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Evidence of how the earths climate has changed is through a ray of proxies/data collections. For example we could look at more recent billions of years through the cross section of a tree trunk. The thickness of each ring and the colour determines how long the period was and how hot. Darker and thicker rings usually means hotter and longer periods whereas thinner and lighter rings mean colder/dryer periods. Another form of data collection is though ice caps and ice cores and investigating through the bubbles of the ice core which means that there were higher levels of CO2 and higher temperatures during that time period. Additionally for older proxies, this can be collected from microfossils from previous micro-living organisms that sedimented to the bottom of the ocean.

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- Clues from past climate are buried in sediments at the bottom of the oceans, in coral reefs, frozen in glaciers (taking carbon dioxide from the ice), preserved in the ring of trees. each provide scientists with information about temp, precipitation and more from the past.

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troposphere- lowest part of the atmosphere, most of the weather happens here
stratosphere- where most clouds are and the ozone layer
mesosphere- where asteroids start to burn up
thermosphere- very hot air
exosphere- the highest point on earth

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- Evidence includes tree rings, ice core data and fossils on the sea bed (all an estimate). Wider tree rings represent periods with higher temperatures, ice cores contain gas bubbles which represent the atmosphere at that time (CO2 content can allow a temperature estimate) and different bacterial species like in different climates, so the analysis of the fossils can allow geographers to see which species lived during which period of time, enabling temperature analysis
- Earth's climate has fluctuated between 'greenhouse periods' and 'icehouse periods'

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Evidence:
- Scientists use tree trunk cross sections to estimate climate conditions over the past thousands of years.
- They can use fossils hidden in different layers of sediment that show the animals that have lived over millions of years ago. Specific animals live in specific climates.
- For the past 140 years, whether stations have been recording in depth measurements for air pressure, temperature, wind speed and more using instruments.

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- The evidence that the earths climate has change can be found by looking at tree trunks --> thicker layer of tree trunks indicates cooler weather and thinner layers indicate warmer weather.
-Extracting ice poles and analysing the gaps
-The earths climate has fluctuated between ice house periods and green house periods.

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Energy reaches the earth through radiation from the sun. this energy is then either reflected or absorbed.
- radiation absorbed by atmosphere
- short wave radiation reflected by clouds and atmosphere
- most radiation is reflected and absorbed by lower thicker stratocumulus clouds, high altitude cirrus clouds reflect a small amount of radiation.
- radiation is absorbed by the surface and re-emitted back into the atmosphere.
- surfaces with a higher albedo such as snow and ice reflect a lot more radiation back into space.
enhanced greenhouse effect causes long wave radiation to be trapped in the earth's atmosphere, creating a warming effect.

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Clouds help absorb and reflects heat and radiation from the sun at day, which can make the ground cooler. This means that usually a cloudy day is cooler than one with a clear sky. At night, they release the heat, making the temperature warm.

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hot house - the period of time where earth's climate is relatively hot and both poles have no ice on them
ice house - period of time where earth's climate is cold and the ice caps have ice - some of these periods are called ice ages where glaciers take over the earth's surface
greenhouse gases - gases that absorb light radiation from the reflected solar radiation

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evidence - tree trunk rings this shows how old the tree is and depending on the rings width it shows the temp of the earth at that time

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The earths atmosphere energy balance is the balance incoming energy from the sun and outgoing energy from the earth. Energy released from the sun is emitted as shortwave light and ultraviolet energy.

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Clouds are able to absorb short wave radiation coming from the sun and also reflect it back into the atmosphere. Clouds act as trapping agents that keep surface heat in and not allowing them to escape

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Troposphere - The lowest layer of the atmosphere, this is where weather occurs. Contains 70% of air.

Stratosphere - This is where the ozone is, the ozone absorbs harmful UV radiation. It also has no weather and is the height where planes fly.

Mesosphere - The temperature decreases ad height increases. This is also where asteroids burn up.

Ionosphere - A large region that encompasses the thermosphere and portions of the mesosphere and exosphere. The air is ionized here.

Thermosphere - UV ionizes molecules into ions, Aurora also appears here.

Exosphere - The outermost layer of the atmosphere, there is very few air particles here.

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- the Earth's energy balance is the equilibrium between incoming insolation and outgoing longer wavelength radiation from the Earth
- short wavelength radiation enters the Earth's atmosphere, a small amount is reflected back into space by clouds and the atmosphere itself, but the majority is absorbed by the Earth's surface. The land re-emits this radiation as long-wavelength radiation.
- Some of this long wavelength radiation is reflected back into space, but a large amount is absorbed by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as methane and carbon dioxide, heating up the Earth

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- Insolation: solar radiation received by earth
- consists of Long and short wave radiation
- short wave radiation is reflected by the clouds and atmosphere.
+ Greenhouse effect: when greenhouse gases are released into the atmosphere, they absorb reflected rays with short wavelengths. Thus, trapping heat inside the earth's atmosphere.

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all the energy comes from the sun to the earths surface and some of it escapes

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Troposphere - altitude where weather happens
Stratosphere - ozone layer is in this part of the atmosphere
mesosphere - temperature increases with latitude
Thermosphere - high temperature
Exosphere - almost space

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Global energy balance is the balance between incoming radiation and outgoing radiation.

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Convection = transfer of heat by the movement of a gas
Conduction = the transfer of heat by contact
insolation = inputs
re-radiation = outputs
Proxy data = data that is preserved in things such as tree rings and ice cores

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- troposphere is the layer closest to Earth's surface. Air is warmer near the ground and gets colder higher up. thats why clouds are found in this layer
- stratosphere is the second layer. Ozone is abundant here and it heats the atmosphere while also absorbing harmful radiation from the sun.
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insolation- amount of solar radiation in an area
long wave radiation- energy leaving the earth

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Stratocumulus clouds are thick and low-hanging, this allows them to absorb radiation but also reflect radiation from the sun in the daytime, creating lower temperatures. stratocumulus clouds also re-emit radiation onto the surface. at night, the more the cloud cover, the more radiation is trapped in the lower atmosphere, meaning warmer temperatures.

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- clouds both absorb and reflect radiation
- low, large clouds during the day is able to reflect large amounts of radiation from reaching the Earth's surface, so days with clouds are cooler
- however, during the night when there is less incoming insolation so clouds also trap the radiation already present, so nights with clouds feel warmer