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Table 1Physics of depth measurement for Kinect I [3, 67] and Kinect II [6, 7]Kinect I	Kinect IIStructured light	Time-of-flightOpen image in new window	Open image in new windowP—measured point on object surfaceE—IR emitterC—IR sensorh—unknown distance of measured point from sensor originKnown/fixed parametersb—distance between emitter and sensorα—angle of emitted IR lightf—focal length of the camera	Known/fixed parametersc—speed of lightf—frequency of emitted IR lightMeasured parameterp—speckle location observed by the IR sensor	Measured parameterΔφ—phase shiftMathematical frameworkFrom law of sines:dsinα=bsinγFrom the angular sum: γ=π−α−β→ d=b⋅sinαsin(π−α−β)=b⋅sinαsin(α+β)Withh=d⋅sinβ→ h=b⋅sinα⋅sinβsin(α+β)From the camera geometryπ2−β=arctanpf → β=π2−arctanpf→ h=b⋅sinα⋅sin(π2−arctanpf)sin(α+π2−arctanpf)	Mathematical frameworkSpeed of lightc=distancet=300000000ms→ Δt=2hc (time shift for incident and reflected signals)With the definition of phase shift:Δφ=2πfΔt=2πf⋅2hc→ h=c⋅Δφ4πf

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Table 1Physics of depth measurement for Kinect I [3, 67] and Kinect II [6, 7]Kinect I	Kinect IIStructured light	Time-of-flightOpen image in new window	Open image in new windowP—measured point on object surfaceE—IR emitterC—IR sensorh—unknown distance of measured point from sensor originKnown/fixed parametersb—distance between emitter and sensorα—angle of emitted IR lightf—focal length of the camera	Known/fixed parametersc—speed of lightf—frequency of emitted IR lightMeasured parameterp—speckle location observed by the IR sensor	Measured parameterΔφ—phase shiftMathematical frameworkFrom law of sines:dsinα=bsinγFrom the angular sum: γ=π−α−β→ d=b⋅sinαsin(π−α−β)=b⋅sinαsin(α+β)Withh=d⋅sinβ→ h=b⋅sinα⋅sinβsin(α+β)From the camera geometryπ2−β=arctanpf → β=π2−arctanpf→ h=b⋅sinα⋅sin(π2−arctanpf)sin(α+π2−arctanpf)	Mathematical frameworkSpeed of lightc=distancet=300000000ms→ Δt=2hc (time shift for incident and reflected signals)With the definition of phase shift:Δφ=2πfΔt=2πf⋅2hc→ h=c⋅Δφ4πf

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ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES 	3D IMAGING DEVICES	-	Easily to use-	Time to diagnose fast-	Sensor use is IR sensor-	Depth dermis to blood capillary 	-	High cost-	Has long term effectACUPUNTURE 	-	Low cost-	Easily to have the equipment-	Depth dermis and epidermis	-	Not accurate result-	Painful-	Take time to diagnose the disease

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ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES 	3D IMAGING DEVICES	-	Easily to use-	Time to diagnose fast-	Sensor use is IR sensor-	Depth dermis to blood capillary 	-	High cost-	Has long term effectACUPUNTURE 	-	Low cost-	Easily to have the equipment-	Depth dermis and epidermis	-	Not accurate result-	Painful-	Take time to diagnose the disease

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Chinese medicine there are many different types of eczema. For example, if the skin is weeping and hot, the cause is likely to be Damp Heat; dryness and redness indicate Heat in the Blood and itchiness is usually attributed to Invasive Wind.

According to Chinese Medicine theory acupuncture and Chinese herbs can be prescribed to treat complex skin conditions such as eczema.

Having established the particular type of eczema, our doctor will then prescribe a course of Chinese herbs. According to CM theory there is also a comprehensive range of herbal creams and lotions to complement the Chinese herbs. You should seek advice on which cream or lotion is most suitable for your particular condition.

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Sensor performance                                                - a sensor it need to be safe, sufficiently accurate and easy to use.                                       - sensor performance evaluations depend on: 1.application-specific data processing techniques such as the extraction of skeleton 2.models data denoising.                                           3. frequency analysis.                                  General sensor performance has been assessed by a number of researchers, particularly for Kinect I.                                                       DiFilippo and Jouaneh performed one of the most comprehensive evaluations, comparing all three models of Kinect I.                            They measured sensor accuracy in terms of the deviation of the position derived from the depth image compared with the actual position of a flat phantom.                                                              Repeatability was defined as the standard deviation of depth measurements in an area of 50 × 50 pixels over 25 frames, and resolution was defined as the smallest detectable movement.                                                         They found that accuracy varied between the three Kinect models and also with sensor temperature. All models performed best at shorter distances

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Sensor performance                                                - a sensor it need to be safe, sufficiently accurate and easy to use.                                       - sensor performance evaluations depend on: 1.application-specific data processing techniques such as the extraction of skeleton 2.models data denoising.                                           3. frequency analysis.                                  General sensor performance has been assessed by a number of researchers, particularly for Kinect I.                                                       DiFilippo and Jouaneh performed one of the most comprehensive evaluations, comparing all three models of Kinect I.                            They measured sensor accuracy in terms of the deviation of the position derived from the depth image compared with the actual position of a flat phantom.                                                              Repeatability was defined as the standard deviation of depth measurements in an area of 50 × 50 pixels over 25 frames, and resolution was defined as the smallest detectable movement.                                                         They found that accuracy varied between the three Kinect models and also with sensor temperature. All models performed best at shorter distances

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So, the conclusion for the Kinect is a touchless real-time 3D sensor that is easy to use, affordable, and free of ionizing radiation. This device capable to localize and track people, at the same time the information of movement and body physique can be gathered and its help to improve the  healthcare. This ability can be used for rehabilitation and screening, to support independence of people with impairments, or to assist intervention so that we can diagnose the eczema disease. By using traditional way, using acupuncture for eczema and skin disorders. For thousands of year traditional medicine has used herbs and acupuncture to treat a variety of maladies from internal health problem to skin disorders, such eczema, acne, psoriasis and alopecia. The best method use to diagnose atopic eczema by using technology method is 3D imaging device. From the statistic, more than one million patient have been treated and satisfied with this technology.

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Traditionally, Chinese medicine has called eczema the “wind of four crooks” referring to the most common locations of the eczema rashes on the inside of the elbows and knees (

Traditional Chinese Medicine understands eczema as an imbalance of body’s energy which allows external pathogenic factors to attack causing itch, inflammation, as well as dry and red skin.

Chinese medicine treats eczema not by suppressing the immune response but rather correcting the imbalances that are causing the eczema. By correcting or removing these imbalances, Chinese medicine reduces inflammation and allows your body is able to heal on its own.

In eczema, the most common underlying imbalances are dampness, heat, and wind. To determine the imbalance, I will observe how the skin looks. If the skin is dry, cracked, and irritated, then too much heat may be the most significant factor in the eczema. If there is more swelling, crusting, and vesicles, then dampness may be the most significant factor.

Because Chinese medicine is holistic, we also consider how digestion, allergies, sleep, and emotional health play a role. Acupuncture points and herbs are selected specifically for their ability to correct that specific imbalance
ADVANTAGE

quick and effect.

low cost

DISADVANTAGE

painful

not suitable to babies.

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HEALTHY SKIN/ECZEMA SKIN/UNKNOWN SKIN LAYER
HEALTHY & UNHEALTHY SKIN( CAN BE SEEN WITH NAKED EYE)
UNKNOWN SKIN LAYER ( CAN'T BE SEEN NAKED EYES)
By using 3D imaging technology invented by Dr Batra from India.

It detects the skin from three layers and gives a heads up if there are any symptoms of a skin disease arising, eventually resulting in the cure of the particular disease early.

The photographic tool helps gauge the treatment response for skin problems three months before it is visible to the naked eye.

skin diagnosis through 3D skin technology to measure the depth, dimensions and damage of the skin;

natural homeopathy medicines to reduce itching and flare-up, reduce intensity, frequency as well as duration of complaints, limit the spread of the disease, stimulate the healing process, improve sleep, and reduce the practice of topical application;

understand underlying factors such as stress at work or in a relationship, sensitivity to wheat and milk, mental as well as physical over-exertion;

monitor the underlying diseases, such as allergy, diabetes, hypertension and depression;

treat the associated complaints;

provide a customised treatment plan;

prevent recurrence; and

improve the quality of life.

It also helps diagnose the exact concentration of melanin and hemoglobin in the skin.

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3D imaging technology: We introduced I3D imaging device to analyse skin health. With advanced optical technology, this device is a scientific breakthrough that allows the skin to be viewed in 2 and 3 dimensions for more effective diagnosis and treatment of skin disorders. This device can show your response to a treatment in the lower layers of your skin much before it can be seen by the naked eye, thereby speeding up your treatment and helping you save money.

3D imaging device

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Method of solution:
1. Terminology
2. Block diagram
3. Graph
4. Formula

Table 1

Physics of depth measurement for Kinect I [3, 67] and Kinect II [6, 7]

Kinect I

Kinect I evaluates distances (depth) based on structured light. This technology works in a way similar to passive stereo depth sensing, but instead of using two cameras with known position and orientation, one of the cameras is replaced by an IR emitter. The IR source emits a single beam that is split into a pseudo-random pattern of speckles by a diffraction grating . The beam is projected onto objects, which distort it according to their distance away from the IR source. By calculating the correlation between undistorted and observed speckle location based on 3D triangulation, object position and surface can be inferred . To identify each individual point within the camera image, the specific localized speckle pattern around it (referred to as its spatial neighborhood) is analyzed . However, extreme distortion due to challenging geometry can disrupt this spatial neighborhood, making it difficult to establish correspondence between distorted and undistorted patterns. This can lead to missing data, or holes, in the generated 3D image

Kinect II

Structured light | Time-of-flight
The second-generation Kinect II uses time-of-flight measurement to generate a 3D image. An IR wave is emitted and its reflection is detected by the Kinect II sensor. To compose a depth image, the phase shift between the emitted and incoming wave is analyzed, from which object distance is calculated. In practice, the phase shift is measured by comparing the incoming signal to four phase-shifted control signals]. The reflective properties of the imaged objects can introduce noise into the depth measurement and produce outliers or data drift. For example, sharp edges, semi-transparent objects or highly reflective surfaces can lead to ambiguous reflections and may appear blurred, with greater variation of depth values than anticipated.

Open image in new window | Open image in new window

P—measured point on object surface

E—IR emitter

C—IR sensor

h—unknown distance of measured point from sensor origin

Known/fixed parameters
b—distance between emitter and sensor
α—angle of emitted IR light
f—focal length of the camera
c—speed of light
f—frequency of emitted IR light

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Creative approaches to healthcare are needed to cope with ageing populations and increasing economic pressure. Commercially available gaming systems, which provide advanced technology made available for the mass market at low cost, have thus received growing interest. Systems such as Microsoft Kinect are significantly less expensive than most medical sensing devices, but have the potential to provide accuracy sufficient for clinical practice.

Kinect is an input device designed for computer gaming with the XBox® video game console. The sensor enables the user to interact in virtual reality by means of body movement, hand gestures, and spoken commands [1]. It uses a color camera, infrared (IR) emitter, and IR sensor to compose a three-dimensional (3D) image comprising a “cloud” of over 200,000 points describing object position and surface as x, y, z coordinates. Besides its original application in gaming, this sensor has found use in retail, education, and training, with healthcare and therapy applications under evaluation [2]. In the summer of 2014, the second generation of Kinect (Kinect II) was released, but to date most publications describe the first-generation device (Kinect I).

This paper gives a brief overview of the latest research on healthcare imaging using Kinect. A comparison of the first- and second-generation devices is given, and then the influence of imaging distance, angle, and object color on sensor performance is examined to assess suitability for various medical imaging applications.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40846-016-0184-2

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1. Using Optical device. How much depth the Optical device will penetrating through Atopic Eczema?
(show on diagram if capable).
2. Within the device, what is the component to develope/build that medical device?
3.Identify what is the best method to diagnose Atopic Eczema:
-Traditional
-Technology
4.What is the advantages and disadvantages of Both method?

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What is the device that DERMATOLOGY DEPARTMENT use to help patient that suffer from ATOPIC ECZEMA?

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What is the device that DERMATOLOGY DEPARTMENT use to help patient that suffer from ATOPIC ECZEMA?

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Microsoft Kinect is a three-dimensional (3D) sensor originally designed for gaming that has received growing interest as a cost-effective and safe device for healthcare imaging. Recent applications of Kinect in health monitoring, screening, rehabilitation, assistance systems, and intervention support will review. The suitability of available technologies for healthcare imaging applications is assessed..
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40846-016-0184-2

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As the skin is such a large, vital, and visible part of the body, disorders of skin can lead to very significant distress and functional impairment for those affected. Treatment options have improved very significantly and the Department of Dermatology in Beaumont Hospital provides a comprehensive service for the management of such disorders.

1. Skin Cancer Service
2. Allergy Investigative Service
3. Management of Inflammatory Diseases
4. Consultation Service for Inpatients

http://www.beaumont.ie/dermatology

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Dermatology is that part of medicine which deals with disorders of skin, hair, nails and mucous membranes  and encompasses about 3000 diseases of skin, including allergies, inflammatory disorders such as eczema and psoriasis, infections, autoimmune diseases, skin cancer and genetic disorders. The scope of dermatology as a specialty is therefore very broad.

http://www.beaumont.ie/dermatology

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It can also occur in infancy level

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Atopic Eczema on adult

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Atopic dermatitis (eczema) is a condition that makes your skin red and itchy. It's common in children but can occur at any age. Atopic dermatitis is long lasting (chronic) and tends to flare periodically. It may be accompanied by asthma or hay fever.

No cure has been found for atopic dermatitis. But treatments and self-care measures can relieve itching and prevent new outbreaks. For example, it helps to avoid harsh soaps, moisturize your skin regularly, and apply medicated creams or ointments.

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atopic-dermatitis-eczema/home/ovc-20341956