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A class that has historically suffered from unequal treatment due to race or national origin.

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Slander is spoken words towards or about someone that could create a bad image for that person.
Libel is the written speech that is about someone which could create a bad image of them.

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This is speech directed towards the overthrowing of a government. People are more likely to act out instead of just believing in something.

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Probable cause gives reason to believe that the accused is guilty of what they're being accused of.

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This amendment bans the state government from unreasonable discrimination.

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Bail cannot be excessive and no cruel and unusual punishment is allowed.

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Segregation that is enforced by a law or laws. This type of segregation is against the will of the people.

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You have a right to a jury trial.

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An attorney is guaranteed to someone, a trial has to be close to the crime, not an unrealistically long time.

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"Natural" Segregation: Segregation by choice of the people within a certain area.

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Banned the federal government from unreasonable discrimination. This amendment protects one from self incrimination.

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The right to bare arms.

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Congress is not allowed to pass laws that prohibit religion or encouraging religion.
Freedom of speech, religion, press, an assembly.

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This was a 3 part test which determined if a practice violated the Establishment Clause.
1) Law/Rule has a religious purpose
2) Law/Rule inhabits religion
3) Law/Rule must not cause excessive entanglement with the government

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The Supreme Court says a person can believe whatever they want to believe.

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You have a right to a lawyer, applying the 6th Amendment.

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Racial segregation was "separate but equal". Meaning segregation was still happening but it was more fair.

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Banned all and any discrimination based on race, sex, or color.

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A person that suffers from any kind of discrimination is "rewarded" for their discrimination to come back in a positive way.

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This was a test that voters had to take in order to keep black people from voting to prove their ability to read an right.

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A criminal must be recited their constitutional rights which include the right to an attorney and protection of self incrimination.

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The desegregation of schools

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As of 1962, state sponsored prayer in public schools was no longer allowed.

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Symbolic Speech is speech that is non verbal. People will use signs, or gestures to show they feel a certain way about something.

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Speech Plus is something you say followed by an action to go along with what was said.

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A person cannot be tried in court a second time for the same case after being proved not guilty in the first trial.

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The government must use fair procedures while denying life, liberty or land.
Laws must be fair and have to be enforced fairly.

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Congress banned the establishment of government religion.