming rate. Original compact discs are if more superior quality than pirated compact discs. Besides, most undergraduates buy pirated compact discs because the amount they have to pay for a few is just a fraction of the price of one original compact discs. One of the ways to eliminate piracy is to have frequent nationwide price reductions or a Mega Sale for original compact discs, so that they are affordable to average Malaysians.

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UNSUR BUDAYA DALAM KOLEKSI TERJEMAHAN CERITA JENAKA BAHASA MELAYU-BAHASA JERMAN SATU ANALISIS

ABSTRACT
Producing translated texts of quality which can successfully deliver the message as intended by the source text is crucial in the field of translation. With this in mind, a research on Malay folk tales translated into German from the genre of satire was carried out. German and Malay being two different languages from two different language families contribute towards cultural differences due to differing world views. Thus, the focus of this research is on the cultural translation method used in translating these text. This study based on a comparison of the Malay satire Lebai Malang and Pak Belalang which are translating as DerUnglucks-Geistliche and Vater Heuschreck. The observation and discussions will focus on the percentage of success in the cultural translation method used by the translator. It will also provide a guide that can be considered by translator when translating two different languages in order to produce a good translation.

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Language use and Formality of YouTube Comments

Today’s world is becoming more digitized and technical developments have changed communication processes. A prominent development is the replacement of traditional written language by online communication and YouTube comments was one of them. YouTube is one of the world’s most popular web sites and hosts numerous amateur and professional videos. The online video sharing web site YouTube, which was originally created in February 2005 enables their users to upload their own videos and comment on videos of others. Comments on these videos may be researched to give insights into audience reactions to important issues or videos. Since people can comment on videos and previously given comments are shown to video watchers, Moor (2007) has mentioned YouTube as an example of what he calls the online commenting platform. The online commenting platform is a platform where people can give their comments on a specific stimulus on a webpage. To have insight of the YouTube comments, the findings of this study was aimed to analyse the language use in YouTube comments and to study the link between language use and formality on YouTube comments. The level of language formality is an important aspect of language use. The same content can be expressed using different writing styles ranging from the most formal to the most informal. Yates (1996) and Crystal (2001) also recognized that Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) consists of characteristics of both spoken and written language. Baron (1984) found a possible explanation for the differences between CMC and Face-to-Face (FtF) interactions.

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"Giler” or “Gile”: Use of Slang Words as Intensifiers

Study of slang as intensifiers word is hardly given detail by linguist especially in morphology field and syntax. Muhammad Zaid Daud and Mary Fatimah Subet (2016), found that the use of the slang word “giler” or “gile” (lit.: mad, crazy) which has become common usage as an intensifier. The occurrence of this word, whether before or after adjectives, and it’s intensifying function in adjectival phrases, is examined. Data was collected through random interviews and online questionnaires. The study reveals that these slang words are often used as intensifiers, and are commonly used both in spoken language and informal written communication by the public, regardless of age, gender, educational background, profession or ethnicity.

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Mariam Aqmaliah Binti Mohd Adenan 181125

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Mariam Aqmaliah Binti Mohd Adenan 181125

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Past Studies On Adjectives Used In an Advertisements

An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying, or quantifying words. An adjective usually precedes the noun or the pronoun which it modifies (Macfadyen, 1994). The adjectives used in ads can be divided into two groups: descriptive adjectives in object description and evaluative adjectives giving the advertiser’s subjective comments. And adjectives are effective tools to convince the readers that the product advertised is second to none (Fan, 2003).

Findings revealed that adjective definitions follow a developmental course of concrete or functional to more abstract, similar to noun development. However, adjective definitions are more variable, and this variability may be due to the manner in which the mental lexicon is organized. The findings also revealed that word frequency has a robust influence on definition as well as word association (Marinellie, 2000)

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Do action video games improve perception and cognition?

Frequent action game players outperform non-gamers on a variety of perceptual and cognitive measures, and some studies suggest that video game training enhances cognitive performance on tasks other than those speciﬁc to the game. The possibility of broad transfer from game training to other aspects of cognition is exciting because it countermands an extensive literature showing that training on one task rarely improves performance on others. Although provocative, the conclusion that game training produces unusually broad transfer is weakened by methodological shortcomings common to most (if not all)of the published studies documenting gaming effects. The ﬂaws we discuss are not obscure or esoteric – they are well known pitfalls in the design of clinical trials and experiments on expertise. Most of these shortcomings are surmountable, but no published gaming study has successfully avoided the mall. In this perspective piece,we delineate these ﬂaws and provide guidelines for more deﬁnitive tests of game beneﬁts. We focus on gaming research for three reasons: ﬁrst, the claims of broad transfer from game training diverge from typical ﬁndings in the cognitive training literature (Hertzog et al., 2009). Second, these claims have circulated widely in the popular media and thus have had a broad impact. Third,game training holds tremendous promise if the evidence for broad transfer of training bears out. We restrict our discussion to recent studies of the effects of action games on college-aged participants, but our criticisms apply to similar studies examining the effect of game experience on cognition in children and older adults,and to studies testing the efﬁcacy of various“brain ﬁtness”and cognitive aging interventions.

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Nadia Shuhada bt Abdan Nasir 178686 - ANIMAL  SYMBOLISMS IN SEMAI PROVERBS

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Nadia Shuhada bt Abdan Nasir 178686 - ANIMAL  SYMBOLISMS IN SEMAI PROVERBS

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Amongst the tribes which inhabit the forests, the Semai tribe are very good nature observers. It is inevitable that they utilize the natural environment as the best material to express sense, desires and as a reference for the comparison of human nature or behavior. Their rich natural heritage allows the Semai figurative language to use the nature and behaviour of animals as comparisons to humans. This study therefore examines the elements of animals used in Semai proverbs. Data from the interview of five respondents were analyzed and then commented based on Hymes‟s (1972) ethnographic framework that focuses on four fundamental points, namely situation, application, structure and activity function. It is found that the animals and plants used in the Semai proverbs are those encountered in their daily life and are relevent to the ethnic‟s lifestyle. The present study is important to help develop a better understanding of this ethnic group and also to bridge the sociocultural gap among the ethnics in Malaysia. The analysis of these proverbs reveal that the Semai are very good observers of nature and are able to combine the natural environment with their daily activities. The inclusion of animalistic elements in their proverbs shows that animals and humans share some common characteristics. Such inclusion implies that the values and norms of the Semai tribes are derived from and based on the environment, which they perceive as the best teacher.

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SITI  NURATIKAH BINTI MOHD ZAIN   185979

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SITI  NURATIKAH BINTI MOHD ZAIN   185979

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The types of people who are victims.

Researchers have also conducted various studies on the types of people who are cyberbullied, or what is often referred to as “cybervictomology”. Abeele and Cock (2013) conducted a study, which concluded that the gender of victims varied greatly depending on the form of cyberbullying. Abeele et al. (2013) found that males are more likely to be on the receiving end of direct cyberbullying while females are more likely to be the victims of indirect cyberbullying such as online gossip among peers. These findings appear to remain true to social norms where males are viewed as more confrontational and females are often stereotyped as gossipers.

While not many studies look at the gender of the victims many studies do research things such as the characteristics of the victims. Faucher et al. (2014) found that there were numerous reasons that people felt they were the victims of cyberbullying such as their personal appearance, interpersonal problems, as well as simply having discrepancies about their views. Davis, Randall, Ambrose, and Orand (2015) also conducted a study about victims and their demographics, which looked at the reasons people, were cyberbullied. Some of the results in the Davis et al. (2015) study addressed other reasons for being bullied in which they found that 14 percent of victims had been bullied because of factors such as their sexual orientation.

These are all very important because it fits the profile of the traditional bully that many people envision but it shows that it transfers over into the cyber world as well. This leads on further questions about the relationship between the two and how the cyberbullying is influencing where and how the harassment is continuing.

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SITI HAYATI NOOR BINTI MOHD ABD KHAR (185340)

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SITI HAYATI NOOR BINTI MOHD ABD KHAR (185340)

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Pengantar Interpretasi

Effects of Cyberbullying

The first part of this literature review focused on the demographics of the bullies and their victims, but now we will focus on the lasting effects and the trauma it brings to the victims as well as the different forms of cyberbullying. While the platforms used are different the lasting effects that the bullying has on the victims are very similar. Faucher et al. (2014) concluded that one of the main effects that cyberbullies had on university students was that they were unable to accomplish some of their school assignments. While many people think of effects of bullying to be simply depression or low self esteem this study brought light to a much different more unexpected issues. Beran et al. (2007) also found similar responses from victims of cyberbullying claiming that they often didn’t achieve the same marks in school and had lower concentration. These findings indicate that the lasting impact that a cyberbully has on their victims is often more harmful than what most people can see on the surface.

Pieschl, Porsch, Kahl, and Klockenbusch (2013) found that cybervictims generally were less distressed during the second confrontation with a cyberbully. This interesting finding indicates that victims of cyberbullies may actually become desensitized to the aggression over time lessening the effects of the bullying.

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Chronic Mental Illness

A chronicmental illness can be extremely hard for families to cope with given the negative social stigmas that exist about the illness in most societies around the world today. A chronic mental illness in a family member could lead to almost constant care and monitoring, depending upon the illness and the intensity. Families may find it difficult to cope with or come to terms with a family member’s diagnosis of a chronic mental illness due to the many challenges it presents. Much of the literature surrounding mental illness in the family is psychology based, and there is a strong need for communication based studies to better understand these unique families.

Parent-Child. Looking at the parent-child relationship in reference to mental illnesses, it is known that parents are the primary e to children and adolescents with chronic mental illnesses. Literature mainly focuses on the illness from the parents’ perspective, rather than the child’s, suggesting that little is known about children’s perceptions of their parents’ mental illnesses. Richardson, Cobham, McDermott, and Murray (2013) explained that parent’s feelings of loss about an adult child with a mental illness focuses on grieving about ambiguous losses, like the child’s loss of self or identity. There is little literature in regards to mental health’s effects on self-concepts and identities.  Aside from the self, another important factor to contend when discussing mental illness between the parents and children is parenting styles effects on these children with mental illnesses.

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Review of Literature

Communication Styles When Flirting. Flirting is often associated with the start of a couple’s relationship. It is employed when one shows interest in another person or when one wishes to demonstratesexual attraction. As demonstrated in Horan and Booth-Butterfield’s (2010) study, receiving affection is directly related to relational satisfaction. While giving affection is connected to commitment in a relationship. However, many may wonder if the act of flirting continues in committed relationships such as marriage. Is there a reason to flirt within marriage, and if so, how do women and men differ in their flirtation styles? In Frisby and Booth-Butterfield’s(2012) study on the purpose of flirtation, theyfound that a major reason for flirtation within a marriage was to create a private world between the couple. They also found that women were more likely than men to use attentive flirting, in which the woman showsa great amount of concern for her husband. However in a separate study on flirtation motivation, men were also found to utilize attentive flirting in order to make their wives feel beautiful(Frisby, 2009). In concordance with previous research, Frisby found that men typically flirt to encourage sex, and women often flirt to focus on attention, fun, and interest in their spouses.

Another difference in flirtation style may occur due to the differences in the amount of expressiveness between men and women. Weisfeld and Stack (2002) conducted a study on nonverbal communication related to the closeness of married couples. Their research shows that on average, women smile and laugh significantly more than men. According to the same study, 78% of the spontaneous touches that occurred during the experiment were initiated by women, demonstrating that women’s flirtation style is much more animated.