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= to describe an activity or event in progress over a period of time in the past.
1. Using time clauses with simple past and past progressive
1) Use while or when to introduce the ongoing action.
Ex: I noticed the beautiful girl when I was walking.
2) Use the past progressive in both clauses to talk about two actions in progress at the same time.

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Object Relative Clauses as Objects of Prepositions 

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Object Relative Clauses as Objects of Prepositions 

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1. The preposition in object relative clauses can come at the end of the clause in informal speaking and writing.
Ex: I am not sure which direction I should go to.
2. In more formal spoken and especially written English, the preposition comes before the relative pronouns whom or which. Do not use that or who.
Ex: This is the pen with which the famous writer wrote.

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=to provide additional, not essential, information about the nouns they modify
1. Use who or whom for people.Use which for things. Use whose for possessive people and things.
Ex: The livable apartment, which I want to rent, is too expensive.

My classmates, who I consider as pretty and handsome, are all good at study.

Ernest Hemingway, whose novels many people love, was an American novelist,  short story writer, and journalist.
2. Do not omit the relative pronoun in nonidentifying object relatives.

3. Use commas before and after the nonidentifying object relative clauses.

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= to give essential information that defines or identifies the noun it modifies
1.Use the relative pronoun which or that for things. Use who, that, or whom with people.
Ex: The apartments and houses that/which the advertising board mentions are for rent.

Students that the picture contains are working for their projects.  (least formal)
Students who the picture contains are working for their projects.
Students whom the picture contains are working for their projects. (most formal)

2.Use whose+ a noun to show possession. Whose cannot be omitted.
Ex: The girl whose hair is brown used her computer.

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= Adjective Clauses with Object Relative Pronouns

The object relative pronoun follows the noun it replaces and comes at the beginning of the relative clauses. In an object relative clauses, the relative pronoun is the object of the clause.

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a) Will or won’t = strong certain.

Ex: the university probably won’t accept any international students

b) Should (not) and ought to = certain.

Ex:  the device should be ready by  Saturday.

c) could, may(not)and might (not)= last certain.

Ex: the movies may be staring at night.

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1.    What is “that clause

Normal that clauses can function as a subject and an object. They often begin with word that.

Ex: I think that running is tiring.
The sign means that the elevator is out of order.

2. What the form of “that clauses”

a. That clauses have their own subject and verb.

Ex: Many Chinses people think that Chengdu is beautiful city.

b. In conversation and informal writing, that is often omitted. In academic writing, that is not omitted sometimes.

Ex: I think running is tiring.
I cannot forget that I once visited a shop which is full of wands.

3. That clauses after adjectives and nouns

a. we can use a that clause after adjectives that express emotion or certainty such as certain, clear, and evident. The form is It+be+certain adjectives+that.

Ex: It is clear that we have too much homework.

b. we can use a that clause after nouns that describe thoughts and ideas such as belief, hope. and concern. The form is noun+be+that.

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= to describe actions, situations or events that are completed.
= for actions that happened once repeatedly in the past.
1. Using time clauses with simple past
1) after+ the first event
Ex: After it stopped snowing, the sun shined.
2) before+ the second event
Ex: Before the sun shown up, it snowed heavily.
3)as soon as/ once+ the first event (the second event happens immediately after)
4)until(= up to that time)+ the second event
5) when(= at almost same time)+ the first event

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The structure of the sentence:
subject +modal+base verb+object
Present and Future Advice:
a) Could and Might =offer advice =suggestions or to give choice
Might not = want to give suggestion
Ex: You might take same vitamin to feel better.

b)  Should = good idea      Should not = bad idea

Ought to = less common

Ought to=rare

Ex: You should study hard this semester

c)   Had better (not)= informal conversation = strong advice especially as warning = negative consequence if the advice or warning  is not followed
*had always contracted and often omitted in formal conversation
Ex: you ‘d better attend to class toddy.

Module of past advice and regret:

a) Ought to have or should not + past participle
= past events or situations
= situations that were advisable but did not happen

Ex: she ought to have studded hard, but she was sick.

b) Shouldn’t have + past participle
=bad decision, express regret

Ex: she shouldn’t have stayed late at night.

c)   Should (not)=use to criticize.

Ex: she should have taken mother suggestion.