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Prior to the late 19th century, little was known about mental health and emotional disorders. Those who struggled with severe disorders were typically placed in institutions where they received poor care and ineffective treatments. Those with more mild disorders received no treatment at all.

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The first force was brought on by Sigmund Freud and his theory of psychoanalysis. This is the idea that past experiences affect our current emotional/mental state. Freud believed that these past experiences shaped our unconscious mind, which governs our behaviors in the present moment. Freud set out so make the unconscious mind conscious by evaluating and interpreting past memories and dreams.

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B.F. Skinner, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, William Glasser, and Donald Meichenbaum led the 2nd force of psychotherapy. These men focused more on behavioral and cognitive theories an interventions. Their work sought to replace negative behaviors with positive ones. They started in the 1970's with behavioral approaches, later changing to cognitive approaches, and eventually mixing the two approaches to discover the onset of cogntive-behavioral therapy (CBT).These theorists concluded that our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are all interconnected and decide our emotional state.

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Carl Rodger's led the 3rd force with his work in the 1960's that focused on existential/humanistic psychotherapy. These approaches highlighted the importance of finding meaning in one's life. Existential/humanistic psychotherapy calls for the client to analyze their own emotions and feelings in order to find a sense of self and higher meaning. To help clients through this process, therapeutic alliances were created. This is the relationship between client and counselor and is a vital part of the treatment process.

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The 4th force combines ideas and theories from all 3 previous forces. Combining all of the forces together creates a comprehensive and holistic approach. The 4th force attempts to understand clients as a whole. It takes in many different factors(age, culture, ethnicity, sex, beliefs, values, socioeconomic state, etc.) to assess the current state of a person. Understanding clients from this holistic perspective helps to create a positive therapeutic alliance. It also increases the probability of finding effective interventions/plans of action.

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Seligman, L. W. & Reichenberg, L. W. (2014). Theories of counseling and psychotherapy: Systems, strategies, and skills (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson