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- Spina Bifida is a condition that affect the spine and brain. it usually happen to babies at birth
why it happen?
- During early pregnancy ,  the neural tube are to be formed and closed on the 28th day after conception. Babies who suffer from spina bifida , their neural tube are not developed properly which cause defects to their spinal chord and bones in the spine

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Mild type
-Spina Bifida Occulta is the mildest type of Spina Bifida . People who suffer from Spina Bifida Occulta have little to no disability at all .

Severe type
-Myelomeningocele is the severe type of Spina Bifida . The severity can range from not able to walk or move other part of the body to being paralyzed in the lower limps

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what to do / what not to do for people who suffer from Spina Bifida

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what to do / what not to do for people who suffer from Spina Bifida

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what to do
- Get wheelchair and crutches if they are unable to walk / paralyzed at the lower limbs or leg braces to support them while walking
- If they suffer from brain damage due to hydrocephalus, have someone to personally guide them in studies if they have difficulties in studying
what not to do
- Healthy diet is important so people with Spina Bifida should not eat food that are low fibers and food that are low in vitamin

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We can spot signs on a new-born's skin above the spinal defect, including an abnormal tuft of hair or a tiny dimple on the birthmark.
Some risk factors which are related, for example; Folate deficiency, diabetes, obesity, etc. The life span for each individual who has spina bifida could only be up to 40 years old.
**Folate deficiency: VitaminB9

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Cognitive- The brain will be affected as it will be inflamed if there is extra fluid around the brain
Affective- At a young age, they might feel sad as they see that they are different from their friends. As an athlete, they could feel frustrated with themselves as they are not able to do something at the best of their abilities
Motor- since they have mobility issues, they can't do certain physical activities such as run or walk properly
Physical- their legs are weak as the nerves in their legs don't work properly and might need a device to help them walk such as leg braces

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Test yourself! (type your answers below)

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Test yourself! (type your answers below)

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1) Is hemopilia a type of spina bifida?
2) Name 2 health challenges somebody with spina bifida can face.
3) Is it possible for pregnant women to lessen the risk of the baby getting spina bifida? If so, state how.
4) Do people with spina bifida have mental health problems? Pick an option below:
(a) Yes (b) No (c) Occasionally (d) Never
5) Spina bifida is congenital. What does this mean?

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Context-Related
Labelling and Languages - Since they are on wheelchair-bound due to their nervous system, leading to paralysis, limiting their movement, leading them to be labelled as handicapped which will make them feel excluded from normal people
Strategies:  It is best to avoid negative terms and use positive language to create an inclusive environment.
Attitudes - People can stereotype those with disabilities by assuming their quality of life because of their impairments. There are also discrimination and stigma, where by they may see those with disabilities as a personal tragedy such as the lack of ability to behave as expected in the society.
Strategies: Programs must be planned on different range of skill levels and modified accordingly so that it is inclusive to all ages, types of people.
Accessibility - This could be lacking of transportation that interfere with the person's disability to move around. Getting to places can be challenging as certain facilities are unusable by those with disabilities, such as lack of handrails, or doorways too narrow for a wheelchair.
Strategies: To eliminate discrimination and afford equal access so that it creates an inclusive environment and allowing all types of people to participate in an activity.
Educate the society about those with different disabilities and how to make life easier for those with disabilities to go around.
Person-related
Self-efficacy and motivation - They could have trouble walking, sitting up which could make them feel unmotivated as they can't do things people their age do. Either they may lack moral support from their peers.
Strategies: The participants are to be internally motivated to join and to believe that they can be successful. Additionally, the activities must be modified accordingly and inclusive for all individuals.
Perceived value - They find it meaningless in activities as whether the activity will serve a functional purpose to them, like will it improve from their current state of disability.
Strategies: Let the disabled self-select recreational activities such as bowling, as they may not want to join a game that requires a team like basketball. For practitioners, the activities must be age-appropriate and health benefits are to be realised.
Perceived risk - Since they have disabilities, their parents may make decisions on their involvement in physical activities as they are concerned about their safety or its because of their own limitations.
Strategies: Those with disabilities to have the opportunity to speak out about their abilities and concerns on a program. With observations and opinions, practitioners can offer information and guidelines on how the programs should be modified and developed as it is a must for activities to be well-planned.

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(2019) Spina Bifida. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spina-bifida/symptoms-causes/syc-20377860
(2018) Neural tube defects. Retrieved from https://www.marchofdimes.org/complications/neural-tube-defects.aspx

(2019) Common Barriers to Participation Experienced by People with Disabilities. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/disabilityandhealth/disability-barriers.html

(2008) Self-sufficient and going strong at 77, with spina. Retrieved from https://www.post-gazette.com/news/health/2008/02/20/Self-sufficient-and-going-strong-at-77-with-spina-bifida/stories/200802200297

(2019) Living with Spina Bifida: Young Adults. Retrieved from ://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/spinabifida/adult.html