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+ The Adventures of Obadiah Oldbuck, the 1837 English translation of the 1833 Swiss publication Histoire de M. Vieux Bois by Swiss caricaturist Rodolphe Töpffer, is the oldest recognized American example of comics used to this end.
+ While these collections and longer-form comic books are not considered graphic novels even by modern standards, they are early steps in the development of the graphic novel.

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b, Graphic novel:
- The history:
+ Since the exact definition of graphic novel is debatable, the origins of the art form itself are also a matter of interpretation. Cave paintings may have told stories, and artists and artisans beginning in the Middle Ages produced tapestries and illuminated manuscripts that told or helped to tell narratives.
+ The first Western artist who interlocked lengthy writing with specific images was most likely William Blake (1757-1826). Blake created several books in which the pictures and the "storyline" are inseparable in his prophetic books such as Marriage of Heaven and Hell and Vala, or The Four Zoas.

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- The evolution of comic books in the digital age:
+ Now, we can easily read the comic books with electronic devices. They can be easily moved, marked, shared, searched, ... All just an electronic device such as a computer, laptop or smartphone.
+ The effects and techniques of printing in the novels have been improved and developed. They become more diverse and eye catching
+ In the current comic book market, stories related to Marvel's superheroes are very welcome. Marvel's newest endeavor is in Augmented Reality. With a free app, users can place their smart device over certain Marvel comic books to instantly unlock digital extras, like video of their favorite comic heroes in action.

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+ The 1950’s is known as the Silver Age and it saw the appearance of a more sophisticated type of comic epitomised by the Eagle (1950 - 1969) with its hero Dan Dare. The silver age comics were post war publications and gone were the paper shortages of the war years, these comics were printed on a better quality paper with full photogravure

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+ The 1930’s are known as the Golden age of comics. The Golden age saw the appearance of comics like Tiny Tots (1927 - 1959), Crackers (1929 - 1941), The Dandy (1937 - Present) and The Beano (1938 - Present). Both the Beano and the Dandy appeared just prior to the outbreak of the 2nd World War and their timing can be considered fortunate because paper shortages led to laws prohibiting the launching of new comics during the war years

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+    Comics for young children (Nursery Comics) didn’t start being published until the early years of the twentieth century. Rainbow (1914 - 1956) is generally accepted as the first children’s comic although Puck (1904 - 1940) did have a junior section after issue eleven and gradually became a children’s comic.

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+ The late 1890’s saw an explosion in comic publishing. Alfred Harmsworth’s Comic Cuts (1890 - 1953) cost just half a penny, which was half the cost of its contemporaries. Comic Cuts soon had competition from rival publishers with titles such as Funny Cuts (1890 - 1920). Harmsworths response was to bring out further titles of his own including Illustrated Chips. Although these publications were classed as comics, they were primarily aimed at and published for an adult audience

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a, Comic book
- The history of Britain's comic:
+ It is generally agreed that Funny Folks (1874 - 1894) became the first publication to meet the accepted definition of a comic. Funny Folks began as a supplement to the Weekly Budget. Its popularity led to it being published as a separate weekly paper. The success of Funny Folks encouraged the publication of other weekly comics. One such comic was the famous Victoria comic, Ally Sloper’s Half Holiday (1884 - 1916).

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- Both are published materials.
- Both are often used interchangeably.
- Both tell story by using pictures description and dialogue by employing either colour or black/white illustration techniques.

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2, Different between comic and graphic novel

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2, Different between comic and graphic novel

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- Comics have a paper cover andare released in serial comic magazines. Graphic novels are sigle published materials often in book form and have soft bound or hardbound editions.
- Story in comics is released in parts. Graphic novels are released as a whole and standalone material.
- Storyline in comic can begin at any point of story. Graphic novel follows the typical pattern of novels that involve a beginning, middle, and am ending.
- Comics often have a light comedy fell. Graphic novels offer mature themes aimed at a young or adult audience.
- As a serial, comic books have limited pages with cliffhangers. Graphic novels's page number total is dependent on its story. The story in a graphic novel can unfold in one sitting.
- Comics are serials and are assigned an International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN ). Graphic novels are considered books and are registered with International Standard Book Number ( ISBN ).

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- Graphic novels is a novel in the form of a comic strip
- comics is a story of some length in comic- strip format, usually bound as a book.

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2, Different contexts/ genres/ types etc.

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2, Different contexts/ genres/ types etc.

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- Graphic novels are much longer and tend to be much more complex and the storylines wrapped up in only one or two books. But a comic book will tell a story over many issues.
- Graphic novel can be fiction for older audiences or non-fiction. Comics can be aimed at younger audiences with super hero and villains.

FOR EXAMPLE: The walking dead is graphic novel before becoming a tv series, which was aimed at an older market.

For younger audiences Batman, Superman, Spider-Man Iron Man, The Avengers, Fables, and Wonder Woman are examples of Comic Books.