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The Ottoman Empire was founded in 1299 by Osman l. In the late 1600's the empire starting to decline and was facing economical competition with India and Europe. Poor leadership and corruption led to the abolish of the Empire, so it ended in 1922

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The Abbasid Empire was founded by al-Saffah in A.D. 750 - A.D. 1258. There was a golden age in A.D
775 and lasted till A.D. 861. The Abbasid downfall was because of Mongol invasion in A.D. 1258.

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Umayyad Empire was official founded by Abu Sufyan in A.D. 661 and ended in A.D. 750. In 750 There was a battle called Battle of the Great Zab river; the Umayyad's lost, so there empire ended.

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Abu Bakr: Muhammad's father in law, was a caliph from A.D. 632-634. He spread Islam to all of Arabia, and restored the peace after Muhammad past away.
Umar: Muhammad's friend, was a caliph from A.D. 634-644. Umar spread Islam to Syria, Egypt, and even Persia, built roads and canals aided to the poor, and made taxes more fair.
Uthman: Muhammad's son-in-law, was a caliph from A.D 644-656. Uthman spread Islam to Afghanistan and eastern Mediterranean and organized a naval.
Ali: Muhammad's fist cousin and son-in-law, was a caliph form A.D 656-661. Ali reformed tax collection and spent most of his time battling Muawiya.

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Arabia is located towards an intersection of three continents, so it is referred as "crossroads location". Its region is hot and dry, and about 30% of Arabia is desert. Water exist in oases, which are spread around the desert.