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Brown v. Board of Education decision (1954)

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Brown v. Board of Education decision (1954)

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This decision said it was unlawful under the 14th Amendment to discriminate arbitrarily against any group of people.

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Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (1965)

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Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (1965)

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Aims to ensure all students, including those who live in poverty, have equal access to a high quality education. Mandates higher academic standards and increased accountability for all students, including those with disabilities.

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Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (1972) 

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Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (1972) 

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Schools may not refuse to educate students with "mental retardation". A free public education must be provided to all students.

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Section 504 of the Vocational Rehabilitation Act (1973)

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Section 504 of the Vocational Rehabilitation Act (1973)

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A civil rights law that prevents discrimination against all individuals with disabilities in programs that receive federal funds.

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Public Law 94-142 - Education for All Handicapped Children Act (1975)

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Public Law 94-142 - Education for All Handicapped Children Act (1975)

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Set federal guidelines for special education. Mandated least restrictive environment and specifically described categories of disabilities that make students eligible to receive special education.

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Board of Education of Hendrick School District v. Rowley (1982)

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Board of Education of Hendrick School District v. Rowley (1982)

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Special education services must provide an appropriate education; the law does not require optimum services.

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Intelligence (IQ) tests cannot be used to determine whether African-American students have mental retardation because of the tests' racial and cultural bias. Was expanded to include IQ testing of these students for any disability.

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Handicapped Children Protection Act (1986)

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Handicapped Children Protection Act (1986)

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Gave parents of children with disabilities more say in the development of their child’s Individual Education Plan (IEP)

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Daniel R. R. v. State Board of Education (1989)

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Daniel R. R. v. State Board of Education (1989)

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Appropriate placement for students with disabilities depends on whether (1) a student can be satisfactorily educated in the general education setting with supplementary supports provided and (2) the student is mainstreamed to the maximum extent appropriate in cases in which the general education setting is not successful.

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Prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in all areas of public life, including jobs, schools, transportation, and all public and private places that are open to the general public.

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Individuals with Disabilities Act (1990)

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Individuals with Disabilities Act (1990)

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Approves and reinforces all aspects of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act. IDEA expands the disability categories by adding autism and traumatic brain injury.

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Oberti v. Board of Education of Clementon School District (1993)

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Oberti v. Board of Education of Clementon School District (1993)

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School districts must make available a full range of supports and services in the general education setting to accommodate students with disabilities.

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A high school history teacher refused to make oral testing accommodations for a student with a learning disability, resulting in a failing grade and athletic ineligibility.

The family was awarded $35,000 in damages, highlighting the general education teachers' responsibility to make a good faith effort to provide required accommodations for students with disabilities.

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Amendments to the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act of 1997 (1997)

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Amendments to the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act of 1997 (1997)

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This amendment provides greater detail about who needs to be present during Individualized Education Plan (IEP) meetings and different paperwork and procedures which are required for IEP documentation. In addition, states are responsibly for tracking and documenting the performance, growth, and evolution of each special needs student.

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Reauthorization of Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965.

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Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (2004)

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Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (2004)

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Streamlined procedures and paperwork, and specified that all students with disabilities must participate in all assessments conducted by local school districts with needed supports provided.

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The burden of proof in any disagreement about a student's individualized education plan lies with the party bringing suit. Until this case, it had typically been assumed that a school district had to prove that its position in a suit was correct, even if the district had not filed the suit.

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Winkelman v. Parma City School District (2007)

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Winkelman v. Parma City School District (2007)

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Parents of children with disabilities have rights through IDEA and thus are entitled to represent themselves in court. Parents are not obligated to hire an attorney to represent them in court.

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Americans with Disabilities Act Amendments (2008)

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Americans with Disabilities Act Amendments (2008)

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Changed the definition of the term "disability" by clarifying and broadening it - which, in turn, increased the number and types of persons protected under the ADA and other federal nondiscrimination laws.