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by Syuhada Rosli.

1. Shigellas are taken up by M cells and transported beneath the epithelium. Macrophages take up shigellas die, and release the bacteria.
2. The bacteria enter the inferior and lateral aspects of the epithelial cells by including endocytosis. The endosomes are quickly lysed, leaving the shigellas free in cytoplasm.
3. Actin film quickly form a tail, pushing the shigellas into the next cell.
4. Shigellas multiply in cytoplasm, and the infection extends to the next cell.
5. infected cells die and slough off. intense response of acute inflammatory cells (neutrophils), bleeding and abscess formation.

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by : Zarith Sofea
- Shigella germs are present in the stools of infected persons while they have diarrhea and for up to a week or two after the diarrhea has gone away.
- Shigella is very contagious; exposure to even a tiny amount of contaminated fecal matter (too small to see) which is can cause infection.
- Transmission of Shigella occurs when people put something in their mouths or swallow something that has come into contact with stool of a person infected with Shigella.
- This can happen when:

Contaminated hands touch your food or mouth. Hands can become contaminated through a variety of activities, such as touching surfaces (e.g., toys, bathroom fixtures, changing tables, diaper pails) that have been contaminated by stool from an infected person. Hands can also become contaminated with Shigella while changing the diaper of an infected child or caring for an infected person.

Eating food contaminated with Shigella. Food may become contaminated if food handlers have shigellosis. Produce can become contaminated if growing fields contain human sewage. Flies can breed in infected feces and then contaminate food when they land on it.

Swallowing recreational (for example lake or river water while swimming) or drinking water that was contaminated by infected fecal matter.

Exposure to feces through sexual contact.

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By: Amelia
- the infections called shigellosis
- the infection are very contagious
- most common during summer months
- usually affect kids from 2-4 years old
- rarely infect infants younger than months old.

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by : Syuhadah Hamzah

1. Post-infectious arthritis
- caused by Shigella flexneri
- develop pains in joints, irritation of eyes and painful urination
- last for months or years
- lead to chronic arthritis

2. Bloodstream infections
- a rare complication
- caused either by Shigella organisms or by other grms in the gut that get into bloodstream when the lining of intestines is damaged during Shigellosis

3. Seizures
- Child who experiences seizures while infected with Shiglla typically have high fever/abnormal blood elctrolyts (salts).

4. Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)
- Bacteria enter the digestive system and produce a toxin that destroys red blood cell.
- bloody diarrhea
-associated with Shiga-toxin, found in Shigella dysenteria.

5. Rectal prolapse
- straining during bowel movements may cause th mucous membrane or lining of the rectum to move out through anus.

6. Toxic megacolon
- Colon paralyzed
- Preventing from bowel movement or passing gas.

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by: Najwa Ibrahim
1. conventional culture method
a) Shigella broth with novobiocin.

novobiocin added to provide a selective environment which it is inhibitory for Gram-positive bacteria such as S. aureus and certain Gram-negative organisms such as H. influenza and some Proteus sp.

Agitate enrichment culture suspension and streak on a MacConkey agar plate.

Examine MacConkey agar plates

Result: Shigella colonies are slightly pink and translucent, with or without rough edges ( being confirmed serologically and biochemically)

b) Salmonella Shigella Agar

SS Agar is a modification of the Desoxycholate Citrate Agar.

It is used as a selective and differential medium for the isolation of Salmonella and some Shigella species from clinical and non-clinical specimens.

This medium is not recommended for the primary isolation of Shigella.

Result:
1.Salmonella will not ferment lactose but produce hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) gas.  The resulting bacterial colonies will appear colorless with black centers.
2. Shigella do not ferment lactose or produce hydrogen sulfide gas, so the resulting colonies will be colorless.
3.Coliform bacteria such as E. coli will ferment the lactose in the media, resulting in bacterial growth with a pink color. They do not produce any hydrogen sulfide.
c) Hektoen enteric agar

the recovery of Salmonella and Shigella species over the previously formulated Salmonella-Shigella (SS) Agar.

This medium is particularly useful in the isolation of Shigella species.

Result:

1. Rapid lactose fermenters (such as coli) are moderately inhibited and produce a bright orange to salmon pink colonies.

2. Salmonella colonies are blue-green typically with black centers from hydrogen sulfide gas.

3. Shigella appear more greenish than Salmonella, with the color fading to the periphery of the colony.

4. Proteus strains are somewhat inhibited; colonies that develop are small transparent and more glistening or watery in appearance than species of Salmonella or Shigella.

2.DNA hybridization method

aseptically inoculate sample onto Trypticase Soy Broth with 0.6% Yeast Extract (TSBYE)

Detection of Shigella sp. by DNA probe hybridization methods is based on the presence of an invasive gene.

3.Physiological characterization method

Perform Gram staining and inoculate cultures to other recommended biochemical test.

Summary Result of Shigella biochemical test:
1.Gram-negative rods
2. Negative: H₂S, urease, glucose (gas), motility, lysine decarboxylase, sucrose, adonitol, inositol, lactose (2 days), KCN, malonate, citrate, and salicin
3.Positive: methyl red.

Pick isolates having positive reactions for Shigella to veal infusion agar slants.

Use antisera for identification of serotype or compare with a physiological behavior of the 32 serotypes.

If serotype cannot be identified by these tests because of:

1) Several provisional serotypes have not been accepted by an international commission on the taxonomy of Shigella species. Resolve by referral to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, or to the World Health Organization (WHO), Shigella sp. Reference Laboratories.

2) The cultures may be E. coli. Shigella species tend to be negative in acetate, citrate, and mucate media  reactions, whereas anaerobic E. coli tend to be positive in at least one of the reactions.

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How to differentiate shigella with salmonella and E. coli

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How to differentiate shigella with salmonella and E. coli

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by Pang Swee Theng
Similarities:
1. They are Gram-negative bacteria.
2. They are rod shaped (bacillus).
3. They are from family Enterobacteriaceae.
Differences:
1. E. coli which is lactose fermenting bacteria  forming pink colonies on MacConkey agar whereas shigella and salmonella which are non lactose fermenting bacteria forming colorless colonies on MacConkey agar.
2. Shigella forms red colonies on xylose lysine deoxycholate agar (XLD agar) while E. coli forms yellow colonies and salmonella forms red colonies with black centers on XLD agar.

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by Aida

Carbohydrate fermentation test : negative
Shigella is anaerogic which means that it cannot produce gas from carbohydrate. However, Shigella only can ferment mannitol except for S. dysenteriae and some sertotype of S. flexneri.

Hydrogen sulphide : negative
Shigella cannot reduce sulphur-containing compound to sulphide.

Urease test : negative
Shigella do not have the ability to hydrolyzed urea.

Oxidase test : negative
Shigella unable to produce cytochrome C oxidase, an enzyme for electron transport chain during respiration.

Citrate utilization test : negative
Lysine utilization test : negative
Onithine utilization test : negative
Shigella do not have the abilityto utilize citrate, lysine and ornithine as carbon source

Beta-galactoidase (ONPG) test : negative
Shigella is non-lactose fermenter. However, S. sonnei is ONPG positive because it catogerize in late lactose fermenter. Late lactose fermenter is a bacteria that lack of permease but have Beta-galactosidase. So, the production of acid from lactose is delayed

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Symptoms
by Chong

frequent bouts of watery diarrhea

abdominal cramping

nausea

vomiting

blood or mucus in stool

fever

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Treatment & Prevention
by  Yap

Treatment
> Antibiotics
> Fluid and salt replacement
> Avoid drugs intended

Prevention
> Food hygiene
> Travellers cleanliness
> Wash hands frequently
> Avoid swallowing water from ponds, lakes or untreated pools> Dispose of soiled diapers properly

> Drink clean water

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Introduction
by Mohan raj

> Gram negative
>  Facultative Anaerobic
>  Non spore forming
>  Non motile
>  Rod shaped bacteria
>  Cause disease in primates ; not in other mammals
>  Found in human and gorillas
>  Causative agent of human shigellosis
> Closely related to E.coli

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Classification
by Mohan Raj

Kingdom :   Bacteria
Shigella fits into the Domain and Kingdom Bacteria (Eubacteria) because members of this group are unicellular, do not possess a nucleus, and have peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

Phylum  :    Proteobacteria
Shigella belongs to the phylum Proteobacteria because it is gram-negative with the outer membrane mainly composed of lipopolysaccharides

Class      :    Gamma Proteobacteria
Shigella is classified in the class Gammaproteobacteria because it is comprised offacilitative anaerobic and fermentative gram negative bacteria.

Order      :    Enterobacteriales
Shigella fits into the Order Enterobacteriales because it is comprised of rod-shaped,facultative anaerobic, gram negative bacteria occurring as plant or animal parasites or assaprophytes.

Family     :    Enterobacteriaceae
Shigella is classified into the family Enterobacteriaceae because members of this group grow well at 37 degrees Celsius, oxidase negative, and catalase positive, and reduces nitrates.

Genus      :    Shigella
Shigella fits into the genus Shigella because it only causes disease in primates and no other animals.

Species    :  S. dysenteriae
S. flexneri
S. boydii
S. sonnei
Classified as Shigella  because it can be differentiated from the other types by positive β-D galactosidase and ornithine decarboxylase biochemical reactions.