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"Is a neurological childhood speech sound disorder in which the precision and consistency of movements underlying speech are impaired in the absence of neuromuscular deficits." (ASHA)

The main issue seen with CAS is inconsistent vowel errors.

With this specific disorder communication between the brain and the muscles is disturbed.

The issue is not necessarily that the muscles are weak, but that the brain has difficulty planning and coordinating muscle movements.

There are three etiologies with CAS. These include: Neurological, Idiopathic, and Genetic Link.

Common characteristics of CAS include but are not limited to difficulty with smooth transition from one sound to another, groping, inconsistency of speech sounds, and prosody issues.

The treatments for CAS include: Frequent sessions, Multi-sensory, Starting small and increasing in complexity, and AAC.

The video shown below is an example of CAS.

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This is one of my twins boys at age 4.5 talking. He has Apraxia of Speech and phonological/language/articulation disorders as well. He will start using an iPad to help communicate, and hopefully with more hard work, he'll be better understood some day! His twin brother has the same disorders, but can speak a bit better.

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Children with phonological disorders have problems with acquiring language rules that underlie speech.

Children with phonological disorders typically show patterns of errors that continue longer than expected.

In short, these children have problems with speech patterns.

Phonological disorders are more prevalent in boys than they are in girls.

This disorder can be very severe. In some cases, the child's own family can have difficulty understanding him or her.

However, this disorder can also be mild, where the child is easily understood, the main problem that presents is a few sound errors.

This disorder has the following three etiologies: structural problems such as cleft lip, neurological problems, and unknown problems.

If the etiology is unknown, the disorder will be called "developmental phonological disorder".

Examples of this disorder include but are not limited to stopping, final consonant deletion, velar assimilation, gliding, and vowelization.

The video below is an example of a phonological disorder.

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Typical speech development works on a "milestone basis", meaning that a child should have certain skills and sounds at a set particular age.

Consonants, vowels, stress, and syllables will develop during this time period.

Children often do not have every skill mastered until they reach the upper age in their set age group.

From birth to three months the child should be cooing, gooing, and crying differently for certain needs.

Between 4-6 months the child should be making speech like sounds, and using m, p, and b. In addition to this, they should also vocalize pleasure or excitement and make gurgling sounds.

Between 7-12 months, a child should be using speech sounds instead of crying sounds to get attention. They will also have one or two words in their expressive vocabulary at this age.

Between 1-2 years old, a child should add words to their vocabulary every month and also have some two word utterances. Along with this, they will also use different consonant sounds at the beginning of words.

Between ages 2-3 years old the child should have a word for everything. They should also use 2-3 words to talk about something. The child at this age will use k, g, f, t, d, and n sounds and often ask "why?".

Between ages 4-5 years old the child will talk about what they did with their friends, use around four sentences at a time, and answers simple who, what, when, and where questions.

Between ages 4-5 years old the child will have all of their speech sounds, tell stories with more than one action verb, and are able to keep a conversation flowing. The child should also be able to code switch by the end of this period.

The video below is an example of typical speech development.

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One Month Baby Development Stages & Milestones

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Eighteen Month Old Development Stages & Milestones

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Twelve Month Baby Development Stages & Milestones

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Developmental Milestones: Baby Talk from First Sounds to First Words

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http://www.einstein.yu.edu - When do babies start talking? In this video, you will see and hear developmental milestones in speech during a child's first year-from the very first sounds to first words. Babies start communicating much earlier than you may think.

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Childhood apraxia of speech and phonological disorders are similar in several different ways.

Neither involve the weakness of speech muscles.

Neither have difficulty with swallowing or chewing.

Errors may include phonological processes in both.

In both of these disorders the child has good control of pitch and loudness.

Males are more likely to have CAS or phonological disorders than females.

Often a child's parent or guardian thinks that their kid has CAS when they in fact do not. This may be due to the child not having all of their sounds yet because they are simply not at the right age range.

In conclusion, typical speech development and CAS can indeed be linked.

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Differences between CAS and phonological disorders include the following:

Children with CAS have inconsistent errors. This means that the same word can be pronounced differently.

Children with phonological disorders have consistent errors.

Children with CAS usually have vowel errors.

Children with phonological disorders rarely have vowel errors.

Children with CAS have errors that increase as the utterance length increases.

Children with phonological disorders produce errors that remain the same no matter how long the utterance continues.

Children with CAS typically perform better with speech that is repeatedly practiced.

Children with phonological disorders may continue to have trouble with speech even with frequent practice.

In children with CAS, the rate, rhythm, and stress of speech is affected.

In children with phonological disorders, the rate, rhythm, and stress of speech is not affected.

The difference between CAS and typical speech development is that the child will not be able to say all of their sounds with CAS. The child will be able to say all of their sounds with typical speech development. This is the same between phonological disorders and typical speech development as well.

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“A Comparison of Childhood Apraxia of Speech, Dysarthria, and Severe Phonological Disorder.” Apraxia Kids, www.apraxia-kids.org/library/a-comparison-of-childhood-apraxia-of-speech-dysarthria-and-severe-phonological-disorder/.

American Speech-Language-  Hearing Association. (2007b). Scope of practice in speech-language pathology [Scope of practice]

“Childhood Apraxia of Speech.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 9 Aug. 2017, www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/symptoms-causes/dxc-20202057.

“How Does Your Child Hear and Talk? Speech, Language, and Hearing Developmental Milestones From Birth to 5 Years.” Averican Speech-Language-Hearing Association, ASHA, www.asha.org/public/speech/development/chart.htm.

“Phonological Disorder.” MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia, medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001541.htm.