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Nixon's Carrot and Stick Approach to Ending the War and How the War Ended

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Nixon's Carrot and Stick Approach to Ending the War and How the War Ended

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Nixon used a carrot and stick approach to end the war in Vietnam. Taking a carrot and stick approach meant that that there was a combination of rewards and punishments to end the war with North Vietnam.
This picture shows how Nixon's approach gave North Vietnam an ultimatum. The U.S. didn't want communism, but they also didn't want to be involved in the war any more.

Nixon was a favorite among the Americans.

Nixon also introduced Vietnamization, the process of transferring all U.S. troops to South Vietnam, and eventually retreating from Vietnam altogether. This left the responsibility of the war on South Vietnam.

The South Vietnam army was not strong enough to fend for themselves. The entire southern half of Vietnam would eventually fall to the communism of the North.

This video shows how South Vietnam fell to communists in a creative way:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qh9OhK2xcI4

Another video about North and South Vietnam:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zdidEA7IE9s

Three more helpful links:
http://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/vietnamization

http://thevietnamwar.info/what-was-nixons-vietnamization-policy/

http://www.britannica.com/topic/Vietnamization

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The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and the Ways it Expanded Presidential Powers

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The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and the Ways it Expanded Presidential Powers

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On August 2, 1964, the North Vietnam Army fired machine guns at a U.S. destroyer ship in the Gulf of Tonkin. The U.S. ship was not damaged at all. Lyndon Johnson warned us not to retaliate and that an attack on the U.S. by North Vietnam would bring consequences.

On August 4, 1964, a thunderous storm made troops in a destroyer ship believe they were being attacked again. Washington responded to this false attack by firing at the North Vietnam army. This gives a better idea of the location of the Gulf of Tonkin.

On August 7, 1964, congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, giving President Johnson any means neccessary to prevent a complete attack on the U.S. by the North Vietnamese army. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nbm2NysG-SQ this video gives more in-depth information about how Johnson gains control.) This resolution was not an official declaration of war, which meant that any decisions made by the president did not have to first go through congress before being put in place. This is an example of how the media showed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.

This video lends more insight into how Johnson gained power 'over' congress:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A8jYv3-QCkU

Here are more links to help further your understanding of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution:
http://www.history.com/news/the-gulf-of-tonkin-incident-50-years-ago

http://www.usni.org/magazines/navalhistory/2008-02/truth-about-tonkin

https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/gulf-of-tonkin

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The Tet Offensive of 1968 and How it Affected Johnson's Presidency

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The Tet Offensive of 1968 and How it Affected Johnson's Presidency

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The summer of 1967, the North Vietnam planned a risky new strategy. They were to attack cities in South Vietnam, while staging uprisings in the countryside. They hoped it would reveal the weakness of U.S. pacification. They planned the attack to fall on the holiday, Tet, New Year; many ARVN troops would be on holiday breaks. The Tet Offensive began January 31, 1968, and 85,000 Viet Cong and NVA soldiers attacked cities, villages, military bases, and airfields. 45,000 members of Viet Cong were killed.
(This picture of a map illustrates how North Vietnam moved on their attacks.)
(This picture shows what a destroyed city in South Vietnam looked like after the North Vietnamese attacked.)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4FkCvC3Gx4 (this video shows war footage from Vietnam during the Tet Offensive.)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wD4uICemseg (This video deeply talks about the Tet Offensive plan and how it came to be.)http://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/tet-offensive
http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1862.html
https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/tet

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The War of Attrition and South Vietnamese Reaction

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The War of Attrition and South Vietnamese Reaction

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The way that the United States tried to combat Vietnam was by fighting  a war of attrition. To combat the Viet Cong, the US hoped to wear them down. The US would send platoons to fing rebels and draw them into a fight. This made platoons susceptable targets to snipers, land mines, and traps. The people of South Vietnam saw that the way the US was trying to fight was not working. There were too many forces to eliminate, the US had underestimated their enemy.
The US had the most highly trained military in the war, but they underestimated their enemy and the strategy of attrition failed.

-Videos:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fnBOTyhuy3M Background information on the war of attrition

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xwU_bOrok-g  This video gives more facts on the story behind the Vietnam War.

-3 Additional links about Vietnam and the war of attrition
http://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/william-westmoreland

http://vietnamawbb.weebly.com/guerrilla-warfare-and-war-of-attrition.html

http://changingminds.org/disciplines/warfare/strategies/attrition.htm

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How Television Impacted People's Impression of the War and How They Felt 

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How Television Impacted People's Impression of the War and How They Felt 

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In 1966, Senator Fulbright and the Senate Committee of Foreign Relations hosted public hearings about U.S policy with Vietnam. They openly criticized Lyndon B. Johnson's way of running the country during the war. Americans did not believe this man, Lyndon Johnson, was capable of running the country during the time of the Vietnam War.

The reports of the war became more and more negative as the as the war drug on, and Americans became less and less interested. Americans were not very supportive of the war efforts.

The feelings of the people in America at the time of the war was overall disinterest. After four people were killed at Kent State college, students all over the country held protests to fight for the justice of those killed. Adults also worried about the financial burden of the Vietnam War.  This picture shows a mass of students and adults protesting during the war.

Here are some videos to aid in additional learning about how Americans felt and acted during this time period:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cm43Z6IupQc
This video shows what a couple's life was like during the war.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4oPMnVef1t4
This is a video portraying the way a news broadcast would go during a report of the war.

Some more links to help you gather more info about this topic are:
http://www.warbirdforum.com/media.htm

http://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/vietnam-war-protests

http://depts.washington.edu/antiwar/vietnam_student.shtml

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What was the war like for American soldiers in Vietnam?

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What was the war like for American soldiers in Vietnam?

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American soldiers in Vietnam had to endure some difficult conditions including:
-Hot and humid weather
-Monsoon season from May - October
(This picture shows the rainy weather that the soldiers had to endure.)
-Insects and pests
-Malaria and other diseases
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jt5u1lX9yZI (This video explains what Malaria is, and how much more of a deadly affect it has than we think it does. It really makes you understand the harsh living conditions the soldiers had to go through.)
-Topography (swamps, rainforest)
(this picture shows the physical geography of Vietnam)
-Agent Orange- an herbicide to kill the foliage and plants in order to prevent the enemy from hiding; it was very poisonous
- Viet Cong Tunnel Complex
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RTHB0Oj7yYc  (this video explains how the tunnel system works and how and why it was invented.)
http://www.answers.com/Q/What_were_the_fighting_and_living_conditions_like_in_the_Vietnam_War
http://alphahistory.com/vietnam/vietnam-war-soldiers/
https://sites.google.com/site/nam2011ap/soldier-life

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The Split of Vietnam & the Association of the Neighboring Countries

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The Split of Vietnam & the Association of the Neighboring Countries

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Vietnam is the country just west of the South China Sea that is currently home to 89 million people. In 1954, Vietnam split into North and South Vietnam because of a communist revolution. South Vietnam stayed loyal to France, but North Vietnam became communist and revolted against France. A man by the name of Ho Chi Minh got control of North Vietnam, while France stayed in control of the south. Minh's followers were known as the Viet Mihn, and became the communist army. The south began to form an army called the Viet Cong to try to combat the Viet Mihn. The Cong was a guerrilla army.
Because the North and South were involved in a war against each other, the neighboring countries of Cambodia and Laos were constantly being bombed. Richard Nixon, the US President at the time, gave secret orders to bomb Cambodia, and the US invaded both countries. Lon Nol (an anti-communist) helped take down Khmer Rouger (a Cambodian communist force, Pol Pot). Eventually, Souvanna Phouma (a Laos anti-communist) allied with the United States to fight Pathet Lao (communist).
This map shows the split between North and South Vietnam, and the countries of Cambodia and Laos that got involved in the Vietnam War.
Ho Chi Minh was the leader of communist North Vietnam.

-Videos:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y2IcmLkuhG0 Crash Course on the War in Asia (Vietnam info starts at around 5min)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aoXySB-WlZE Background information on the history of Vietnam

-3 Additional links about the Split of Vietnam

http://www.britannica.com/event/Vietnam-War

http://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/vietnam-war-history

http://www.historynet.com/vietnam-war

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How Each President Increased U.S. Involvement

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How Each President Increased U.S. Involvement

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Truman: He wanted to contain the spread of communism. He was worried that Vietnam would become communist, so he sent 100 million dollars in 1951 to France in hopes they would stop the spread of communism. In 1954, the U.S. was paying 80% of the Indochina war.He was the first president of the Vietnam war.

Eisenhower: He also wanted to stop communism, but he wanted aid from other nations, such as Britain. Britain didn't want to help out. People in the U.S. started complaining that they would loose money if they continued to support France. It was a catch 22- if U.S. stopped giving money, then France will automatically lose, but if we keep giving money to South Vietnam, France could still lose the war.
Kennedy: He sent an inspection team to South Vietnam because he wanted to stop the spread of communism. Kennedy didn't really want to get involved, but the inspection team reported that the South was loosing. Kennedy then felt like he should send in more money and even go as far to send troops. The troops were supposed to just train the South Vietnam troops, but we eventually just took over. Kennedy ordered Ngo Dinh Diem's assassination in 1963, three weeks later, Kennedy was assassinated. Kennedy was involved in some major decision making during the Vietnam war.
Johnson: He too took a containment policy. By 1964 he asked the military to begin planning the bombing of Vietnam. He did this hopeful that North Vietnam will surrender.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j17cDGMRM1U
(in this video, Johnson talks about how the Vietnam war affects American soldiers. "It is trying to kill a man that you do not even know enough to hate." said President Johnson. He really understood the hard times the soldiers were put through.)
Nixon: He promised the American public that he would reduce U.S. troop levels in Vietnam. He pursued a plan called, "Vietnamization" where the U.S. would gradually withdraw from the war, leaving the South Vietnamese army to do the bulk of the fighting.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXYAg9mhlmM (this video shows Richard Nixon addressing the nation about the war taking place in Vietnam.)
http://thevietnamwar.info/us-presidents-during-the-vietnam-war/
http://www.shmoop.com/vietnam-war/lyndon-b-johnson.html
http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/Vietnam.aspx

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North and South Vietnam were involved as well as Cambodia, Laos the United States and France in the Vietnam War. After Nixon pulled out of the Vietnam War, South Vietnam was left to fight on its own. South Vietnam eventually fell to communism.

Ho Chi Minh was an influential communist leader in North Vietnam. He also gained followers in South Vietnam called the Viet Mihn, who believed in spreading communism. The Viet Minh formed a rebel army, called the Viet Cong, located in South Vietnam. They wanted to take down Diem, who had been put in place to run South Vietnam by the United States. Diem, a terrible leader, killed many people while ruling South Vietnam, which is why the Guerilla army Viet Cong was established.

The French Indochina war was the start of the Vietnam War because France invaded Cambodia, Laos, North and South Vietnam, and called the entire territory French Indochina.
This is a map of French Indochina, which was present

This video gives a unique look into the way the Viet Cong worked, including weapons and war tactics:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jfPx1jfoWjs

In this video, the narrator tells the reason the United States got involved in the Vietnam War:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XEZLgLuEFn4

Some other useful web links to visit to learn more about who was involved and how are:
http://thevietnamwar.info/what-countries-involved-in-the-vietnam-war/

http://www.historynet.com/vietnam-war

http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/history/vietnam-war-us-involvement.html

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The Doves and the Hawks were two groups that disagreed on how the Vietnam War problem should be solved.
The Hawks are aggressive, and believed that containing communism was the most important. They knew that they had to be tough on communism. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara was the leader of the Hawk group, and decided that their way was the best way.
The Doves had a different approach to the Vietnam problem. They were advocates of finding a peaceful solution through negotiation and compromise. They wanted to involve China and Russia in the war, but everyone else knew that doing so would cause more conflict.
This picture shows that the doves were trying to protect the conflict in Vietnam by just letting it be, while the Hawks were trying to be more aggressive with their approach.
The Doves participated in many marches and peaceful protests to show other Americans to side with the Doves, and to pick peace.

-Videos:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EE0m4u96H78 Doves Perspective on Vietnam War

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=44o4ANmBaxI Background information on Hawks vs Doves

-3 Additional Links about Doves vs Hawks

http://www.eram.k12.ny.us/education/components/scrapbook/default.php?sectiondetailid=23667

http://www.choices.edu/resources/supplemental_tah_journal3.php

http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3456