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Ability to hear & differentiate each phoneme or letter of the alphabet, focuses on SOUNDS

REINFORCE with chants, poems, songs, & rhymes

First building block to support reading and writing success

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Antonacci, P., & O’Callaghan, C. (2012). Essential strategies for teaching phonemic awareness. Promoting literacy development: 50 research-based strategies for K–8 learners, 1-6.

LANGU, Y. Phonological Awareness.https://www.curriculumonline.ie/getmedia/0760d1ed-5ba4-4cda-a647-8994f255bc6c/Phonological-Awareness.pdf

Wierman, M. (2018). The Five Pillars of Reading: Breaking Down the Elements of Successful Literacy Instruction. https://blog.edmentum.com/five-pillars-reading-breaking-down-elements-successful-literacy-instruction

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The connection or association between the phonemes (sounds) and letters (visual)

REINFORCE with sound & picture match up, decode words, reading

Leads to word recognition, reading fluently, & ability to spell correctly

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Mac Donnchaidh, Shane.

How to teach kids to read though phonics. https://www.literacyideas.com/how-to-teach-phonics

Wierman, M. (2018). The Five Pillars of Reading: Breaking Down the Elements of Successful Literacy Instruction. https://blog.edmentum.com/five-pillars-reading-breaking-down-elements-successful-literacy-instruction

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Reading a text accurately with speed and minimum mistakes

REINFORCE with continuous reading practice and sight word recognition

Leads to improvement in reading performance & confidence to read & write

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Collection of words students understand, recognize, & use

REINFORCE with exposure to words that are listened to and written

Leads to better comprehension of text that is read & strong written responses using words the correct way

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Rasinski, T., Paige, D., Rains, C., Stewart, F., Julovich, B., Prenkert, D., ... & Nichols, W. D. (2017). Effects of intensive fluency instruction on the reading proficiency of third-grade struggling readers. Reading & Writing Quarterly, 33(6), 519-532.

Wierman, M. (2018). The Five Pillars of Reading: Breaking Down the Elements of Successful Literacy Instruction. https://blog.edmentum.com/five-pillars-reading-breaking-down-elements-successful-literacy-instruction

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Daugaard, H. T., Cain, K., & Elbro, C. (2017). From words to text: Inference making mediates the role of vocabulary in children’s reading comprehension. Reading and Writing, 30(8), 1773-1788.

Wierman, M. (2018). The Five Pillars of Reading: Breaking Down the Elements of Successful Literacy Instruction. https://blog.edmentum.com/five-pillars-reading-breaking-down-elements-successful-literacy-instruction

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Collins, J. L., Lee, J., Fox, J. D., & Madigan, T. P. (2017). Bringing together reading and writing: An experimental study of writing intensive reading comprehension in low‐performing urban elementary schools. Reading Research Quarterly, 52(3), 311-332.

Learning A-Z. 2021. Stages of Development. https://www.readinga-z.com/learninga-z-levels/stages-of-development/

Oxford Learning. 2018. How to Improve Reading Comprehension For Kids. https://www.oxfordlearning.com/how-to-improve-reading-comprehension/

Wierman, M. (2018). The Five Pillars of Reading: Breaking Down the Elements of Successful Literacy Instruction. https://blog.edmentum.com/five-pillars-reading-breaking-down-elements-successful-literacy-instruction

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Ability to understand and make meaning of text, draw conclusions and views of text

REINFORCE with books of interest, discuss words that are unfamiliar, follow along text with finger, summarize & discuss main points

Leads to fluent readers that can respond verbally or with written responses that summarize, synthesize, clarify, and interpret