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	 Mahendra Trivedi Biofield Therapy on Human Brain Tumor Cells
	

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	 Mahendra Trivedi Biofield Therapy on Human Brain Tumor Cells
	

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Glioblastoma is the most common subtype of primary brain tumor in adults. Mahendra Trivedi and Team evaluate the impact of biofield treatment potential on human GBM and non-GBM brain cells.

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	 Mahendra Kumar Trivedi Biofield Treated Enterobacter Cloacae
	

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	 Mahendra Kumar Trivedi Biofield Treated Enterobacter Cloacae
	

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Mahendra Trivedi and Team research work investigates the influence of biofield treatment on Enterobacter cloacae against antimicrobial susceptibility.

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Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Shrikant Patil, Harish Shettigar, Sambhu Charan Mondal and Snehasis Jana*

DOI: 10.4172/2155-9597.1000241 ISSN: 2155-9597
Citation
Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Mondal SC, Jana S (2015) In vitro Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Enterobacter cloacae: Impact on Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Biotype. J Bacteriol Parasitol 6: 241. doi:10.4172/2155-9597.1000241
Abstract
This research work investigated the influence of biofield treatment on Enterobacter cloacae (ATCC 13047) against antimicrobial susceptibility. Two sets of ATCC samples were taken in this experiment and denoted as A and B. ATCC A sample was revived and divided into two parts Gr. I (control) and Gr. II (revived); likewise, ATCC B was labeled as Gr. III (lyophilized). Group II and III were given with biofield treatment. The control and treatment groups of E. cloacae cells were tested with respect to antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical reactions pattern and biotype number. The result showed significant decrease in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of aztreonam and ceftazidime (≤ 8 μg/mL), as compared to control group (≥ 16 μg/mL). It was observed that 9% reaction was altered in the treated groups with respect to control out of the 33 biochemical reactions. Moreover, biotype number of this organism was substantially changed in group II (7731 7376) and group III (7710 3176) on day 10 as compared to control (7710 3376). The result suggested that biofield treatment had an impact on E. cloacae with respect to antimicrobial susceptibility, alteration of biochemical reactions pattern and biotype.

Keywords: Antimicrobial susceptibility; Biofield treatment; Enterobacter cloacae ; Biochemical reaction; Biotyping
Introduction
Antimicrobial therapy is indicated in virtually all Enterobacter (EN) infections. The most EN species are either very resistant to many antimicrobial agents or it can develop resistance during antimicrobial therapy hence, the choice of appropriate antimicrobial agents is complicated [1]. Enterobacter cloacae, ATCC 13047 (American type culture collection) is a clinically significant Gram-negative, facultatively-anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium. E. cloacae is a member of the normal gut flora of humans and is not usually a primary pathogen. It is sometimes associated with urinary tract and respiratory tract infections [2]. Many of the EN species have multiple antibiotic resistance that are undetectable in in vitro, which makes it difficult to treat in patients those are infected with this microbes. Based on existing literatures it was clearly mentioned that the organism E. cloacae had its resistance to aminopenicillins, aztreonam and broadspectrum cephalosporins [3]. The organisms are capable of overproducing AmpC β-lactamases by derepression of a chromosomal gene conferring the antibiotic resistance [4].

A well-known physiologist, Willem Einthoven, in 1903 had developed electrocardiography (ECG) to measure the biofield of human body. Thus, human has the ability to harness the energy from environment or universe and can transmit into any living or nonliving object(s) around the Globe. The objects always receive the energy and responding into useful way that is called biofield energy and the process is known as biofield treatment. Afterward, the Harold Saton Burr, had performed the detailed studies on the correlation of electric current with physiological process and concluded that every single process in the human body had an electrical significance. Recently, it was discovered that all the electrical process happening in body have strong relationship with magnetic field as required by Ampere's law, which states that the moving charge produces magnetic fields in surrounding space [5,6]. Thus, the human body emits the electromagnetic waves in form of bio-photons, which surrounds the body and it is commonly known as biofield. Therefore, the biofield consists of electromagnetic field, being generated by moving electrically charged particles (ions, cell, molecule etc.) inside the human body. Mr. Mahendra Trivedi's biofield treatment (The Trivedi Effect®) has been known to transform the structural, physical and chemical properties of materials in several fields like materials science [7-14], agriculture [15-17], microbiology [18-20] and biotechnology [21,22].

Biofield phenomena, it may act directly on molecular structures, changing the conformation of molecules in functionally significant ways. Besides, it may transfer bioinformation interacting directly with the energy fields of life, which is known as the biofield [23]. Due to the clinical significance of this organism, we had decided a detailed investigation was required after biofield treatment against E. cloacae. In the present work, we evaluated the effects of biofield treatment on E. cloacae in relation to antimicrobials susceptibility and biotyping based on various biochemical reactions.
Materials and Methods
The E. cloacae (ATCC 13047) with two sets A and B were procured from MicroBioLogics, Inc., USA, in two different sealed packs and stored with proper storage conditions until further use. All the tested antimicrobials and biochemicals were procured from Sigma-Aldrich. After that, following parameters were evaluated in all the groups such as changes in antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical reaction and biotype number on MicroScan Walk-Away ® (Dade Behring Inc., West Sacramento, CA, USA) using Negative Breakpoint Combo 30 (NBPC 30) panel.
Study design
Two ATCC samples (ATCC A and ATCC B) of E. cloacae were grouped (Gr.) and subjected to biofield treatment. ATCC A sample was revived and divided into two parts Gr. I (control) and Gr. II (revived); likewise, ATCC B was labeled as Gr. III (lyophilized). The treatment groups (II and III) were in sealed pack and handed over to Mr. Trivedi for biofield treatment under laboratory conditions. Mr. Trivedi provided the treatment through his energy transmission process to the treated groups (Gr. II and Gr. III) without touching the samples. After treatment, all treated samples were stored for analysis. Gr. II was assessed at two time point on day 5 and 10 and Gr. III was assessed on day 10. Finally, all the groups (control and treated) were investigated for antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical reactions pattern and biotyping.
Investigation of antimicrobial susceptibility
Investigation of antimicrobial susceptibility of E. cloacae was carried out with the help of automated instrument, MicroScan Walk-Away ® using Negative Breakpoint Combo 30 (NBPC 30) panel. The tests carried out on MicroScan were miniaturizations of the broth dilution susceptibility test that have been dehydrated. Briefly, the standardized suspension of E. cloacae were inoculated, rehydrated, and then subjected to incubation for 16h at 35°C. The detailed experimental procedures and conditions were followed as per the manufacturer's instructions. The qualitative antimicrobial susceptibility pattern (S: Susceptible, I: Intermediate, IB: Inducible β- lactamase and R: Resistant) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were determined by observing the lowest antimicrobial concentration showing inhibition of growth [24].
Biochemical Reaction Studies
The study of biochemical reactions of E. cloacae was determined by MicroScan Walk-Away ®, system where, interpretation of biochemical reactions for microbial identification of Gram-negative organism in high accuracy. Table 1 contains the list of biochemicals, used for the biochemical reactions of E. cloacae [24].

Table 1: Effect of biofield treatment on Enterobacter cloacae to the biochemical reaction pattern.
Biotype number
The biotype number of E. cloacae was determined on MicroScan Walk-Away ® processed panel data report with the help of biochemical reactions data [24,25].
Results Assessment of antimicrobial susceptibility
The outcome of qualitative susceptibility pattern and MIC of tested antimicrobials after biofield treatment to E. cloacae are summarized in Tables 2 and 3. The data were analyzed and compared with respect to control. The treated cells of E. cloacae showed an alteration of antimicrobial sensitivity as 14.29% in the treated group III on day 10 as compared with control. The effect of biofield treatment had revealed that the combination of ticarcillin/k-clavulanate converted from R → I corresponding MIC (>64 to 60 μg/mL) on all the treated cells with respect to control.

Table 2: Antibiogram of Enterobacter cloacae: effect of biofield treatment on antimicrobial susceptibility.

Ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime were converted from I → S and I → IB. The corresponding MIC values of these were 16 to ≤ 8 μg/mL and 2 to ≤ 1 μg/mL respectively on lyophilized treated cells but remained same in revived treated group with respect to control (Table 2).

The antimicrobial sensitivity both qualitative and quantitative assessment were significantly changed in the case of aztreonam and ceftazidime as compared with respective control group, showed in Tables 2 and 3. Cefotaxime was converted from IB → I and corresponding MIC value was ≤ 8 to 32 μg/mL in revived treated group but remained same in lyophilized treated group. Others antimicrobials did not showed any changes with respect to biofield treatment in all the groups.

Table 3: Effect of biofield treatment on Enterobacter cloacae to minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of tested antimicrobials.
Organism identification by biochemical reactions
The specific biochemicals showed some changes against E. cloacae after biofield treatment are presented in Table 3. Esculin hydrolysis was altered positive (+) to negative (-) reaction in Gr. III but remained same response in Gr. II with respect to control. Similarly, indole and lysine were changed from negative (-) to positive (+) reaction in revived treated group (Gr. II) but remain unchanged in lyophilized treated group (Gr. III) on day 10 with respective to control. Overall, 9% biochemical reactions were altered due to biofield treatment out of 33 biochemicals with respect to control.
Organism identification by biotype number
Based on the results from biochemical reactions, there were no changes in biotype in group II on day 5 as compared to control. However, the significant changes were observed in the biotype number of E. cloacae in the both group II and III at day 10 as compared to control (Table 4).

Table 4: Effect of biofield treatment on biotype number of Enterobacter cloacae.
Discussion
The existing literatures clearly mentioned that the organism E. cloacae has revealed its resistance to aminopenicillins, aztreonam and broad-spectrum cephalosporins [3]. In this experiment, the biofield treated lyophilized form of microbe showed very satisfactory result both qualitative as well as quantitative aspect by lowering the MIC value (≤8 μg/mL) of aztreonam and ceftazidime as compared to untreated group (Tables 2 and 3). According to Joseph et al., the isolated E. cloacae has resistant to particular antibiotics such as tobramycin and amikacin [4]. In this experiment the data showed the susceptibility of these antibiotics against E. cloacae .

In presence of indole the microbe E. cloacae produced biochemical reactions i.e. , negative to positive reactive in group II on day 10. The mechanism behind is that the organism can split tryptophan to form the compound indole. The positive effect directly proved that the microbe is gram negative rods shaped. The following biochemicals were remain unchanged to the strain of E. cloacae upon biofield treatment such as nitrate, citrate, Voges-Proskauer, ornithine, arginine, ONPG and OF/G. After comparison the percentage responses of 33 biochemical reaction pattern against E. cloacae was 9.0% with respect to control.

Biotype numbers of particular organisms were arrived after interpreting the results of the biochemical reactions. The biotype numbers then led to the particular organism identification. In this experiment, biotyping was performed using automated systems, had found significant changes in the biofield treated groups as II and III on day 10. The biotype number of E. cloacae , which had changed from 7710 3376 (control) to 7731 7376 and 7710 3176 for treated Gr. II and Gr. III on day 10, respectively (Table 4).

Due to microbial resistance to a single drug or multiple drugs, invention of an effective antimicrobial therapy for the human-wellness is urgently required. However, due to some limitation of science, the progress of new medications is slow and very challenging for scientists. Therefore, the multidrug resistant is becoming a major threat over the community. Our present research study reported that biofield treatment could change the susceptibility pattern of microbes from intermediate to susceptible and also resistance to susceptible. As a result, the microbe that was intermediate/resistance responsiveness to a particular antimicrobial now converted into completely susceptible/ intermediate respectively with the same antimicrobial after biofield treatment. This may be due to change in microorganism at enzymatic and/or genetic level, which may act on receptor protein. While altering receptor protein, ligand-receptor/protein interactions may change, that could lead to show the different phenotypic characteristics [26]. Based on these results, it is hypothesized that, biofield treatment has the opportunity to be a fast, convenient and cost effective alternative approach to combat multidrug resistance with the use of existing antimicrobial therapy in near future.
Conclusions
Altogether, the biofield treatment altered the resistance property of a few antimicrobials against E. cloacae . It has been observed that there was an alteration in phenotype characteristics of E. cloacae . Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment could be applied to improve the sensitivity of antimicrobials against E. cloacae resistance and an alternative therapeutic approach to combat against antimicrobial resistance.
Acknowledgement
Authors gratefully acknowledged the whole team of PD Hinduja National Hospital and MRC, Mumbai, Microbiology Lab and also thanks to Trivedi science, Trivedi testimonials and Trivedi master wellness for their support.
References
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2. Barnes BJ, Wiederhold NP, Micek ST, Polish LB, Ritchie DJ (2003) Enterobacter cloacae ventriculitis successfully treated with cefepime and gentamicin: case report and review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy 23: 537-542.
3. Conceição T, Faria N, Pimentel M, Soveral G, Duarte A, et al. (2004) New chromosomal AmpC beta-lactamase in Enterobacter cloacae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48: 1437.
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5. Hammerschlag R, Jain S, Baldwin AL, Gronowicz G, Lutgendorf SK, et al. (2012) Biofield research: a roundtable discussion of scientific and methodological issues. J Altern Complement Med 18: 1081-1086.
6. Movaffaghi Z, Farsi M (2009) Biofield therapies: biophysical basis and biological regulations? Complement Ther Clin Pract 15: 35-37.
7. Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM (2008) A transcendental to changing metal powder characteristics. Met Powder Rep 63: 22-28, 31.
8. Dabhade VV, Tallapragada RR, Trivedi MK (2009) Effect of external energy on atomic, crystalline and powder characteristics of antimony and bismuth powders. Bull Mater Sci 32: 471-479.
9. Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM (2009) Effect of super consciousness external energy on atomic, crystalline and powder characteristics of carbon allotrope powders. Mater Res Innov 13: 473-480.
10. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2012) Thought intervention through biofield changing metal powder characteristics experiments on powder characteristics at a PM plant. Future Control and Automation LNEE 173: 247-252.
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13. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2014) Atomic, crystalline and powder characteristics of treated zirconia and silica powders. J Material Sci Eng 3: 144.
14. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2015) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of aluminium powders. Ind Eng Manage 4: 151.
15. Shinde V, Sances F, Patil S, Spence A (2012) Impact of biofield treatment on growth and yield of lettuce and tomato. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 6: 100-105.
16. Sances F, Flora E, Patil S, Spence A, Shinde V (2013) Impact of biofield treatment on ginseng and organic blueberry yield. AGRIVITA J Agric Sci 35: 1991-8178.
17. Lenssen AW (2013) Biofield and fungicide seed treatment influences on soybean productivity, seed quality and weed community. Agricultural Journal 8: 138-143.
18. Trivedi M, Patil S (2008) Impact of an external energy on Staphylococcus epidermis [ATCC -13518] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions-An experimental study. J Accord Integr Med 4: 230-235.
19. Trivedi M, S Patil (2008) Impact of an external energy on Yersinia enterocolitica [ATCC -23715] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions: An experimental study. Internet J Alternat Med 6: 2.
20. Trivedi M, Bhardwaj Y, Patil S, Shettigar H, Bulbule A (2009) Impact of an external energy on Enterococcus faecalis [ATCC-51299] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions - An experimental study. J Accord Integr Med 5: 119-130.
21. Patil SA, Nayak GB, Barve SS, Tembe RP, Khan RR (2012) Impact of biofield treatment on growth and anatomical characteristics of Pogostemon cablin Benth. Biotechnology 11: 154-162.
22. Altekar N, Nayak G (2015) Effect of biofield treatment on plant growth and adaptation. J Environ Health Sci 1: 1-9.
23. Rubik B (1994) Manual healing methods. Alternative medicine: expanding medical horizons, Washington, DC, US Government Printing Office, NIH Publication No. 094-066.
24. Fader RC, Weaver E, Fossett R, Toyras M, Vanderlaan J, et al. (2013) Multilaboratory study of the biomic automated well-reading instrument versus MicroScan WalkAway for reading MicroScan antimicrobial Susceptibility and identification panels. J Clin Microbiol 51: 1548-1554.
25. Gomaa FM, Tawakol WM, Abo El-Azm FI (2014) Phenotypic and genotypic detection of some antimicrobial resistance mechanisms among multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from immunocompromised patients in Egypt. Egypt J Med Microbiol 23: 111.
26. Lindstrom E, Mild KH, Lundgren E (1998) Analysis of the T cell activation signaling pathway during ELF magnetic field exposure, p56lck and [Ca2+]i-measurements. Bioeletrochem Bioenerg 46: 129-137.
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investigation of antimicrobial susceptibility of e. cloacae

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E. Cloacae Biochemical Characteristics, Antimicrobial Susceptibility & Biotyping

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Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Shrikant Patil, Harish Shettigar, Sambhu Charan Mondal and Snehasis Jana* DOI: 10.4172/2155-9597.1000241 ISSN: 2155-9597 Citation Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Mondal SC, Jana S (2015) In vitro Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Enterobacter cloacae: Impact on Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Biotype. J Bacteriol Parasitol 6: 241.

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	 Mahendra Trivedi Biofield Treated Pseudomonas fluorescens
	

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	 Mahendra Trivedi Biofield Treated Pseudomonas fluorescens
	

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The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment on  Psedomonas fluorescens for antimicrobial sensitivity, minimum inhibitory concentration, biochemical reactions, and biotype  number.

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	Mahendra Kumar Trivedi Biofield Treated Nocardia Otitidis
	

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	Mahendra Kumar Trivedi Biofield Treated Nocardia Otitidis
	

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The present work evaluates the effect of biofield energy treatment on antibiogram, genotype and phylogenetic analysis of nocardia otitidis.

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	 The Trivedi Effect® Influence on Barium Oxide & Zinc Sulfide
	

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	 The Trivedi Effect® Influence on Barium Oxide & Zinc Sulfide
	

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The study by Mahendra Trivedi & Team to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on physical and structural characteristics of barium oxide and zinc sulfide.

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Mahendra Kumar Trivedi , Rama Mohan Tallapragada , Alice Branton , Dahryn Trivedi , Omprakash Latiyal and Snehasis Jana *

DOI: 10.4172/2469-410X.1000122 ISSN: 2469-410X
Citation
Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Latiyal O, et al. (2015) Influence of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Structural Characteristics of Barium Oxide and Zinc Sulfide. J Laser Opt Photonics 2:122. doi:10.4172/2469-410X.1000122
Abstract
Barium oxide (BaO) and zinc sulfide (ZnS) are well known for their applications in electrical, optical and chemical industries. The present study was aimed to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on the structural and physical properties of BaO and ZnS powder. The study was carried out in two groups, one was set to control, and another group was subjected to Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment. Control and treated samples of BaO and ZnS were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and surface area analyzer. XRD data showed that lattice parameter and unit cell volume of BaO powder were reduced upto 0.42% and 1.26%, respectively as compared to control. Whereas, density of treated BaO was increased upto 1.27% as compared to control. Besides, the unit cell volume was changed in treated ZnS from -0.55 to 0.24% as compared to control that led to change in density from -0.24 to 0.55% after biofield treatment. However, the crystallite size was substantially increased upto 40.5% and 71.4% in treated BaO and ZnS, respectively as compared to control. FT-IR data exhibited that absorption peaks at wavenumber 862/cm (control) was shifted to 858/cm in treated BaO. Upward shifting of absorption peaks corresponding to Zn-S stretching bond was observed in treated (617/cm) as compared to control (592/cm). Furthermore, surface area result showed that it was reduced by 4.32% and 2.1% in treated BaO and ZnS powder, respectively as compared to control. Hence, these, findings suggest that biofield treatment has altered the structural and physical properties of BaO and ZnS powders.

Keywords: Biofield treatment; Barium oxide; Zinc sulfide; Particle size; Surface area; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Introduction
Metal oxides and sulfides are considered as one of interesting class of ceramics due to their versatile applications [1-5]. Zinc sulfide (ZnS) and barium oxide (BaO) gain attention among the researchers due to their unique optical and electrical properties and wide applications in electrical industries. ZnS exist as zinc blend structure (wurtzite crystal structure), whereas BaO exists as rock salt type. Recently, researchers had developed the self-cleaning techniques using barium oxide, in which coal gas provides the power directly to solid oxide fuel cells [6]. This is a cleaner and efficient way to generate electricity from coal reserves. Further, the BaO is hygroscopic in nature which enables it to use for chemical reactions on anode surface [1]. ZnS possess a particular place due to its application as wide band gap semiconductors, blue light emitting diodes (LEDs), and electroluminescent devices [7-9]. It also become promising material for various other fields such as solar cell, phosphor etc. Currently, there are several methods of producing the metal oxides and sulfides powder such as sol gel chemical bath deposition technique, pulsed-laser deposition vacuum arc deposition and chemical vapor deposition [10-14]. Furthermore, it is well known that electrical, magnetic, and optical properties of ceramics are directly related to its density, crystal structure, crystallite size, and physical parameters [15-17]. After considering the applications and properties of BaO and ZnS, authors wanted to investigate an alternative and economically viable approach that could be beneficial to modify the physical and structural properties of these powders.

Research converging from many fields of investigation indicates that the human body is a complex energy system. It has been demonstrated that short lived electrical events or action potential exist in several type of mammalian cells such as neurons, muscle cells, and endocrine cells [18]. For instance, the cells present in central nervous system of human body communicate with another by means of electrical signals that travel along the nerve processes. Thus, human has ability to harness the energy from environment or universe and can transmit into any living or nonliving object around the Globe. The object(s) always receive the energy and responds in a useful way that is called biofield energy and this process is termed as biofield treatment. Mr. Trivedi's unique biofield treatment is known as The Trivedi Effect® . Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment has significantly transform the characteristics of various living and non-living things using his biofield treatment. Biofield treatment has substantially altered the atomic, crystalline, physical properties in various metals and ceramics [19-24]. In addition, biofield treatment has also transform the molecular and cellular characteristics microbiology [25-27], biotechnology [28,29], and agriculture [30-32]. In metals and ceramics the biofield treatment has shown the excellent results at physical, thermal, and atomic level. In addition, the biofield treatment had increased the particle size by six fold and enhanced the crystallite size by two fold in zinc powder [19]. Based on the outstanding results achieved by biofield treatment on different materials and considering the industrial significance of BaO and ZnS, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on physical and structural properties of BaO and ZnS.
Experiment
The BaO and ZnS powders used in present experiment were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Each powder samples were divided into two groups, referred as control and treatment. Control group was remained as untreated and treatment group received Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment.
Biofield treatment
The treatment group was handed over in sealed pack to Mr. Trivedi for biofield treatment under standard laboratory condition. Mr. Trivedi provided this treatment through his energy transmission process to the treatment group without touching the samples. After that, both control and treated samples were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Surface area analyzer.
X-ray diffraction study
XRD analysis of control and treated samples were performed using Phillips, Holland PW 1710 XRD diffractometer, which had a copper anode with nickel filter. The wavelength of X-ray radiation used 1⋅54056 Å. Data obtained from the XRD was in chart form of intensity vs.2θ°, with a detailed Table 1 containing d value (Å), number of peaks, peak width 2θ°, peak count, relative intensity of peaks, etc. Further, lattice parameter and unit cell volume were computed using PowderX software. Weight of the unit cell was calculated as, atomic weight multiplied by the number of atoms present in a unit cell. Density of the unit cell was computed as follows:

Crystallite size (G) was calculated as follow:

Crystallite size (G)=k λ/b Cosθ.

Where, λ is the wavelength of X-ray (=1.54056 Å) and k is the equipment constant (=0.94).

Besides, the percent change in the lattice parameter was calculated using following equation:

Where A Control and A Treated are the lattice parameter of control and treated sample respectively. Similarly, the percent change in all other parameters such as unit cell volume, density, and crystallite size were calculated.
FT-IR analysis
FT-IR analysis of BaO and ZnS samples were performed on Shimadzu, Japan, FT-IR Spectrometer with frequency range of 400-4000/cm.

Table 1: X-ray diffraction analysis of BaO and ZnS powder.
Surface area analysis
The surface area was measured by the Surface area analyzer, Smart SORB 90 based on Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), which had a detection range of 0.2-1000 m ²/g. Percent change in surface area was calculated using following equations:

Where, S Control and S Treated are the surface area of control and treated samples respectively.
Results and Discussion X-ray diffraction study
XRD patterns of control and treated BaO samples are presented in Figures 1a-1e. The XRD pattern exhibited peaks at 2θ=13.90°, 18.88°, 22.83°, 25.58°, 26.82°, 29.82°, 30.83°, 34.58° in control; 19.06°, 22.09°, 24.76°, 26.16°, 26.53°, 26.78°,27.97°, and 32.4° in T1; 19.07°, 22.10°, 24.78°, 26.14°,26.73°, 27.98°, and 32.42° in T2; 19.05°, 22.06°, 24.67°, 26.08°,26.70°, 27.91°, and 32.35° in T3; 19.09°, 22.09°, 24.70°, 26.12°, 26.77°, 27.91°, and 32.35° in T4. Further, XRD patterns of control and treated ZnS samples are presented in Figures 2a-2e. Control sample showed XRD peaks at 2θ=28.62°, 33.14°, 47.58°, and 56.42°. Whereas treated sample showed peaks at 2θ=28.61°, 33.18°, 47.5°, and 56.50° in T1; 28.62°, 33.12°, 47.59°, and 56.37° in T2; 28.58°, 33.1°, 47.58°, and 56.41° in T3; 28.74°, 33.25°, 47.77°, and 56.50° in T4. Furthermore, the various parameters of unit cell of BaO and ZnS were computed using PowderX software using above XRD peaks, which are presented in Table 1. Moreover, the percent change in lattice parameter; unit cell volume, density, and crystallite size as compared to control are illustrated in Figures 3-6. Data exhibited that the lattice parameter in treated BaO was significantly reduced by 0.42, 0.42, 0.41, and 0.32% in T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively, as compared to control (Figure 3). This reduction of lattice parameter led to decrease the unit cell volume of treated BaO by 1.26, 1.26, 1.22, and 0.98% in T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively, as compared to control (Figure 4). Furthermore, this reduction in unit cell volume resulted into increase in density by 1.27, 1.27, 1.23, and 0.98% in T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively, as compared to control (Figure 5). It is well known fact that the density is inversely proportional to volume of a substance for a given mass. The reduction in volume of unit cell and increase in density suggest that BaO lattice was contracted after biofield treatment. It is previously reported that internal strain in ceramics can be produced through high temperature, doping, and milling [33,34]. In addition, it is also reported that some material respond to electric and magnetic field in form of strain such as piezoelectric material [35]. Thus, it is hypothesized that biofield treatment might transfer the energy in form of electromagnetic waves, which consist of electric and magnetic field and that field may push the positive barium ion and negative oxygen towards each other. Hence, the movement of both ions toward each other may lead to reduced lattice parameter. XRD data of ZnS showed that the percent change in lattice parameter was -0.08 and 0.18% in T2 and T4 respectively, whereas no change was found in T1 and T3, as compared to control. Percent change in unit cell volume of treated ZnS was 0.24 and -0.55 in T2 and T4 respectively, as compared to control. This change in unit cell volume led to change the density by -0.24 and 0.552% in T2 and T4 respectively, as compared to control. These changes in lattice parameter suggest that both kind of stress: compressive and tensile possibly applied through biofield treatment. In addition, result also indicated that the permanent lattice strain probably induced in BaO and ZnS crystals through biofield treatment. Furthermore, data exhibited that crystallite size was change from 66.5 nm (control) to 35.9, 93.4, 93.4, and 93.4 nm in treated BaO samples T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively. Percent change in crystallite size of treated BaO was -46% in T1 and 40.5% in T2, T3 and T4 as compared to control (Figure 6). This indicates that crystallite size of treated BaO was increased in three out of four sample tested. Nevertheless, the crystallite size in treated ZnS was substantially increased from 35.6 nm (control) to 61, 42.7, 61, and 47.4 nm in T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively (Table 1), as compared to control. It indicates that crystallite size was increased by 71.4, 20, 71.4, and 33.4% in T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively, as compared to control (Figure 6). Overall data suggest that crystallite size was increased in both BaO and ZnS powder after biofield treatment. Similar results of increase in crystallite size in silicon dioxide and antimony had been reported by our group in previous studies [36,37]. Furthermore, it is well known that the crystallite size of ceramics powder increased with increase in temperature [38]. Furthermore, it is assumed that internal strains present in treated powder made dislocations to move unhindered that results into reorient the planes on either side of the crystallite boundaries. Further, this reorientation of neighboring planes into same planes may lead to increase crystallite size. Moreover, it is also reported that alteration in crystallite size in ZnS leads to change the energy band gap [39]. Hence it is assumed that band gap in treated ZnS sample may be changed after biofield treatment. Moreover, based on the above findings in XRD analysis, control, T1 and T2 were analyzed using FT-IR.

Figure 1a: XRD pattern of control BaO sample.

Figure 1b: XRD pattern of biofield treated BaO sample (T1).

Figure 1c: XRD pattern of biofield treated BaO sample (T2).

Figure 1d: XRD pattern of biofield treated BaO sample (T3).

Figure 1e: XRD pattern of biofield treated BaO sample (T4).

Figure 2a: XRD pattern of control ZnS sample.

Figure 2b: XRD pattern of biofield treated ZnS sample (T1).

Figure 2c: XRD pattern of biofield treated ZnS sample (T2).

Figure 2d: XRD pattern of biofield treated ZnS sample (T3).

Figure 2e: XRD pattern of biofield treated ZnS sample (T4).

Figure 3: Percent change in lattice parameter in treated BaO and ZnS as compared to control.

Figure 4: Percent change in unit cell volume in treated BaO and ZnS as compared to control.

Figure 5: Percent change in density of treated BaO and ZnS as compared to control.

Figure 6: Percent change in crystallite size of treated BaO and ZnS as compared to control.
FT-IR analysis
FT-IR spectra of control and treated BaO samples are presented in Figure 7. IR spectra showed the peaks at wavenumber 3497, 3580, and 3576/cm in control, T1, and T2 respectively, which could be due to O-H stretching vibrations. Peaks observed at 1683, 1683, and 1672/cm in control, T1 and T2 respectively can be assigned to O-H bending vibrations. The emergence of peaks corresponding to O-H stretching and bending could be due to moisture absorption by BaO powder. Furthermore, absorption band observed at wavenumber 862/cm (control), 740-970 cm⁻¹ (T1), and 507, 661, 769, 858/cm (T2) that could be due to Ba-O bonding vibrations [40]. Data suggest that number of peaks and intensity corresponding to BaO vibration were changed in T1 and T2 after biofield treatment. The absorption peaks found at 1398, 1425, and 1444/cm in control, T1, and T2 respectively, could be due to formation of BaCO ₃ after C O2 absorption by BaO sample from atmosphere [41]. Besides, IR spectra of ZnS powder is illustrated in Figure 8, in which absorption peaks observed at 592/ cm (control), 617/cm (T1) and 590/cm (T2) that were assigned to Zn-S stretching vibrations [42,43]. It indicates that absorption peaks were changed in treated sample as compared to control, which could be due to alteration in Zn-S bond length after biofield treatment. Absorption peaks observed in range of 3000-3500/cm in control, T1 and T2 could be due to O-H stretching vibrations. The O-H bending peaks were observed at 1618, 1616, and 1608/cm in control, T1 and T2 respectively. The emergence of peaks corresponding to O-H stretching and bending could be due to moisture absorption by ZnS powder. In addition, the peaks observed at wavenumber 1114, 1116, and 1234/cm in control, T1 and T2, respectively, are possibly the characteristic peaks for ZnS particles [44,45]. Recently, our group reported that the biofield treatment has changed the bond length in ceramic nano oxides (ZnO, Fe ₃O ₄) [46]. Thus, based on current data, it is assumed that biofield treatment may alter the bonding properties in BaO and ZnS, that possibly resulted into alteration in IR peaks in treated as compared to control.

Figure 7: FT-IR spectrum of BaO. (a) Control (b) Treated T1 (c) Treated T2.

Figure 8: FT-IR spectrum of ZnS (a) Control (b) Treated T1 (c) Treated T2.
Surface area analysis
Surface area analysis in term of percent change of BaO and ZnS powder are shown in Figure 9. Data showed that the surface area was reduced by 4.32% and 2.1% in BaO and ZnS, respectively as compared to control (Table 2). It is possible that biofield energy transferred through treatment, which might induce energy milling. Due to which BaO and ZnS powder particles might be agglomerated after biofield treatment and increased particle size. Further, this increase in particle size probably reduced surface area in treated samples as compared to control.

Figure 9: Percent change in surface area of treated BaO and ZnS as compared to control.

Table 2: Surface area of BaO and ZnS powder.
Conclusion
Overall, the biofield treatment has significantly altered the physical and structural properties of both BaO and ZnS samples. XRD result showed that density of treated BaO and ZnS powder was increased upto 1.27% and 0.55% as compared to control. It could be due to reduction of lattice parameter in unit cell after biofield treatment. In addition, crystallite size was significantly increased by 40.5% and 71.4% in BaO and ZnS, respectively as compared to control. FT-IR data showed the shifting of absorption peaks in treated BaO and ZnS corresponding to Ba-O and Zn-S stretching vibrations, respectively, as compared to control. Thus, it is hypothesized that bond length of Zn-S and Ba-O, possibly altered after biofield treatment. Besides, the surface area was reduced by 4.32% and 2.1% in treated BaO and ZnS powder, respectively as compared to control. Thus, based on the alteration found in density, crystallite size, surface area, and bond length in treated BaO and ZnS, it is assumed that biofield treatment could alter the optoelectronics characteristics in ceramics.
Acknowledgement
We thank Dr. Cheng Dong of NLSC, Institute of Physics, and Chinese academy of Sciences for supporting in using PowderX software for analyzing X-ray Diffraction data. Authors also would like to thank Trivedi science, Trivedi master wellness and Trivedi testimonials for their support during the work.
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Barium Oxide, Zinc Sulfide | Structural & Physical Properties

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Mahendra Kumar Trivedi , Rama Mohan Tallapragada , Alice Branton , Dahryn Trivedi , Omprakash Latiyal and Snehasis Jana * DOI: 10.4172/2469-410X.1000122 ISSN: 2469-410X Citation Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Latiyal O, et al. (2015) Influence of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Structural Characteristics of Barium Oxide and Zinc Sulfide.

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	 The Trivedi Effect® Impact on Properties of Bronze Powder
	

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	 The Trivedi Effect® Impact on Properties of Bronze Powder
	

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The objective of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on physical and structural properties of bronze powder.

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Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O and Jana S*

DOI: 10.4172/2167-7670.1000119 ISSN: 2167-7670
Citation
Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O, et al. (2015) Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Structural Properties of Bronze Powder. Adv Automob Eng 4: 119. doi:10.4172/2167-7670.1000119
Abstract
Bronze, a copper-tin alloy, widely utilizing in manufacturing of gears, bearing, and packing technologies due to its versatile physical, mechanical, and chemical properties. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment on physical and structural properties of bronze powder. Bronze powder was divided into two samples, one served as control and the other sample was received biofield treatment. Control and treated bronze samples were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. XRD result showed that the unit cell volume was reduced upto 0.78% on day 78 in treated bronze as compared to control. Further, the crystallite size was significantly reduced upto 49.96% in treated bronze sample on day 106 as compared to control. In addition, the biofield treatment has significantly reduced the average particle size upto 18.22% in treated bronze powder as compared to control. SEM data showed agglomerated and welded particles in control bronze powder, whereas fractured morphology at satellites boundaries were observed in treated bronze. The yield strength of bronze powder calculated using Hall- Petch equation, was significantly changed after biofield treatment. The FT-IR analysis showed that there were three new peaks at 464 cm⁻¹, 736 cm⁻¹, and 835 cm⁻¹ observed in treated bronze as compared to control; indicated that the biofield treatment may alter the bond properties in bronze. Therefore, the biofield treatment has substantially altered the characteristics of bronze at physical and structural level.

Keywords: Biofield treatment; Bronze; X-ray diffraction; FT-IR; Particle size; SEM
Introduction
Bronze is a metallic alloy, primarily consist of copper and tin in 90:10 ratio, which is also known as "true bronze". Some other elements such as arsenic, phosphorus, aluminium, manganese, and silicon are also blended in bronze to enhance its mechanical properties [1,2]. The variation in elemental composition in bronze significantly affects its mechanical and chemical characteristics [3]. Furthermore, the bronze, primarily exist in FCC (face centred cubic) crystal structure, and the different size of the tin atoms as compared to copper substantially changes this structure, which confers excellent properties. Sidot et al. reported that lattice parameter of FCC bronze unit cell increases with increase in tin content and vice versa [4]. Moreover, the influences of crystallite size on the mechanical properties of metals and alloys have been known for many years. Two scientist Hall and Petch proposed the formula, which demonstrated the inverse relation between yield strength and crystallite size [5]. Nevertheless, bronze is widely utilized in the production of bearing, operating under heavy loads at high speeds. These bearing are used in many rotating parts such as fans, jet engines, automobile parts, industrial equipment, and appliances etc. Beside this, it is also used in filters and decorative paints. Bronze powder is mainly produced via electrolysis process, vapour deposition, and high-energy ball mill method [6]. Further, it is reported that the mechanical properties in bronze can be modulated through various kind of sintering processes [7,8]. In these sintering processes, high temperature and costly equipment setup are required to achieve the desired mechanical properties. After considering of alloy properties and cost aspect, authors wanted to investigate an alternative and economically safe approach that could be beneficial in global application to modify the structural and mechanical properties of bronze powder.

A physicist, William Tiller proposed the existence of a new force related to human body, in addition to four well known fundamental forces of physics: gravitational force, strong force, weak force, and electromagnetic force. Fritz-Albert, a German biophysicist proposed that human physiology shows a high degree of order and stability due to their coherent dynamic states [9-12]. Furthermore, a human has ability to harness the energy from environment/universe and can transmit into any object (living or non-living) around the globe. The objects always receive the energy and responded into useful way and that is called biofield energy. This process is known as biofield treatment. Mahendra Trivedi's biofield treatment has been applied to transform the structural, physical, and chemical properties of various metals and ceramics [13-20]. In material science, this biofield treatment has substantially changed the particle size, surface area and lattice parameters in various ceramic powders such as vanadium pentoxide (V ₂O ₅), zirconium oxide (ZrO ₂), and silicon dioxide (SiO ₂) [18,19]. The biofield treatment has also transformed the characteristics in several other fields like biotechnology [21,22], microbiology [23-25], and in agricultural science [26-28].

Based on the outstanding results achieved by biofield treatment on different materials and considering the industrial significance of bronze powder, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on physical and structural properties of bronze powder.
Experimental
Bronze powder was procured from Alfa Aesar, USA. The bronze powder sample was divided into two parts, one part was considered as control and another part was subjected to Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment, referred as treated. The control and treated samples were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy.
X-ray diffraction study
XRD analysis was carried out on Phillips, Holland PW 1710 X-ray diffractometer system, which had a copper anode with nickel filter. The radiation of wavelength used by the XRD system was 1.54056 Å. The data obtained from this XRD were in the form of a chart of 2θ vs. intensity and a detailed table containing peak intensity counts, d value (Å), peak width (θ°), relative intensity (%) etc. Additionally, PowderX software was used to calculate lattice parameter and unit cell volume.

The crystallite size (G) was calculated by using formula:

G = kλ / (bCosθ),

Here, λ is the wavelength of radiation used and k is the equipment constant (=0.94). However, the percentage change in all parameters such as lattice parameter, unit cell volume and crystallite size was calculated using the following equation:

Percent change in lattice parameter = [(a t-a c)/a c] ×100

Where, a c and a t are lattice parameter value of control and treated powder samples respectively

Percent change in unit cell volume = [(V t-V c)/V c] ×100

Where, V c and V t are the unit cell volume of control and treated powder samples respectively

Percent change in crystallite size = [(G t-G c)/G c] × 100

Where, G c and G t are crystallite size of control and treated powder samples respectively. The XRD analysis was carried out on day 1, 10, 78, 106 and 117 day referred as control, T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively.
Particle size analysis
For particle size analysis, laser particle size analyzer SYMPATEC HELOS-BF was used, which had a detection range of 0.1-875 μm. The particle size data was collected in the form of a chart of particle size vs. cumulative percentage. Three parameters of particle sizes viz. d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉ (size below which 50%, 90%, and 99% particles are present, respectively) were calculated from the particle size distribution curve. The percent change in particle sizes were calculated using following equation:

Where, (d ₅₀) Control and (d ₅₀) Treated are the particle size, d ₅₀ of control and treated samples respectively. Similarly, the percent change in particle size d ₉₀ and d ₉₉ were calculated. The particle size were evaluated on day 1, 12, 91, 97 and 115 for control, T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
In order to study the changes in surface morphology of bronze powder after biofield treatment, the control and treated sample were analyzed on day 20 using SEM, the JEOL JSM-6360 instrument.
FT-IR spectroscopy
To study the impact of biofield treatment at atomic bonding level in bronze powder, the FT-IR analysis was done on Shimadzu, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer with frequency range of 300- 4000 cm⁻¹. FT-IR analysis was carried out on day 1, day 71 and day 82 for control, T1, and T2, respectively.
Results and Discussion X-ray diffraction study
The XRD results are presented in Table 1. It was observed that the lattice parameter of the unit cell reduced by 0.2%, 0.26%, 0.19%, and 0.07% in treated bronze T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively, as compared to control. The percent change in lattice parameter is also known as lattice strain. Further, the decreased lattice parameter led to reduce the volume of unit cell by 0.61%, 0.78%, 0.56%, and 0.21% in treated samples T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively as compared to control (Figure 1). The percent change in lattice parameter and unit cell volume was found maximum on day 78 (T2). In general, when the applied stress is compressive the change in strain is negative while a positive value indicates a tensile stress. Thus, negative strain in all treated bronze sample indicated that a compressive stress was probably acted on treated bronze sample after biofield treatment. It is possible that biofield treatment could be transferred the energy to bronze powder and that may induced milling in the powder. Hence, this high energy milling may lead to persuade the compressive stress and changed the lattice parameter [16-19]. Moreover, the crystallite size was 88.96 nm in control sample, however it was changed to 148.96 nm, 111.30 nm, 44.52 nm, and 148.38 nm in treated samples on day 10 (T1), day 78 (T2), day 106 (T3), and day 117 (T4) respectively. The percent change in crystallite size is presented in Figure 2, it showed that the crystallite size was increased upto 66.79% on day 10, then started to decrease upto 49.96% on day 106 (T3) as compared to control. It is possible that the tin (Sn) atoms might be diffused into copper (Cu) due to biofield energy that may lead to coalescence of grains and increase the crystallite size [7]. Furthermore, the existence of severe lattice strains is evidenced by the change in lattice parameters (Figure 1). The presence of this internal strain may lead to fracture the grains into sub grains and decrease the crystallite size upto day 106 [19]. Moreover, the relation between strength of material and crystallite size is given by Hall-Patch equation as given below:

Where, σ is strength of the material σ ° , is a material constant for the starting stress for dislocation movement, k is the strengthening coefficient, G is crystallite size.

Dybiec et al. reported the material constant, σ ° =58.9 MPa and k=0.3689 MPa m 1/2 for bronze [29]. These parameters were used to calculate the yield strength of control and treated bronze powder. The yield strength of all samples were calculated using equation (1) and percent change in treated bronze powder as compared to control. It was observed that the yield strength was reduced by 9% on day 10 (T1) and then increased upto 16.50% on day 106 (T3), as compared to control, after biofield treatment. Nevertheless, the yield strength was again decreased by 8.99% on day 117 as compared to control. Overall, the graph indicates that bronze showed the higher yield strength in time period of day 82 to day 115 (Figure 3). This variation in yield strength in treated bronze powder could be due to change of crystallite size after biofield treatment as explained by Hall and Petch. The strength of materials can be modulated by changing the crystallite size and this could be due to interactions of dislocations with crystallite boundaries as they move. In this phenomenon, the crystallites boundaries hindered the movement of dislocation gliding along the slip planes and increased the yield strength [30]. It is also reported that the reduction in crystallite size leads to increase the grain boundaries and vice versa. Thus, it is hypothesized that the change in crystallite size after biofield treatment in bronze could alter the yield strength.

Table 1: X-ray diffraction analysis of bronze powder.

Figure 1: Percent change in lattice parameter and unit cell volume in biofield treated bronze as compared to control.

Figure 2: Percent change in crystallite size in biofield treated bronze as compared to control.
Particle size analysis
In order to understand the effect of biofield treatment on particle size, several range i.e. d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉ were calculated and results are presented in Table 2 and Figure 4. It was observed that the particle sizes of d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉ were increased by 5.15, 8.21, 12.17% respectively, as compared to control on day 12. It may be due to agglomeration of finer particles through high energy milling that probably induced by biofield treatment. Furthermore, the d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉ were reduced by 16.24, 18.71, 18.75% respectively, as compared to control on day 91. This can be possible if coarser particles get fracture to smaller particle size. Further, on day 97 the particle size of d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉ were reduced by 18.22, 12.89, and 11.95% respectively as compared to control. In addition, particle sizes of d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉ were also reduced by 13.47, 8.78, and 9.96% respectively on day 115, as compared to control. Overall, the graph showed that particle of each size i.e. finer to coarser, were reduced as increase in number of days after biofield treatment (Figure 4). It is well known that the bronze powder particles are polycrystalline i.e. it consist of many grains. In polycrystalline particles, crystallite boundaries are the structural weak points [16,17]. Hence, it is hypothesized that these weak boundaries may fracture under stress and reduced particle size.

d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉, size below which 50%, 90%, and 99% particles are present, respectively

Table 2: Particle size analysis of bronze powder.

Figure 3: Percent change in yield strength of biofield treated bronze as compared to control.

Figure 4: Percent change in particle size in biofield treated bronze as compared to control.

Figure 5: The SEM images of (a) control and (b) treated bronze powder.
SEM analysis
The SEM images of control and treated bronze samples at magnification of 500x are shown in Figure 5. The diffusion welded and agglomerated particles were observed in control bronze with size range of 1-100 μm. However, in treated bronze powder, fractured surface morphology along with satellites and intra-particle boundaries were observed. Furthermore, the treated bronze particles were in the size range of 1-75 μm. It indicates that the coarser particles may fracture into finer after biofield treatment that possibly reduces the particle size [17]. Furthermore, in order to study the bronze powder at atomic bonding level, samples were analyzed using FT-IR.
FT-IR spectroscopy
FT-IR spectrum of control and treated bronze samples are shown in Figures 6-8. In all these spectra, absorption bands in region of range 4000-300 cm⁻¹ were observed. The FT-IR spectra showed an absorption peak at wavenumber 1541 cm⁻¹ (Control and T1) and 1550 cm⁻¹ (T2), which characterized the O-H bending. However, the bands at wavenumber 3734 cm⁻¹ (control and T1) and 3749 cm⁻¹ (T2) were assigned to O-H stretching vibration that may be due to moisture absorption by samples [31,32]. Furthermore, the peak at 648 cm⁻¹(control) and 650 cm⁻¹ (T1), and 663 cm⁻¹ (T2) can be attributed to Sn-O stretching vibrations [32]. This indicates that wavenumber shifted toward higher side, after biofield treatment, which could be due to alteration in Sn-O bond strength. Besides this, the IR spectra of treated (T2) showed three new peaks at wavenumber 464 cm⁻¹, 736 cm⁻¹, and 835 cm⁻¹ (Figure 8). The peaks at 736 cm⁻¹, and 835 cm⁻¹ can be attributed to Cu-O-H bending mode, whereas the emergence of peak at 464 cm⁻¹ could be due to Cu-O vibrations [33,34]. Thus, it is presumed that biofield treatment may be acting at atomic bonding level to cause these modifications.

Figure 6: FT-IR spectrum of control bronze powder.

Figure 7: FT-IR spectrum of biofield treated bronze powder (T1).

Figure 8: FT-IR spectrum of biofield treated bronze powder (T2).
Conclusion
In summary, the biofield treatment has significantly altered the lattice strain, crystallite size, particle size and surface morphology in bronze powder as compared to control. XRD data revealed that the unit cell volume was reduced upto 0.78% as compared to control. This could be due to compressive stress generated during high energy milling through biofield treatment. Besides this, the reduction in crystallite size upto 49.9% may lead to increase the mechanical strength of the bronze powder after biofield treatment. In addition, biofield treatment has significantly reduced the particle size upto 18.22% in bronze powder as compared to control. SEM data showed fractured surfaces in treated sample whereas welded particles were observed in control sample. Furthermore, the FT-IR analysis data suggest that there were three new peaks at 464 cm⁻¹, 736 cm⁻¹, and 835 cm⁻¹ found in treated bronze as compared to control; indicated that there might be an alteration of bond properties in bronze after biofield treatment. Overall, the biofield treatment has substantially altered the characteristics of bronze at physical and structural level. Thus, it is postulated that the biofield treated bronze powder could be more useful in bearing and gear applications in automobiles.
Acknowledgement
We thank Dr. Cheng Dong of NLSC, Institute of Physics, and Chinese academy of Sciences for supporting in using PowderX software for analyzing X-ray Diffraction data.
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Physical & Structural Properties of Bronze Powder

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Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O and Jana S* DOI: 10.4172/2167-7670.1000119 ISSN: 2167-7670 Citation Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O, et al. (2015) Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Structural Properties of Bronze Powder. Adv Automob Eng 4: 119.

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	 Potential Impact of The Trivedi Effect on Stainless Steel Powder
	

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	 Potential Impact of The Trivedi Effect on Stainless Steel Powder
	

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Stainless steel is known for high resistance to corrosion and staining. It primarily consists of iron, nickel, chromium and molybdenum. Mr. Trivedi's and Team investigate the effect of biofield treatment on structural, physical and mechanical properties of SS powder.

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Applied Mechanical Engineering
Received July 07, 2015; Accepted July 20, 2015; Published July 25, 2015

Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O, et al. (2015) The Potential Impact of Biofield Treatment on Physical, Structural and Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steel Powder. J Appl Mech Eng 4: 173. doi:10.4172/2168-9873.1000173

The Potential Impact of Biofield Treatment on Physical, Structural and Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steel Powder

Manuscript Link:
http://www.omicsgroup.org/journals/the-potential-impact-of-biofield-treatment-on-physical-structural-and-mechanical-properties-of-stainless-steel-powder-2168-9873-1000173.pdf

Stainless steel (SS) has gained extensive attention due to its high corrosion resistance, low maintenance, familiar lustre, and superior mechanical properties. In SS, the mechanical properties are closely related with crystal structure, crystallite size, and lattice strain. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment on structural, physical and mechanical properties of SS powder. SS (Grade-SUS316L) powder was divided into two parts denoted as control and treatment. The treatment part was received Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment. Control and treated SS samples were characterized using particle size analyzer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Result showed that biofield treatment has significantly reduced the particle size d ₁₀, d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉ (size, below which 10, 50, 90, and 99% particles were present, respectively) of SS powder up to 7.42, 12.93, 30.23, and 41.38% respectively, as compared to control. XRD result showed that the unit cell volume of SS was altered after biofield treatment. Moreover, crystallite size was significantly reduced upto 70% in treated SS as compared to control. The yield strength calculated using Hall-Petch equation, was significantly increased upto 216.5% in treated SS, as compared to control. This could be due to significant reduction of crystallite size in treated SS after biofield treatment. In FT-IR spectra, intensity of the absorption peak at wavenumber 1107 cm-1 (control) attributing to Fe-O-H bond was diminished in case of treated SS. These findings suggest that biofield treatment has substantially altered the structural, physical and mechanical properties of treated SS powder.

Keywords: Biofield treatment; Austenitic stainless steel; X-ray diffraction; FT-IR; SUS316L
Introduction
Stainless steel (SS), invented in the beginning of the 20 th century, is known for high resistance to corrosion and staining. It primarily consists of iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr) and molybdenum (Mo). Based on microstructure, SS is classified into three categories: austenitic, ferritic, and martensitic. The austenitic SS is mainly responsible for corrosion resistance properties and nonmagnetic behaviour. It exist in the form of face centred cubic (FCC) crystal structure with nickel (12-15 wt.%), chromium (16-18 wt.%). Due to high content of Cr, it is suitable for high corrosion resistance applications [1]. Beside this, the superior mechanical properties of austenitic SS is very useful for nuclear fuel clad tubes and fuel assembly [2]. Nano crystalline austenitic SS is mainly consist of large volume fraction of crystallite and crystallite boundaries, which significantly alters their physical and mechanical properties [3]. Further, it is well known fact that the crystallite size of metals are inversely proportional to its yield strength and hardness [4]. Additionally, the mechanical properties of austenitic SS strongly depends on the chemical composition and lattice strain i.e. higher the lattice strain, higher is yield strength. Thus, it is possible to change the mechanical properties of metals by modulating the crystallite size and lattice strain. Currently, in steel industries, mechanical properties of austenitic SS are mainly controlled through various heat treatment process such as annealing, normalizing and quenching etc [5-7]. In heat treatment process, crystallite refinement is strongly required by steel industries in order to increase the strength of material [8]. Furthermore, the heat treatment processes require costly equipment set up and high power supply, to modulate the mechanical properties. Due to this, it becomes important to study an alternative and economically safe approach that could be utilized to modify the physical and structural properties of SS powder.

Recently, several researchers have reported that human body functions as macroscopic quantum system [9-13]. The famous Physicist Feyman had explained the scientific aspects behind quantum biology using quantum-electrodynamics and quantum-chromo dynamics [14]. In other words, each quantum system consists of quantum-domains that have some oscillators within, which generate the potential field. Due to this, a human has ability to harness the energy from environment/universe and can transmit into any object (living or nonliving) around the Globe. The object(s) always receive the energy and responded into useful way that is called biofield energy. This process is known as biofield treatment.

Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment has known to alter the characteristics in various things at atomic, molecular and physical level in many fields such as material science [15-22], microbiology [23-25], biotechnology [26,27] and agriculture [28-30]. The biofield treatment has also shown significant results in graphite carbon, for instance, the unit cell volume was decrease by 1% and crystallite size was increased by 100% after treatment [16]. In the present study, we evaluated for the first time, an impact of biofield treatment on physical, structural and mechanical properties SS powder.
Experimental
The SS powder (Grade-SUS316L) was purchased from Alfa Aesar, USA. The sample was equally divided into two parts, considered as control and treated. Treated group was in sealed pack and handed over to Mr. Trivedi for biofield treatment under laboratory condition. Mr. Trivedi provided the treatment through his energy transmission process to the treated group without touching the sample. The control and treated samples were characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), surface area analyzer, and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy.
Particle size analysis
For particle size analysis, laser particle size analyzer SYMPATEC HELOS-BF was used, which had a detection range of 0.1-875 μm. The particle size data was collected in the form of a chart of particle size vs. cumulative percentage. Four parameters of particle sizes viz. d ₁₀, d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉ (size below which 10%, 50%, 90%, and 99% particles are present, respectively) were calculated from the particle size distribution curve. The percent change in particle size were calculated using following equation:

Where, (d ₁₀) Control and (d10) Control Treated are the particle size, d ₁₀ of control and treated samples respectively. Similarly, the percent change in particle size d ₅₀, d ₉₀ and d ₉₉ were calculated. For particle size analysis treated part was divided into four parts, referred as T1, T2, T3, and T4.
X-ray diffraction study
XRD analysis was carried out on Phillips, Holland PW 1710 X-ray diffractometer system, which had a copper anode with nickel filter. The radiation of wavelength used by the XRD system was 1.54056 Å. The data obtained from this XRD were in the form of a chart of 2θ vs. intensity and a detailed table containing peak intensity counts, d value (Å), peak width (θ ⁰), relative intensity (%) etc. Additionally, PowderX software was used to calculate lattice parameter and unit cell volume.

The crystallite size (G) was calculated by using formula:

G=kλ/(bCosθ),

Here, λ is the wavelength of radiation used and k is the equipment constant (=0.94). However, the percentage change in all parameters such as lattice parameter, unit cell volume and crystallite size was calculated using the following equation:

Percent change in lattice parameter=[(a t-a c)/a c]×100

Where, a c and a t are lattice parameter value of control and treated powder samples respectively

Percent change in unit cell volume=[(V t-V c)/V c]×100

Where, V c and V t are the unit cell volume of control and treated powder samples respectively

Percent change in crystallite size=[(G t-G c)/G c]×100

Where, G c and G t are crystallite size of control and treated powder samples respectively. XRD analysis was carried out for control, T1, T3, and T4.
FT-IR Spectroscopy
To study the impact of biofield treatment at atomic bonding level in SS the FT-IR analysis was carried out using Shimadzu, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer with frequency range of 300-4000 cm⁻¹. FT-IR analysis was carried out for control and T1.
Results and Discussion Particle size analysis
Particle size analysis result of SS powder are presented in Table 1, Figures 1 and 2. In order to study the effect of biofield treatment on various sizes of particles, four kind of particle size (d ₁₀, d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉) were analyzed. Data result showed that smaller particle size d ₁₀, was reduced from 18.58 μm (control) to 17.74, 17.36, 17.20, and 17.55 μm in T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively (Table 1). It indicates that d ₁₀ was reduced up to 7.42% (T3) as compared to control (Figure 1). Medium particle size, d ₅₀ was reduced from 44.15 μm (control) to 39.64, 38.53, 38.44, and 38.65 μm in treated T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. It suggests that average particle size, d ₅₀ was reduced up to 12.93% (T3) as compared to control. Further, large particle size, d ₉₀ was decreased from 93.61 μm (control) to 68.80, 65.99, 65.95, and 65.31 μm in T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively. Data showed that d ₉₀ was significantly reduced upto 30.23% (T4), as compared to control. In addition, larger particle size d ₉₉ was reduced from 152 μm (control) to 99.15, 95.47, 94.93, and 89.11 μm in T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively. It suggests that d ₉₉ was substantially reduced upto 41.38% (T4), as compared to control (Figure 2). Overall, the particle size result indicates that particles of each size i.e. d ₁₀, d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉ were reduced in all treated samples T1, T2, T3, and T4. It could be due to breaking down of all kind of powder particles into smaller particles. It is assumed that an energy might be transferred to SS powder through biofield treatment. This energy might induce milling in SS powder and that resulted into breaking down of large particles to smaller [16-18]. Furthermore, average percent changes in particle size are illustrated in Figure 3. It was found that average of percent change in particle sizes d ₁₀, d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉ were reduced by 6.01, 12.08, 28.9, 37.7%, respectively, as compared to control in treated SS powder. Similar results of particle size reduction in titanium and antimony had been reported by our group in previous studies [15,17].

T1, T2, T3, and T4 are biofield treated stainless steel samples.
d ₁₀, d ₅₀, d ₉₀, and d ₉₉ are the sizes below which 10%, 50%, 90%, and 99% particles are present, respectively.

Table 1: Particle size of stainless steel (SS) powder.

Figure 1: Effect of biofield treatment on percent change in particle size d ₁₀ and d ₅₀ of stainless steel powder.

Figure 2: Effect of biofield treatment on percent change in particle size d ₉₀ and d ₉₉
Figure 3: Effect of biofield treatment on percent change of particle sizes of stainless steel powder with respect of control.
X-ray diffraction (XRD)
XRD results of control and treated SS samples are depicted in Figures 4-6. It was found that the lattice parameter of unit cell slightly altered in biofield treated samples (T1:-0.02%, T2: 0.05%, T3: 0.04%) as compared to control. This change in lattice parameter led to alter the unit cell volume slightly by -0.06%, 0.13%, and 0.12% in treated T1, T3, and T4 respectively as compared to control (Figure 4). It indicates that both kind of stress (compressive and tensile) might present in treated SS powder, after biofield treatment [15,16]. Thus, it is hypothesised that the high-energy milling induced through biofield treatment may lead to generate tensile and compressive stress in SS powder that resulted into alteration of lattice parameter and unit cell volume. Besides this, the crystallite size was computed using Scherrer formula is presented in Figure 5. It was found that crystallite size was 148.44 nm in control, whereas crystallite size of treated samples was 74.2, 44.53, and 63.61 nm in T1, T3 and T4, respectively. It indicates that crystallite size was significantly reduced by 50, 70, and 57.15% in treated T1, T3 and T4 respectively, as compared to control (Figure 6). The existence of severe lattice strains are evidenced by the change in lattice parameters (Figure 4). Thus, it is assumed that presence of these internal strain may leads to fracture the grains into sub grains and decrease the crystallite size [21]. On the other hand, the relation between strength of material and crystallite size is given by Hall-Patch equation as given below:

Where, σ is strength of the material, σ o is a material constant for the starting stress for dislocation movement, k is the strengthening coefficient, G is crystallite size.

Singh et al. reported the k=575 MPa μm 1/2, σ o=150 MPa for true strain less than 0.02 [31]. Yield strength was computed using these constants and results are shown in Figures 7 and 8. It was found that yield strength of 2086.8 Mpa in control, which increased to 4024.6, 6606.3, and 4669.7 MPa in treated SS samples T1, T3 and T4, respectively. This indicates that the yield strength was significantly enhanced by 92.86, 216.5, and 123.7% in treated SS samples T1, T3, and T4 respectively as compared to control. It is already reported that the strength of materials can be modulated by changing the crystallite size. The decrease in crystallite size in treated SS powder results into increase the crystallite boundaries. Thus, higher crystallite boundaries in treated SS powder hindered the dislocation movement gliding along the slip planes and thereby increased yield strength [4]. Thus, it is postulated that biofield treated SS powder could be more useful in automobile parts and nuclear reactor applications.
FT-IR spectroscopy
FT-IR spectrum of control and treated SS powder are shown in Figure 9. The absorption peaks observed at wavenumber 3786 and 1606 cm⁻¹ (control) and 3759, 3450, and 1542 cm⁻¹ (treated) were assigned to bonding vibration of water molecules due to moisture absorption by sample. Another peak observed at wavenumber 506 cm⁻¹ in control and treated SS sample were due to Cr-O bond vibrations [32]. Peak found at wavenumber 1107 cm⁻¹ (control) attributed to Fe-O-H bond vibrations, was completely diminished in treated SS. It may be due to alteration in F-O-H bond at atomic level through biofield treatment [32]. Thus, it is hypothesized that biofield treatment may be acting at atomic level to cause these alteration.
Conclusion
In summary, the biofield treatment has significantly reduced the particle size and crystallite size in SS powder. Average particle size was reduced upto 12.93% in treated SS powder as compared to control. In addition, the reduction in crystallite size upto 70% after biofield treatment led to increase in yield strength by 216.57% as compared to control (Hall-Petch effect). This could be due to increase in crystallite boundaries after biofield treatment, which hindered the dislocation movement and thereby increased yield strength. FT-IR spectra showed peak at wavenumber 1107 cm⁻¹ in control, which assigned to Fe-O-H was significantly reduced in treated SS. It might be due to alteration of bond properties in treated SS after biofield treatment. Based on these promising results, it is expected that biofield treatment could be applied to improve the mechanical properties of SS powder for nuclear reactor, appliances, and automobile.
Acknowledgement
Authors gratefully acknowledged to Dr. Cheng Dong of NLSC, Institute of Physics, and Chinese academy of Sciences for providing the facilities to use PowderX software for analyzing XRD data.
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20. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2013) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of vanadium pentoxide powder. J Material Sci Eng S11: 001.
21. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2014) Atomic, crystalline and powder characteristics of treated zirconia and silica powders. J Material Sci Eng 3: 144.
22. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2015) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of aluminium powders. Ind Eng Manage 4: 151.
23. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Bhardwaj Y (2008) Impact of an external energy on Staphylococcus epidermis [ATCC -13518] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions - An experimental study. J Accord Integr Med 4: 230-235.
24. Trivedi MK, Patil S (2008) Impact of an external energy on Yersinia enterocolitica [ATCC -23715] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions: An experimental study. Internet J Alternat Med 6.
25. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Bhardwaj Y (2009) Impact of an external energy on Enterococcus faecalis [ATCC - 51299] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions - An experimental study. J Accord Integr Med 5: 119-130.
26. Patil S, Nayak GB, Barve SS, Tembe RP, Khan RR (2012) Impact of biofield treatment on growth and anatomical characteristics of Pogostemon cablin (Benth.). Biotechnology 11: 154-162.
27. Altekar N, Nayak G (2015) Effect of biofield treatment on plant growth and adaptation. J Environ Health Sci 1: 1-9.
28. Shinde V, Sances F, Patil S, Spence A (2012) Impact of biofield treatment on growth and yield of lettuce and tomato. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 6: 100-105.
29. Lenssen AW (2013) Biofield and fungicide seed treatment influences on soybean productivity, seed quality and weed community. Agricultural Journal 8: 138-143.
30. Sances F, Flora E, Patil S, Spence A, Shinde V (2013) Impact of biofield treatment on ginseng and organic blueberry yield. Agrivita J Agric Sci 35.
31. Singh KK, Sangal S, Murty GS (2002) Hall-Petch behaviour of 316L austenitic stainless steel at room temperature. Mater Sci Technol 18: 165-172.
32. Junqueira RMR, Loureiro CRDO, Andrade MS, Buono VTL (2008) Characterization of interference thin films grown on stainless steel surface by alternate pulse current in a sulphochromic solution. Mat Res 114: 421-426.
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physical properties of stainless steel powder

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structural properties of stainless steel powder

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Stainless Steel Powder | Physical and Structural Properties

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Applied Mechanical Engineering Received July 07, 2015; Accepted July 20, 2015; Published July 25, 2015 Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O, et al. (2015) The Potential Impact of Biofield Treatment on Physical, Structural and Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steel Powder. J Appl Mech Eng 4: 173.

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	 Mahendra Trivedi Biofield Energy Effect on Cadmium Powder
	

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	 Mahendra Trivedi Biofield Energy Effect on Cadmium Powder
	

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Cadmium is a natural element in the earth's crust. It is a soft, malleable, bluish white metal found in zinc ores.  Present study investigates the impact of biofield treatment on atomic, thermal, and physical properties of cadmium powder.

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Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Gopal Nayak , Shrikant Patil , Rama Mohan Tallapragada , Omprakash Latiyal , and Snehasis Jana

DOI: 10.4172/2157-7544.1000147 ISSN: 2157-7544
Citation
Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O et al.(2015) An Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Thermal, Physical and Structural Properties of Cadmium Powder. J Thermodyn Catal 6: 147. doi:10.4172/2157-7544.1000147
Abstract
Cadmium is widely utilized in nickel-cadmium batteries, stabilizers, and coating applications due to its versatile physico-chemical properties. The aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on atomic, thermal, and physical properties of cadmium powder. The cadmium powder was divided into two groups, one group as control and another group as treated. The treated group received Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment. Control and treated samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), particle size analyzer, surface area analyzer, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD results showed significant alteration in lattice parameter, unit cell volume, densities, nuclear charge per unit volume, and atomic weight in treated cadmium powder as compared to control. Furthermore, crystallite size was significantly reduced upto 66.69% in treated cadmium as compared to control. DSC analysis results showed that the latent heat of fusion of the treated cadmium powder was considerably reduced by 16.45% as compared to control. Particle size data revealed that average particle size (d ₅₀) of treated cadmium powder was significantly reduced by 47.79 % as compared to the control. In addition, the surface area of treated cadmium powder was substantially enhanced by 156.36% as compared to control. Surface morphology observed by SEM showed the more facets and fractured surface with satellite boundaries in treated cadmium powder as compared to control. These findings suggest that biofield treatment has significantly altered the atomic, thermal and physical properties of cadmium.

Keywords: Biofield treatment; Cadmium; X-ray diffraction; Differential scanning calorimetry; Particle size; Surface area; Scanning electron microscopy
Introduction
Cadmium (Cd) element belongs to group IIB in the Periodic Table, which originally exists in Hexagonal Closed Packing (HCP) crystal structure. Cadmium is widely used in battery, predominantly in rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries as anode, stabilizers, coating applications etc. Higher specific surface area of a material plays an important role in many applications including battery electrodes, catalyst supports, and energy storage devices [1]. The increase in surface area of the electrodes in batteries leads to improve the cell current density and thus, deliver more power [2]. Besides that, in industries, high surface area is achieved via various methods such as ball milling, and laser-assisted chemical vapour deposition, etc [3-5]. Nevertheless, these processes require complex and expensive methods that can limit the application of these materials. Thus, researchers have investigated alternative ways to increase the surface area. After considering of cadmium properties and cost aspect, the authors wanted to investigate an alternative and economically viable approach that could be beneficial to modify the atomic, structural, and thermal properties of powder. The law of mass-energy inter-conversion has existed in the literature for more than 300 years for which first idea was given by Hasenohrl, after that Einstein derived the well-known equation E=mc ² for light and mass [6,7]. However the conversion of mass into energy is fully verified, but the inverse of this relation, i.e. energy into mass has not yet verified scientifically. Furthermore, the energy exists in various forms such as kinetic, potential, electrical, magnetic, and nuclear, etc. Similarly, human nervous system consists of neurons, which have the ability to transmit information in the form of electrical signals [8-10]. Thus, a human has ability to harness the energy from environment/ universe and it can transmit into any object (living or non-living) on the Globe. The object always receives the energy and responded into useful way and that is called biofield energy. This process is known as biofield treatment. Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment (The Trivedi effect) has known to transform the characteristics in various fields such as material science [11-14], microbiology [15-17], biotechnology [18,19], and agriculture [20-22]. In metals and ceramics the biofield treatment has shown the excellent results in physical, thermal, and atomic level. In addition, the biofield treatment had increased the particle size by six folds and enhanced the crystallite size by two folds in zinc powder [11]. Based on the outstanding result achieved by biofield treatment on metals and ceramics, an attempt was made to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment on at atomic, thermal and structural properties of cadmium powder.
Experimental
Cadmium powder used in present investigation was procured from Alpha Aesar, USA. The cadmium powder sample was divided into two parts, referred as control and treated. The treated part was received Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment. Control and treated samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), particle size analyzer, surface area analyzer, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
X-ray diffraction analysis
XRD analysis of control and treated cadmium powder was performed using Phillips, Holland PW 1710 XRD diffractometer, which had a copper anode with nickel filter. The wavelength of X-ray radiation used was 1.54056 Å. Data obtained from the XRD was in chart form of intensity vs. 2θ°, with a detailed table containing d value (Å), number of peaks, peak width 2θ°, peak count, relative intensity of peaks, etc. Further, lattice parameter and unit cell volume were computed using PowderX software.
Crystallite size=k λ/ b Cosθ.
Where, λ is the wavelength of x-ray (=1.54056 Å) and k is the equipment constant (=0.94).

Besides, the percent change in the lattice parameter was calculated using following equation:

Where A Control and A Treated are the lattice parameter of treated and control samples respectively. Similarly, the percent change in all other parameters such as unit cell volume, density, atomic weight, nuclear charge per unit volume, crystallite size was calculated. For XRD analysis treated sample was divided into four parts referred as T1, T2, T3 and T4.
Thermal analysis
For thermal analysis, Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) of Perkin Elmer/Pyris-1, USA with a heating rate of 10°C/min and nitrogen flow of 5 ml/min was used. Melting point and latent heat of fusion were obtained from the DSC curve.

Percent change in melting point was calculated using following equations:

Where, T Control and T Treated are the melting point of control and treated samples, respectively.

Percent change in latent heat of fusion was calculated using following equations:

Where, ΔH Control and ΔH Treated are the latent heat of fusion of control and treated samples, respectively.
Particle size and surface area analysis
Laser particle size analyzer, Sympatec HELOS-BF was used to determine the particle size distribution, which had a detection range of 0.1-875 μm. The data obtained from the instrument was in the form of a chart of cumulative percentage vs. particle size. Average particle size d ₅₀ and d ₉₉ (size below which 99% particle are present) were computed from particle size distribution curve. Percent change in particle size was calculated using following equations:

Where, (d ₅₀) Control and (d ₅₀) Treated are the particle size, d ₅₀ of control and treated samples respectively. Similarly, the percent change in particle size d ₉₉ was calculated.

The surface area was measured by the Surface area analyser, Smart SORB 90 based on Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), which had a detection range of 0.2-1000 m ²/g. Percent change in surface area was calculated using following equations:

Where, S Control and S Treated are the surface area of control and treated samples respectively.
Scanning electron microscopy
Structure and surface morphology are the unique properties of powder. Thus, control and treated cadmium samples were observed using JEOL JSM-6360 SEM instrument at 500X magnification. Differences in the tendency of the particles to aggregate were easily seen at the lower magnifications, while variations in size and morphology become clearer at higher magnification [23].
Results and discussion X-ray diffraction analysis
XRD analysis results of cadmium powder is illustrated in Table 1 and Figures 1-3. Data showed that the lattice parameter in cadmium was increased by 0.05, 0.20, 0.36 and 0.26% in T1, T2, T3, and T4 sample respectively, as compared to control. This lead to increase the unit cell volume by 0.10, 0.41, 0.73, and 0.53% in T1, T2, T3, and T4 sample respectively, as compared to control. Moreover, this increase in unit cell volume led to reduce the density by 0.10, 0.41, 0.72 and 0.53% in T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively, as compared to control. Thus, the increased in unit cell volume and decreased in density in treated cadmium indicates that tensile stress may be applied through biofield treatment on cadmium powder [24]. Sirdeshmukh et al. reported that lattice strain was generated in cadmium-telluride powder after grinding and milling the powder for different durations [25]. Hence, it is assumed that an energy milling might be induced through biofield treatment, which probably provided the high stress and that might be responsible for internal strain in treated cadmium. Furthermore, the atomic weight was increased in cadmium powder by 0.10, 0.41, 0.73 and 0.53 % in T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively, as compared to control (Figure 1). Besides, nuclear charge per unit volume was decreased by 0.15, 0.61, -1.09, and 0.79% in T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively, as compared to control (Figure 2). It is possible that the tensile stress induced through energy milling over unit cell may lead to move away the electron cloud from their original position [26]. This may be resulted into increase in atomic size (volume of the atom) and reduced nuclear charge per unit volume in treated cadmium. On the other hand, the increased atomic weight and decreased nuclear charge per unit volume suggest that the proton to neutron ratio may alter in treated cadmium powder. Thus, it is postulated that a weak reversible reaction may be induced through biofield treatment, which includes proton-neutron and neutrinos and that possibly resultant into alteration of neutron to proton ratio [24]. In addition, the crystallite size was changed from 143.41 nm (control) to 143.39, 86.03, 47.77, and 143.22nm in T1, T2, T3, and T4 samples, respectively (Figure 3). It indicates that no significant change in crystallite size was found in T1 and T4 sample, but it was significantly reduced in T2 and T3 sample by 50.01 and 66.69% respectively, as compared to control. It is hypothesized that high volumetric strain observed in cadmium unit cell which may deformed the crystallite, which further led to subgrain formation and reduced crystallite size. Thus, XRD data revealed that biofield treatment has significantly changed the atomic and structural properties of cadmium powder.

T1, T2, T3 and T4: Treated group

Table 1: X-ray diffraction analysis of cadmium powder.
Thermal analysis
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to determine the latent heat of fusion and melting point in cadmium samples, and the results are presented in Table 2 and Figure 4. In a solid, substantial amount of interaction force exists in atomic bonds to hold the atoms at their positions. Latent heat of fusion is defined as the energy required to overcome this interaction force to change the phase and it is stored as potential energy of atoms. However, melting point is related to kinetic energy of the atoms [27]. Based on the XRD result, DSC was carried out for control, T1, T2 and T3 samples. Data showed that latent heat of fusion was changed from 48.8 J/g (control) to 47.08, 49.81, and 40.77 J/g in T1, T2, and T3 sample respectively, as compared to control. It indicates that latent heat of fusion was decreased by 3.5 and 16.45% in T1 and T3 sample, respectively as compared to control. On the contrary the latent heat of fusion was slightly increased by 2.06 % in treated T2 as compared to control (Figure 4). Our group has previously reported that biofield treatment has reduced the latent heat of fusion in lead powder [28]. The reduction of latent heat of fusion after biofield treatment indicates that treated cadmium sample might have some extra potential energy as compared to control. Thus, it is postulated that, biofield treatment might have transferred energy to cadmium powder, which stored as potential energy of atoms. Due to the presence to extra potential energy in treated cadmium atoms, it may require less (as compared to control) amount of heat to change the phase from solid to liquid and reduced latent heat of fusion. Furthermore, data showed that melting point of cadmium was 322.22, 323.07, 322.39, and 322.74°C in control, T1, T2, and T3 respectively. This data suggest that no significant change was found in melting point of treated cadmium powder, as compared to control. It indicates that the thermal vibrations and kinetic energy of the atoms may not be affected through biofield treatment Therefore, it is expected that energy transferred through biofield treatment probably stored as potential energy rather than kinetic energy in treated cadmium powder. Hence, DSC data suggest that biofield treatment has altered the thermal properties of cadmium powder.

Figure 1: Effect of biofield treatment on lattice parameter, unit cell volume and atomic weight of cadmium powder. Figure 2: Effect of biofield treatment on nuclear charge per unit volume and density of cadmium powder. Figure 3: Effect of biofield treatment on crystalline size of treated cadmium powder. Figure 4: Effect of biofield treatment on latent heat of fusion of cadmium powder.

T1, T2, T3: Treated group

Table 2: Thermal properties of cadmium powder.

Table 3: Particle size and surface area of cadmium powder.
Particle size and surface area analysis
Particle size and surface area result of cadmium powder powder are presented in Table 3 and Figure 5. Data showed that the average particle size, d ₅₀ was significantly reduced from 70.3 μm (control) to 36.7 μm in treated cadmium powder. Particle size, d ₉₉ was reduced from 204.7 μm (control) to 121.3 μm. It indicates that d ₅₀ and d ₉₉ were reduced by 47.79 and 40.7% respectively in treated cadmium powder as compared to control. This could be due to fragmentation of larger particles into smaller particles. However, in order to break the particles, a sufficient amount of stress energy is required that depends upon the size of the particles i.e. the smaller the particles, larger the energy needed [29,30]. Thus, it is assumed that this required stress energy might be provided to cadmium particles during energy milling through biofield treatment [31]. Moreover, the significant decrease in particles size of treated cadmium powder possibly resulted in an increase in surface area by 156.36% as compared to control. Similar results of particle size reduction in titanium and antimony had been reported by our group in previous studies [11,12]. Moreover, in nickelcadmium batteries, cadmium is used as negative electrode plate, which oxidised and release electrons during discharging, thus reduction in particle size of cadmium powder after biofield treatment may increases the specific energy of batteries [32, 33] Furthermore, Iden et al reported that increase in surface area improves the kinetics of electrochemical reactions in batteries [34]. Thus, it is assumed that biofield treated cadmium could be more useful in electrochemical application as compared to control.
Scanning electron microscopy
Figure 6 shows the SEM micrographs of control and treated cadmium powder. The micrograph showed spherical shaped particles in control and treated cadmium powder. Particles were in the size range of 1-40 μm and 1-30 μm in control and treated cadmium powder, respectively. It indicates that coarse cadmium particles might be breakdown into finer and that led to reduced particle size. Besides, large number of facets were observed over the surface of treated cadmium particles, as compared to control. It could be due to energy milling through biofield treatment. In addition, satellite boundaries were observed in control and treated cadmium powder and fractured surface were found after biofield treatment.

Figure 5: Effect of biofield treatment on particle size d50, d99 and surface area on cadmium powder (T1).

Figure 6: SEM micrographs of cadmium powder at 500x (a) control (b) treated (T1).
Conclusion
In summary, XRD results showed that crystallite size was decreased by 66.69% in treated cadmium as compared to control that might be due to subgrain formation inside the crystallites through high internal strain. Thermal analysis data revealed that the latent heat of fusion was reduced by 16.45% in treated cadmium as compared to control. It is hypothesized that energy might be transferred through biofield treatment to cadmium atoms and stored in metal as potential energy. Thus, higher potential energy in treated cadmium led to reduced latent heat of fusion. Besides, average particle size was significantly reduced in treated cadmium by 47.7%, as compared to control, which resulted into increase surface area upto 156.36 % after biofield treatment. Moreover, the cadmium with smaller particle size, and high surface area in electrode could improve the kinetics of electrochemical reactions. Therefore it is assumed that biofield treated cadmium could be more useful in nickel-cadmium batteries in electrochemical industries.
Acknowledgement
The authors gratefully acknowledge to Dr. Cheng Dong of NLSC, Institute of Physics and Chinese academy of sciences for providing the facilities to use PowderX software for analyzing XRD results.

The generous support of Trivedi Science, Trivedi Master Wellness and Trivedi Testimonials is gratefully acknowledged.
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12.Dhabade VV, Tallapragada RM, Trivedi MK (2009) Effect of external energy on atomic, crystalline and powder characteristics of antimony and bismuth powders. Bull Mater Sci 32: 471-479.
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14.Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2015) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of aluminium powders. Ind Eng Manage 4: 151.
15.Trivedi MK, Patil S, Bhardwaj Y (2008) Impact of an external energy on Staphylococcus epidermis [ATCC 13518] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions - An experimental study. J Accord Integr Med 4: 230-235.
16.Trivedi MK, Patil S (2008) Impact of an external energy on Yersinia enterocolitica [ATCC -23715] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions: An experimental study. Internet J Alternat Med 6.
17.Trivedi MK, Patil S, Bhardwaj Y (2009) Impact of an external energy on Enterococcus faecalis [ATCC - 51299] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions - An experimental study. J Accord Integr Med 5: 119-130.
18.Patil S, Nayak GB, Barve SS, Tembe RP, Khan RR, et al. (2012) Impact of biofield treatment on growth and anatomical characteristics of Pogostemon cablin (Benth). Biotechnology 11: 154-162.
19.Altekar N, Nayak G (2015) Effect of biofield treatment on plant growth and adaptation. J Environ Health Sci 1: 1-9.
20.Shinde V, Sances F, Patil S, Spence A (2012) Impact of biofield treatment on growth and yield of lettuce and tomato. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 6: 100-105.
21.Lenssen AW (2013) Biofield and fungicide seed treatment influences on soybean productivity, seed quality and weed community. Agricultural Journal 8: 138-143.
22.Sances F, Flora E, Patil S, Spence A, Shinde V, et al. (2013) Impact of biofield treatment on ginseng and organic blueberry yield. Agrivita J Agric Sci 35.
23.Dercz G, Prusik K, Pajak L (2008) X-ray and SEM studies on zirconia powders. JAMME 31: 408-414.
24.Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2013) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of vanadium pentoxide powder. J Material Sci Eng S11: 001.
25.Sirdeshmukh DB, Subhadra KG, Hussain KA, Krishna NG, Rao BR, et al. (1993) X-ray study of strained CdTe powders. Cryst Res Technol 28: 15-18.
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27.Moore WJ (2010) Chemistry: The molecular science (4thedn.) Brooks Cole.
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29.Ohenoja K (2014) Particle size distribution and suspension stability in aqueous submicron grinding of CaCO3 and TiO2. Master Thesis, University of Oulu Finland.
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31.Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2014) Atomic, crystalline and powder characteristics of treated zirconia and silica powders. J Material Sci Eng 3: 144.
32.Grugeon S, Laruelle S, Herrera-Urbina R, Dupont L, Poizot P, et al. (2001) Particle Size Effects on the Electrochemical Performance of Copper Oxides toward Lithium. J Electrochem Soc 148: A285-A292.
33.Du W, Gupta A, Zhang X, Sastry AM, Shyy W, et al. (2010) Effect of cycling rate, particle size and transport properties on lithium-ion cathode performance. Int J of Heat & Mass Transf 53: 3552-3561.
34.Iden H, and Kucernak AR (2014) Analysis of effective surface area for electrochemical reaction derived from mass transport property. J Electroanal Chem 734: 61-69.
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Thermal, Structural Properties of Cadmium, XRD, Particle Size Analysis

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Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Gopal Nayak , Shrikant Patil , Rama Mohan Tallapragada , Omprakash Latiyal , and Snehasis Jana DOI: 10.4172/2157-7544.1000147 ISSN: 2157-7544 Citation Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O et al.(2015) An Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Thermal, Physical and Structural Properties of Cadmium Powder.

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	 The Trivedi Effect on Properties of Chromium (VI) Oxide Powder
	

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	 The Trivedi Effect on Properties of Chromium (VI) Oxide Powder
	

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Chromium (VI) oxide has gained extensive attention due to its versatile physical and chemical properties. The objective of the this study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on physical, thermal and structural properties of CrO3 powder.

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Powder Metallurgy & Mining
Received August 10, 2015; Accepted August 11, 2015; Published August 18,2015

Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, et al.(2015) Characterization of Physical, Thermal and Structural Properties of Chromium (VI) Oxide Powder: Impact of Biofield Treatment. J Powder Metall Min 4: 128. doi:10.4172/2168-9806.1000128

Characterization of Physical, Thermal and Structural Properties of Chromium (VI) Oxide Powder: Impact of Biofield Treatment

Manuscript Link:
http://www.omicsgroup.org/journals/characterization-of-physical-thermal-and-structural-properties-of-chromium-vi-oxide-powder-impact-of-biofield-treatment-2168-9806-1000128.pdf

Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Rama Mohan Tallapragada, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Omprakash Latiyal, and Snehasis Jana *

DOI: 10.4172/2168-9806.1000128 ISSN: 2168-9806
Citation
Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, et al.(2015) Characterization of Physical, Thermal and Structural Properties of Chromium (VI) Oxide Powder: Impact of Biofield Treatment. J Powder Metall Min 4: 128. doi:10.4172/2168-9806.1000128
Abstract
Chromium (VI) oxide (CrO ₃) has gained extensive attention due to its versatile physical and chemical properties. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on physical, thermal and structural properties of CrO ₃ powder. In this study, CrO ₃ powder was divided into two parts i.e. control and treatment. Control part was remained as untreated and treated part received Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment. Subsequently, control and treated CrO ₃ samples were characterized using Thermo gravimetric analysis-differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). DTA showed that the melting point of treated CrO ₃ was increased upto 212.65°C (T3) as compared to 201.43°C in control. In addition, the latent heat of fusion was reduced upto 51.70% in treated CrO ₃ as compared to control. TGA showed the maximum thermal decomposition temperature (T max) around 330°C, was increased upto 340.12°C in treated CrO ₃ sample. XRD data revealed that lattice parameter and unit cell volume of treated CrO ₃ samples were reduced by 0.25 and 0.92% respectively, whereas density was increased by 0.93% in treated CrO ₃ sample as compared to control. The crystallite size of treated CrO ₃ was increased from 46.77 nm (control) to 60.13 nm after biofield treatment. FT-IR spectra showed the absorption peaks corresponding to Cr=O at 906 and 944 cm⁻¹ in control, which were increased to 919 and 949 cm ¬1 in treated CrO ₃ after biofield treatment. Overall, these results suggest that biofield treatment has substantially altered the physical, thermal and structural properties of CrO ₃ powder.

Keywords: Biofield treatment; Chromium (VI) oxide powder; X-Ray diffraction; Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy; TGA-DTA
Introduction
Chromium oxides gain significant attention due to their diverse technological application in various industries. Chromium based oxides are used in various chemical reactions due to their wide range of oxidations states, it includes CrO ₂, Cr ₂O ₃, Cr ₂O ₅ and CrO ₃ etc [1].Out of these, chromium oxides, CrO ₃ is an important compound for automobile industries due to its high corrosion resistance properties. In these industries, CrO ₃ is used for plating the chromium on car body and other auto components. In addition, it is a strong oxidising agent,which enables it to be used in various pharmaceutical and chemical industries [2,3]. It is also reported that Cr (VI) complexes exhibit the antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria [4].In crystal structure of CrO ₃, its molecules form the chains of CrO ₄ tetrahedra, which are linked at corner oxygen [5]. Furthermore, the crystal structure parameters such as lattice parameter, unit cell volume of CrO ₃ play a crucial role in modulating its chemical and physical properties. Thus, based on the above applications of CrO ₃ powder,authors planned to investigate an approach that could modify its physical, thermal and structural properties.

In physics, energy is a property of object which can be transferred to other objects, but it neither be created nor be destroyed. Albert Einstein proposed the relationship between mass and energy i.e. E=mc ² [6]. This energy can be transferred through various processes such as thermal, chemical, kinetic, nuclear etc. Similarly, human nervous system consists of neurons, which have the ability to transmit information in the form of electrical signals [7-9]. Due to this, a human has ability to harness the energy from environment/universe and can transmit into any object (living or non-living) around the Globe. The object(s) always receive the energy and responded into useful way that is called biofield energy. This process is termed as biofield treatment. Mr. Trivedi's unique biofield treatment (The Trivedi Effect ®) is known to alter the physical, structural and atomic characteristic in various metals [10-12] and ceramics [13]. Additionally, the impact of biofield treatment has been studied extensively in various fields such as microbiology [14,15],biotechnology [16,17], and agriculture [18-20]. Moreover, biofield treatment has significantly altered the particle size and crystallite size in zinc powder upto six and two folds, respectively [21]. In addition, it has substantially altered the unit cell volume and molecular weight in vanadium pentoxide [13]. Thus, based on the literature and excellent outcomes of biofield treatment, authors interested to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on physical, thermal and structural properties of CrO ₃ powder.
Materials and Methods
The CrO ₃ powder was purchased from Sigma Aldrich, India. The sample was equally divided into two parts, considered as control and treated. Treated group was in sealed pack and handed over to Mr. Trivedi for biofield treatment under laboratory condition. Mr. Trivedi provided the biofield treatment through his energy transmission process to the treated group without touching the sample. The control and treated samples were characterized using Thermo gravimetric analysis-differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR).
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis-Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA-DTA)
Thermal analysis of control and treated CrO ₃ was analysed using Mettler Toledo simultaneous TGA and Differential thermal analyser (DTA). The samples were heated from room temperature to 400°C with a heating rate of 5°C/min under air atmosphere. From DTA, melting point and latent heat of fusion (ΔH) were computed using integral area under peaks. Thermal decomposition temperature (T max) was recorded from TGA curve. Percent change in melting point was calculated using following equation:

Where, T Control and T Treated are the melting point of control and treated samples, respectively.

Similarly, percent change in ΔH and T max were calculated.
X-ray Diffraction study (XRD)
XRD analysis of control and treated CrO ₃ powder was carried out on Phillips, Holland PW 1710 X-ray diffractometer system, which had a copper anode with nickel filter. The radiation of wavelength used by the XRD system was 1.54056Å. The data obtained from this XRD were in the form of a chart of 2θ vs. intensity and a detailed table containing peak intensity counts, d value (Å), peak width (θ°), relative intensity (%) etc. Additionally, PowderX software was used to calculate lattice parameter and unit cell volume of CrO ₃ powder samples. Weight of the unit cell was calculated as, molecular weight multiplied by the number of atoms present in a unit cell.

The crystallite size (G) was calculated by using formula:

G=kλ/(bCosθ),

Here, λ is the wavelength of radiation used, b is full width half maximum (FWHM) and k is the equipment constant (0.94).Furthermore, the percent change in the lattice parameter was calculated using following equation:

Where A Control and A Treated are the lattice parameter of treated and control samples respectively. Similarly, the percent change in all other parameters such as unit cell volume, density, molecular weight, and crystallite size were calculated.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR)
FT-IR spectroscopic analysis was carried out to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment at atomic and molecular level like bond strength, stability, and rigidity of structure etc. [22]. FT-IR analysis of control and treated CrO ₃ samples was performed on Shimadzu, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer with frequency range of 300- 4000 cm⁻¹ was used.
Results and Discussion Thermo Gravimetric Analysis-Differential Thermal Analysis(TGA-DTA)
Thermal analysis of control and treated CrO ₃ samples was performed using TGA-DTA and results are presented in Table 1. DTA result showed that melting point of control sample was 201.43°C in control, however it was changed to 204.28°C, 204.24°C, 212.65°C and 200.88°C in treated CrO ₃ samples T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. It indicated that melting point was increased by 1.41, 1.40, and 5.57% in T1, T2, and T3, respectively, whereas a slight change (-0.27%) was observed in T4, as compared to control. Furthermore, data also showed that the simultaneous DTA (SDTA) integral area (denoted as negative value) at melting point was 235.53, 252.69, 235.13, 414.03, and 142.22 s °C in control, T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively (Table 1). Further, SDTA integral values were used to compute the latent heat of fusion of control and treated CrO ₃ samples. The latent heat of fusion (ΔH) was 486.87J/g in control, whereas it was changed to 507.37, 274.04, 235.15, and 433.09 J/g in T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. Thus, data suggest that ΔH was increased by 4.21% in T1, however it was decreased by 43.71, 51.70, and 11.05% in T2, T3 and T4, respectively as compared to control. The melting point is fundamentally related with the kinetic energy and thermal vibration of the molecules, whereas latent heat of fusion is relates with the potential energy of molecules. Thus, the changes in melting point and ΔH after biofield treatment indicated that biofield treatment probably altered the kinetic and potential energy of the CrO ₃ molecules. It is assumed the bio field treatment might transfer the energy to treated sample, which probably altered the internal energy of the molecules. Besides, the thermal decomposition temperature (T max) was observed at 330°C in control and it was increased to 335, 336.98, 333.4, and 340.1°C in T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. It could be due to decomposition of CrO ₃ to Cr ₂O ₅ and Cr ₃O ₈. It is reported that in thermal decomposition process of CrO3, first converts to Cr2O5 followed by Cr ₃O ₈ [23]. Further, data suggest that Tmax was increased by 1.52, 2.12, 1.02, and 3.07% in T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively as compared to control. It could be due to increase in thermal stability of treated CrO ₃ samples after biofield treatment. In this process, samples lost around 13.28, 14.49, 82.57, 10.48, and 6.03% of its weight in control, T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively. Recently, it was reported that biofield treatment has altered the percent weight loss in treated lead and tin powders [12]. The percent of weight loss of CrO ₃ powder sample was higher in T1, T2, and T3 but lesser in T4, as compared to control. It could be due to change in intermolecular interaction and thermal stability in treated CrO ₃ after biofield treatment. Hence, TGADTA study revealed that biofield treatment has significantly altered the thermal properties of CrO ₃ powder.
X-ray Diffraction study (XRD)
XRD pattern of control and treated CrO ₃ samples are presented in Figure 1. The control sample peaks in XRD pattern were observed at 2θ=21.33°, 26.01°, 26.42°, 31.16°, 37.53°, 37.97°, and 40.03° which were supported by literature data of CrO ₃ [24]. However, XRD of treated CrO ₃ sample exhibited peaks at 2θ=21.39°, 26.13°, 26.51°, 31.32°, 37.63°, and 38.11°. The intense peaks in XRD pattern of control and treated CrO ₃ samples suggested its crystalline nature. Further, the crystal structure parameter such as lattice parameter, and unit cell volume were calculated using PowderX software and their percent change with respect to control are presented in Figure 2. Data showed that the lattice parameter and unit cell volume was reduced by 0.25 and 0.92%, respectively as compared to control. The change in unit cell volume can be considered as volumetric strain. Herein, negative volumetric strain found in treated CrO ₃ indicated that biofield treatment possibly induced compressive stress along the lattice parameter "a" that led to reduced unit cell volume in treated sample. Recently, alteration in unit cell volume and lattice parameter in zinc oxide, iron oxide and copper oxides using biofield treatment was reported by our group [25]. In addition, the density of treated CrO ₃ was increased by 0.93% and molecular weight was reduced by 0.92% as compared to control. It could be possible if number of protons and neutron altered after biofield treatment. Thus, it is hypothesized that a weak reversible nuclear level reaction including neutrons-protons and neutrinos might occur in treated CrO ₃ powders after biofield treatment [26]. Besides, the crystallite size was calculated using Scherrer formula is presented in Table 2. Data showed that crystallite size was 46.77 nm in control, whereas it was increased to 60.13 nm in treated sample. It suggested that crystallite size was increased by 28.57% as compared to control. Previously, our group reported that biofield treatment has increase the crystallite size in silicon dioxide [27], silicon carbide [28] and antimony [29]. Furthermore, in order to increase the crystallite size, sufficient amount of energy is required to move the crystallite boundaries. Thus, it is hypothesised that the energy required for this process might be transferred through biofield treatment and that might be responsible for increase in crystallite size. Hence, XRD data revealed that biofield treatment has altered the physical and structural properties of CrO ₃ powder.

Table 1: TGA-DTA analysis of chromium (VI) oxide powder.

Figure 1: XRD pattern of chromium (VI) oxide powder. (a) Control and (b) Treated.

Figure 2: Effect of biofield treatment on lattice parameter, unit cell volume,density, and molecular weight of treated chromium (VI) oxide powder as compared to control.

Figure 3: FT-IR spectrum of chromium (VI) oxide powder. (a) Control and (b) Treated.

Table 2: Effect of biofield treatment on crystallite size chromium (VI) oxide powder.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR)
FT-IR spectrum of control and treated are shown in Figure 3. IR spectra exhibited the absorption peaks at 496, 736, 906, and 944 cm⁻¹ in control, whereas these peaks were shifted to higher wavenumber i.e. 501, 741, 919, and 949 cm⁻¹ in treated CrO ₃ spectra. The peaks at 906 and 944 cm⁻¹ in control and 919 and 949 cm⁻¹ in treated CrO ₃ can be attributed to chromyl (Cr=O) vibrations [30]. The wavenumber observed in IR spectra is directly proportional to bond force constant. Thus it is assumed that the increase in wave number for Cr =O vibration could be due to increase in bond force constant after biofield treatment. In our previous study on iron oxide, biofield treatment had altered the bond strength of Fe-O bond [25]. Thus, it is hypothesized that the energy transferred through biofield treatment probably enhanced the Cr=O bond strength in treated CrO ₃ molecules, which may lead to increase bond force constant, thus increase the wavenumber. In addition, the increase in Cr=O bond strength could increase the stability of CrO ₃ molecules. It is also supported by increase in thermal stability of treated CrO ₃ after biofield treatment.
Conclusion
The thermal analysis of CrO ₃ using TGA-DTA revealed that biofield treatment has altered the melting point, ΔH, and Tmax. The melting point was increased upto 5.57% in treated CrO ₃, whereas ΔH was reduced upto 51.70% in treated as compared to control. It is assumed that biofield treatment probably altered the internal energy of treated CrO ₃ samples, which may lead to alter the melting point and ΔH. In addition, Tmax was slightly increased up to 3.077% as compared to control. Besides, XRD data exhibited the alteration in lattice parameter, unit cell volume, density, and molecular weight in treated CrO ₃ as compared to control. The crystallite size of treated CrO ₃ sample was increased by 28.57% as compared to control. It may be due to movement of crystallite boundaries through biofield energy, which probably transferred via biofield treatment. FT-IR spectra revealed that the absorption peaks were shifted from 906 and 944 cm-1 (control) to higher wavenumber i.e. 919 and 949 cm-1 in treated CrO ₃ sample. It could be due to increase of bond force constant of Cr=O bond after biofield treatment. Overall, study results suggest that biofield treatment has significantly altered the thermal, physical and structural properties of CrO ₃ powder. It is also assumed that biofield treated CrO ₃ could be useful for chrome plating applications in automobile industries.
Acknowledgement
Authors gratefully acknowledged to Dr. Cheng Dong of NLSC, Institute of Physics, and Chinese academy of Sciences for providing the facilities to use PowderX software for analyzing XRD data. Authors also would like to thank Trivedi Science, Trivedi master wellness and Trivedi testimonials for their support during the work.
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5. Stephens JS, Cruickshank DWJ (1970) The crystal structure of (CrO ₃) ∞. Acta Cryst B26: 222-226.
6. Einstein A (1905) Does the inertia of a body depend upon its energy-content. Annalen der Physik 18: 639-641.
7. Becker RO, Selden G (1985) The body electric: Electromagnetism and the foundation of life. William Morrow and Company, New York City, USA.
8. Barnes RB (1963) Thermography of the human body. Science 140: 870-877.
9. Born M (1971) The Born-Einstein Letters (1stedn). Walker and Company, New York.
10. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2012) Thought intervention through bio field changing metal powder characteristics experiments on powder characteristics at a PM plant. Future Control and Automation LNEE 173: 247-252.
11. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2015) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of aluminium powders. Ind Eng Manage 4: 151.
12. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2013) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of silicon, tin and lead powders. J Material Sci Eng 2: 125.
13. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2013) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of vanadium pentoxide powder. J Material Sci Eng S11: 001.
14. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Gangwar M, Jana S (2015) Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of Pseudomonas fluorescens after biofield treatment. J Infect Dis Ther 3: 222.
15. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Bairwa K, Jana S (2015) Phenotypic and biotypic characterization of Klebsiella oxytoca: An impact of biofield treatment. J Microb Biochem Technol 7: 203-206.
16. Patil SA, Nayak GB, Barve SS, Tembe RP, Khan RR (2012) Impact of biofield treatment on growth and anatomical characteristics of Pogostemon cablin (Benth). Biotechnology 11: 154-162.
17. Altekar N, Nayak G (2015) Effect of biofield treatment on plant growth and adaptation. J Environ Health Sci 1: 1-9.
18. Shinde V, Sances F, Patil S, Spence A (2012) Impact of biofield treatment on growth and yield of lettuce and tomato. Aust J Basic and Appl Sci 6: 100-105.
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20. Sances F, Flora E, Patil S, Spence A, Shinde V (2013) Impact of biofield treatment on ginseng and organic blueberry yield. Agrivita J Agric Sci 35.
21. Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM (2008) A transcendental to changing metal powder characteristics. Met Powder Rep 63: 22-28.
22. Pavia DL, Lampman GM, Kriz GS (2001) Introduction to spectroscopy (3rdedn) Thomson Learning, Singapore.
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# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Trivedi Effect Impact on Chromium (VI) Oxide Properties

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Powder Metallurgy & Mining Received August 10, 2015; Accepted August 11, 2015; Published August 18,2015 Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, et al.(2015) Characterization of Physical, Thermal and Structural Properties of Chromium (VI) Oxide Powder: Impact of Biofield Treatment. J Powder Metall Min 4: 128.

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	 The Trivedi Effect Impact on Characterization of Brass Powder
	

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	 The Trivedi Effect Impact on Characterization of Brass Powder
	

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Brass, an alloy mainly consist of copper and zinc, is widely used in various industries. Present study aims was to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment on structural and physical properties of brass powder.

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Brass, a copper-zinc (Cu-Zn) alloy has gained extensive attention in industries due to its high corrosion resistance, machinability and strength to weight ratio. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment on structural and physical properties of brass powder. The brass powder sample was divided into two parts: control and treated. The treated part was subjected to Mr.Trivedi's biofield treatment. Control and treated brass powder were characterized using particle size analyser, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The result showed that the average particle size, d 50 and d ₉₉ (size below which 99% particles were present) were reduced up to 44.3% and 56.4%, respectively as compared to control. XRD result revealed that the unit cell volume in treated brass powder was increased up to 0.19% as compared to control. Besides, the crystallite size of brass powder was significantly increased up to 100.5% as compared to control, after biofield treatment. Furthermore, SEM microscopy showed welded particles in control powder, however fractured surfaces were observed in treated sample. In FT-IR spectra, new peak at 685 cm⁻¹ was observed after biofield treatment as compared to control that might be due to alteration in bonding properties in treated brass sample. These findings suggest that the biofield treatment has significantly altered the physical and structural properties of brass powder.

Keywords: Biofield treatment; Brass; X-ray diffraction; Fourier transform infrared; Particle size; Scanning electron microscopy
Introduction
Brass, an alloy mainly consist of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), is widely used in various industries because of their good formability, high corrosion resistance, strength to weight ratio, and ductility. Auto industries are always in need of light and strong automotive parts. Thus, it is possible to manufacture several parts and products for automobile applications using the brass alloy. Furthermore, high strength brass alloy contains some additional elements such as iron, manganese, tin, etc. These elements form a brittle inter metallic compound in brass, which increase the strength of the alloy but reduce the ductility and machinability [1]. During manufacturing of any parts in industries, the ductility and machinability plays a major role. On the other hand, the mechanical properties such as strength and ductility in the metal alloy are influenced by crystallite size and its distribution [2]. Currently, the crystallite size in nano material is controlled by using various heat treatment processes at certain temperature [3,4]. It is also reported that optimizing the crystallite size in material gives the desired magnetic properties [2]. Furthermore, the heat treatment processes require costly equipment set up and high power supply, to modulate the mechanical properties. Thus, after considering the properties of brass and cost aspect, authors wanted to investigate an alternative and economically safe approach that could be beneficial in global application to modify the physical and structural properties of the brass powder.

The law of mass-energy inter-conversion has existed in the literature for more than 300 years for which first idea was given by Fritz, after that Einstein derived the well-known equation E=mc ² for light and mass [5,6]. However, the conversion of mass into energy is fully verified, but the inverse of this relation, i.e. energy into mass has not yet verified scientifically. Moreover, the energy exists in various forms such as kinetic, potential, electrical, magnetic, nuclear etc. which have been generated from different sources. Similarly, the human nervous system consists of neurons, which have the ability to transmit information in the form of electrical signals [7-10]. Thus, a human has the ability to harness the energy from environment/universe and can transmit into any object (living or non-living) around the Globe. The object(s) always receive the energy and responded into useful way that is called biofield energy. This process is known as biofield treatment. Mr. Trivedi's Biofield Treatment (The Trivedi Effect(R)) has been applied to transform the structural, physical and chemical properties of various metals and ceramics [11-18]. In material science, this biofield treatment has substantially decreased the particle size by 71% in zirconium oxide [17] and increased the crystallite size up to 66% in vanadium pentoxide(V ₂O ₅) [16]. The biofield treatment has also transformed the physical and molecular characteristics in several other fields like biotechnology [19,20], microbiology [21-23], and agriculture [24-26].

Based on the outstanding results achieved by biofield treatment on different materials and considering the industrial significance of brass powder, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on physical and structural properties of brass powder.
Experimental
Brass powder was procured from Alfa Aesar, USA. The brass powder sample was equally distributed into two parts, one part was considered as control and another part was subjected to Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment, referred as treated. The control and treated samples were characterized by using particle size analyzer, X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy.
Particle size analysis
For particle size analysis, Laser particle size analyzer SYMPATEC HELOS-BF was used with a detection range of 0.1-875 μm. The particle size data was collected in the chart form of particle size vs. cumulative percentage. Average particle size, d ₅₀ and d ₉₉ (size below which 99%, particles are present) were calculated from the particle size distribution curve. The percent changes in particle size were calculated using following equations:

Where, (d ₅₀) Control and (d ₅₀) Treated are the particle size, d ₅₀ of control and treated samples respectively.

Where, (d ₉₉) Control and (d ₉₉) Treated are the particle size, d ₉₉ of control and treated samples.

For particle size evaluation, treated part was further divided into four equal parts, referred as T1, T2, T3, and T4.
X-ray diffraction study
XRD analysis was carried out on Phillips, Holland PW 1710 X-ray diffractometer system, which had a copper anode with nickel filter. The radiation of wavelength used by this XRD system was 1.54056 Å. The data obtained from this XRD were in the form of a chart of 2θ vs. intensity and a detailed table containing peak intensity counts, d value (Å), peak width (θ°), relative intensity (%) etc. Additionally, Powder X software was used to calculate lattice parameter and unit cell volume.

The crystallite size (L) was calculated by using formula:

L = kλ/(bCosθ),

Here, λ is the wavelength of radiation used and k is the equipment constant (=0.94), b is full width half maximum of peak (FWHM). The percentage change in all parameters such as lattice parameter, unit cell volume and crystallite size were calculated using the following equations:

Percent change in lattice parameter=[(a t-a c)/a c] ×100

Where, a c and a t are lattice parameter value of control and treated powder samples respectively

Percent change in unit cell volume=[(V t-V c)/V c] ×100

Where, V c and V t are the unit cell volume of control and treated powder samples respectively

Percent change in crystallite size=[(L t-L c)/L c] ×100

Where, L c and L t are crystallite size of control and treated powder samples respectively. XRD analysis was carried out for control and treated T1, T2, T3 and T4 brass samples.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
Structure and surface morphology are the unique properties of brass powder. Control and treated brass was observed using JEOL JSM-6360 SEM instrument at 2000x magnification. Differences in the tendency of the particles to clump were easily seen at the lower magnifications, while variations in size and morphology become clearer at higher magnification [27].
FT-IR spectroscopy
FT-IR analysis of control and treated samples were performed on Shimadzu, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometer with frequency range of 4000-300 cm⁻¹.
Results and Discussion Particle size analysis
The particle size of control and treated brass powder are presented in Figures 1 and 2. It showed that the average particle size (d ₅₀) was 40 μm in control, whereas 22.9, 24.1, 22.3, and 37 μm in treated T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively (Figure 1). This indicates that the d ₅₀ was significantly reduced by 42.8, 39.8, 44.3, and 7.5% in T1, T2, T3, and T4 brass samples respectively, as compared to control. In addition, the particle size, d ₉₉ was 180.9, 90, 78.9, 88.3, 115.8 μm in control, T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. This indicates that d ₉₉ was substantially reduced by 50.2, 56.4, 51.2, and 36% in T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively, as compared to control (Figure 2). Overall, particle size analysis result revealed that the sizes of particles were reduced in all treated brass samples as compared to control. Furthermore, the significant reduction of particle size found in d ₅₀ and d ₉₉ suggest that percent of coarser particles in brass powder were reduced after biofield treatment. This could be possible if coarser particles were fractured into smaller particles after treatment. Hence, it is hypothesised that energy might be transferred to powder during biofield treatment, which probably induced the energy milling in brass powder. This energy milling in brass may lead to fracture the coarse particles and reduced particle size [13,14]. Further, in order to understand the effect of biofield treatment at structural and atomic level, XRD was carried out for control and treated samples of brass.

Figure 1. Effect of biofield treatment on particle size of brass powder.

Figure 2. Effect of biofield treatment on percent change in particle size of brass powder.

Figure 3. Effect of biofield treatment on lattice parameter and unit cell volume of brass powder.

Figure 4. Effect of biofield treatment on crystallite size of brass powder.
X-ray diffraction study
XRD analysis result of control and treated brass are illustrated in Figures 3-5. It was observed that lattice parameter and unit cell volume increased up to 0.06% and 0.19%, respectively as compared to control (Figure 3). Furthermore, it is well known that stress and volumetric strain have direct relationship as per Hooke's law, which is given as follow [28]:

σ=K ε

Where, σ is stress applied, K is bulk modulus, and ε is volumetric strain

Moreover, in this experiment, the treated sample showed volumetric strain (up to 0.19%) as compared to control, which indicates that a stress may have been applied through biofield treatment as per equation (1). Besides this, the crystallite size was increased from 44.4 nm (control) to 89 nm, 63.6 nm, 63.6 nm, and 63.6 nm in treated T1,T2, T3, and T4 respectively (Figure 4). This suggests that crystallite size of treated brass sample was significantly increased up to 100.5% (T1) as compared to control (Figure 5). This increase in crystallite size in treated brass powder may be due to re-orientation of neighbouring plane into same plane after biofield treatment. On the other hand, it is reported that a material with a large crystallite size shows more ductility than powder with fine nanostructures [29]. Thus, it is postulated that biofield treated brass powder with higher crystallite size might have higher ductility than control.
SEM analysis
On the basis of particle size result, the reduction was found maximum in T1 as compared to other groups, thus it was further analysed microscopically using SEM. Surface morphology of control and treated brass powder are shown in Figure 6. Control brass sample shows the atomized, tear drop shaped welded particles, whereas fractured at satellites and intra particle boundaries were observed in treated brass sample. It indicates that brass powder particles were fractured after biofield treatment. Similar kind of surface morphology was also observed in biofield treated lead powder [15]. Thus, it is speculated that the biofield treatment may induced stress energy that resulted into high energy milling. Further, this high energy milling probably induced fractures in the particles.

Figure 5. Effect of biofield treatment on percent change in crystallite size of brass.

Figure 6. The SEM image of (a) control and (b) treated brass powder (T1).
FT-IR spectroscopy
The FT-IR spectrum of control and treated sample (T1) of brass are presented in Figure 7. In IR spectra, the band observed at wave number 3450 cm⁻¹ (control) and 3439 cm⁻¹ (treated) were assigned to O-H stretching due to water absorption by samples. Band at wave number 1652 cm⁻¹ (control) and 1637 cm⁻¹ (treated) were attributed to H-O-H bending vibration [30]. The absorption peak at wave number 792 cm⁻¹ observed in control and treated sample was attributed to Zn-O-H and Cu-O-H vibrations. In addition, a new peak was found at wave number 685 cm⁻¹ in IR spectra of treated brass as compared to control that might be due to Cu ₂ O vibrations [31]. It is hypothesised that biofield energy may be acting at atomic level to cause this modification.

Figure 7. FT-IR spectrum of (a) Control and (b) Treated brass powder (T1). (T1).
Conclusion
Herein, study reports the influence of biofield treatment on brass powders at its structural and physical properties. A significant decrease in particles size up to 44.3% was found in treated brass as compared to control that may be due to fracturing of powder particles through high energy milling induced by biofield treatment. In addition, XRD data revealed that the biofield has substantially increased the crystallite size in treated brass powder up to 100.5% as compared to control. This increase in crystallite size in treated brass powder may result into higher ductility and machinability. Thus, it is postulated that biofield treatment could be applied to improve the mechanical properties of brass powder for automobile and transport equipment applications.
Acknowledgement
We thank Dr. Cheng Dong of NLSC, Institute of Physics, and Chinese academy of Sciences for their support in using Powder X software for analyzing X-ray Diffraction results.
Reference
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11. Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM (2008) A transcendental to changing metal powder characteristics. Met Powder Rep 63: 22-28, 31.
12. Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM (2009) Effect of super consciousness external energy on atomic, crystalline and powder characteristics of carbon allotrope powders. Mater Res Innov 13: 473-480.
13. Dhabade VV, Tallapragada RM, Trivedi MK (2009) Effect of external energy on atomic, crystalline and powder characteristics of antimony and bismuth powders. Bull Mater Sci 32: 471-479.
14. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2012) Thought Intervention through bio field changing metal powder characteristics experiments on powder characteristics at a PM plant. Proceeding of the 2nd International Conference on Future Control and Automation 2: 247-252.
15. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2013) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of silicon, tin and lead powders. J Material Sci Eng 2: 125.
16. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2013) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of vanadium pentoxide powder. J Material Sci Eng S11: 001.
17. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2014) Atomic, crystalline and powder characteristics of treated zirconia and silica powders. J Material Sci Eng 3: 144.
18. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2015) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of aluminium powders. Ind Eng Manage 4: 151.
19. Patil S, Nayak GB, Barve SS, Tembe RP, Khan RR (2012) Impact of biofield treatment on growth and anatomical characteristics of Pogostemon cablin (Benth.). Biotechnology 11: 154-162.
20. Altekar N, Nayak G (2015) Effect of biofield treatment on plant growth and adaptation. J Environ Health Sci 1: 1-9.
21. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Bhardwaj Y (2008) Impact of an external energy on Staphylococcus epidermis [ATCC -13518] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions - An experimental study. J Accord Integr Med 4: 230-235.
22. Trivedi MK, Patil S (2008) Impact of an external energy on Yersinia enterocolitica [ATCC -23715] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions: An experimental study. Internet J Alternat Med 6.
23. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Bhardwaj Y (2009) Impact of an external energy on Enterococcus faecalis [ATCC - 51299] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions - An experimental study. J Accord Integr Med 5: 119-130.
24. Shinde V, Sances F, Patil S, Spence A (2012) Impact of biofield treatment on growth and yield of lettuce and tomato. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 6: 100-105.
25. Lenssen AW (2013) Biofield and fungicide seed treatment influences on soybean productivity, seed quality and weed community. Agricultural Journal 8: 138-143.
26. Sances F, Flora E, Patil S, Spence A, Shinde V (2013) Impact of biofield treatment on ginseng and organic blueberry yield. Agrivita J Agric Sci 35.
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31. Zhang X, Wallinder IO, Leygraf C (2014) Mechanistic studies of corrosion product flaking on copper and copper-based alloys in marine environments. Corr Sci 85: 15-25.
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x ray diffraction analysis of brass powder

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Physical and Structural Characteristics of Brass Powder - The Trivedi Effect

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Brass, a copper-zinc (Cu-Zn) alloy has gained extensive attention in industries due to its high corrosion resistance, machinability and strength to weight ratio. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment on structural and physical properties of brass powder. The brass powder sample was divided into two parts: control and treated.

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	 The Impact of Trivedi Effect on Silicon Carbide
	

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	 The Impact of Trivedi Effect on Silicon Carbide
	

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The current study was undertaken to investigate the impact of Mahendra Trivedi's biofield energy treatment on physical, atomic, and structural properties of Silicon Carbide powder.

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Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Tallapragada RM, Patil S, Latiyal O and Jana S *

DOI: 10.4172/2168-9806.1000132 ISSN: 2168-9806
Citation
Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Tallapragada RM, Patil S, Latiyal O , et al. (2015) Effect of Biofield Treatment on Structural and Morphological Properties of Silicon Carbide . J Powder Metall Min 4 : 132. doi: 10.4172/2168-9806.1000132
Abstract
Silicon carbide (SiC) is a well-known ceramic due to its excellent spectral absorbance and thermo-mechanical properties. The wide band gap, high melting point and thermal conductivity of SiC is used in high temperature applications. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on physical, atomic, and structural characteristics of SiC powder. The control and biofield treated SiC powder was analysed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analyzer, surface area analyzer, and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy techniques with respect to control. The XRD pattern revealed that crystallite size was significantly increased by 40% in treated SiC as compared to control. The biofield treatment has induced changes in lattice parameter, density and molecular weight of atoms in the SiC powder. Particle size was increased upto 2.4% and the surface area was significantly reduced by 71.16% in treated SiC as compared to control. The FT-IR results indicated that the stretching vibrations frequency of silicon-carbon bond in treated SiC (925 cm⁻¹) was shifted towards lower frequency as compared to control (947 cm⁻¹). These findings suggest that biofield treatment has substantially altered the physical and structural properties of SiC powder.

Keywords: Biofield treatment; Silicon carbide; X-ray diffraction; FT- IR; Particle size; Surface area
Introduction
Ceramics have been used for many years in structural, abrasive and electronics devices; and mostly are metal oxides. However, nowadays new ceramics like nitrides, carbides also grab significant attention due to their unique characteristics, such as high melting point, hardness and excellent mechanical and electronic properties. The silicon carbide (SiC), naturally exists in about 250 crystalline forms [1]. Out of them, two most commonly recognized forms of SiC are: cubic (β-SiC) and hexagonal (α-SiC) (Figure 1). The α-SiC crystalline form exists : 2H-SiC, 4H-SiC, and 6H-SiC as per number of hexagonal layer present in a unit cell; for instance 6H-SiC have six layers [2,3]. In microelectronic devices, and high temperature applications, the energy band gap and electron mobility of SiC plays a crucial role, which are closely associated with its crystal structure, lattice strain, dislocations density and crystallinity [4]. The SiC powders can be synthesized via various processes such as Acheson process (solid state reaction between sand and coke at 2500 oC), liquid phase reactions, carbothermal reduction method, physical vapour deposition, pyrolysis, and chemical vapor deposition [5,6]. Most of the above processes require a very high temperature (>1500 o C) for better control over particle size, surface area and crystal structure of SiC. Recently, some other techniques such as high energy milling, mechanical alloying (or ball milling), reaction milling also have been employed to control the particle size, surface area and crystal structure parameters [7-9].

The biofield is a cumulative outcome of electric and magnetic field, exerted by the human body [10]. It is generates through some internal dynamic processes such as blood flow, lymph flow, brain and heart function in the human body. Recently, Mr. Trivedi's biofield has made significant breakthrough in various research areas such as material science [11-18], biotechnology [19,20], microbiology [21-23], and agriculture [24-26]. This biofield treatment had also changed the particle size, surface area and lattice parameters in various ceramic powders such as Vanadium Pentoxide (V ₂ O ₅ ), zirconium oxide (ZrO ₂),and silicon dioxide (SiO ₂) [16,17].

Based on the knowledge of existing literatures and considering the industrial significance of SiC, in present work an effort has been made to study the impact of biofield treatment on physical and structural properties of SiC.
Experimental
Silicon carbide (SiC) powder was procured from Sigma Aldrich, USA. The SiC powder sample was equally distributed into two parts. One part was considered as control and another part was subjected to Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment. The treated part was further divided into four groups T1, T2, T3 and T4 and accessed on different time period. The control and treated samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction study (XRD) particle size analyzer, surface area analyzer, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.
X-ray diffraction study (XRD)
XRD analysis was carried out on X-ray diffractometer Phillips, Holland PW 1710 system, which had a copper anode with nickel filter. The radiation of wavelength used by this XRD system was 1.54056 Å. The data obtained from XRD were in the form of a chart of 2θ vs. intensity and a detailed Table 1 containing peak intensity counts, d value (Å), peak width (θ0), relative intensity (%) etc. The PowderX software was used to calculate lattice parameter and unit cell volume. The crystallite size (G) was calculated by using formula:

G=kλ/(bCosθ),

Here, λ is the wavelength of radiation used and k is the equipment constant (=0.94). The molecular weight of a molecule was calculated as the sum of the atomic weight of all atoms. The atomic weight was calculated as the sum of the weight of all protons, neutrons and electrons present in the atom. The weight of the unit cell was computed as number of molecules present in a unit cell multiplied by the molecular weight of the molecules present. Whereas, the density was calculated as weight of the unit cell divided by volume of the unit cell. However, the percentage change in all parameters such as lattice parameter, unit cell volume, molecular weight, density, crystallite size was calculated using the following equation:

Percent change in parameter = [(a t-a c)/a c] ×100

Where, a c and a t are parameter value of control and treated powder samples respectively.
Particle size and surface area analysis
For particle size analysis, Laser particle size analyzer SYMPATEC HELOS-BF was used, which had a detection range of 0⋅1-875 μm. The particle size data was collected in the form of a chart of particle size vs. cumulative percentage. Surface area analyzer SMART SORB 90 BET was used for evaluation of surface area, which had a detection range of 0.1-1000 m ²/g.

Table 1: Atomic and structural parameters of control and treated silicon carbide (SiC) calculated from XRD patterns.

Table 2: The effect of biofield treatment on average particle size (d ₅₀) and d ₉₉.
FT-IR spectroscopy
FT-IR analysis was done on Shimadzu, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometer with frequency range of 300-4000 cm-1. The structural changes of control and treated samples T1, and T2 of SiC were evaluated on day 60 and day 100 respectively.
Results and Discussion X-ray diffraction study
The lattice parameter of unit cell, volume of unit cell and densities of SiC were computed from XRD diffractogram using Powder X software, and results are reported in Table 2, Figures 2 and 3. It was found that lattice parameter of unit cell was reduced upto 0.17% in treated sample as compared to control (Figure 2). The decrease in lattice parameter in treated sample led to decrease in volume of unit cell up to 0.34% and consequently increased the density by 0.354% in treated SiC as compared to control (Figure 2). Furthermore, the percent change in lattice parameter and volume of unit cell in other treated SiC samples were found negative (Figure 4), which indicates that compressive stress may be applied on unit cell of SiC [27]. This compressive stress may be generated due to high energy milling through biofield treatment. Furthermore, the strain was existed even 130 days after biofield treatment (T4), which indicates that treated powder had compressive residual stress (Figure 2). Generally, residual stress occurs either through crystal structural change or plastic deformation. Since XRD result showed negative strain; and same crystal structure in control and treated SiC powder, which indicates that this compressive residual stress may be due to plastic deformation in treated SiC powder. Furthermore, the increased density should increase the molecular weight, but it was not observed in our experiment. Rather, the molecular weight of treated SiC sample was reduced by 0.354% as compared to control (Figure 2). It indicates that the number of protons/neutrons may alter after biofield treatment. It can be possible if weak reversible nuclear reaction takes place in treated SiC [28]. Moreover, the crystallite size (coherently scattering domains size) was reduced by 12.70% in treated T1 as compared to control (Figure 3). The presence of internal compressive lattice strain in SiC could be responsible to move the dislocations to the slip planes and built in stress concentration. This stress concentration might be increased to such extent and resulted into fracture the crystal at the sub boundaries and decreased crystallite size. Contrarily, the crystallite size was enlarged by 40.06%, 16.70%, and 16.71% in treated samples T2, T3 and T4 respectively (Figure 3). The increased crystallite size may be due to the crystallite growth through the movement of crystallite boundaries. Thus, it is hypothesized that high energy milling through biofield treatment may induce the movement of crystallite boundaries that results into large crystallite size. Kityk et al. reported that crystallite size and band gap are inversely proportional to each other [29]. Thus, it is speculated that the change in crystallite size through biofield treatment may led to alter the band gap in SiC powder.
Particle size and surface area analysis
The particle size result of control and treated samples are presented in Table 2 and Figure 4, which included the average particle sized ₅₀ and d ₉₉ (size below which 99% of particles were present) and percent changes in treated SiC powder as compared to control. It was found that the average particle size d ₅₀, increased up to 2.4% in treated SiC, whereas d ₉₉, increased by 1.9% as compared to control (Figure 4).
FT-IR spectroscopy Conclusion
The graph showed that the percent change in d ₅₀, increases and d ₉₉,decreases with increase in number of days after treatment. It indicates that, the coarser particles may be fractured and transformed into finer particles after biofield treatment. Furthermore, the specific surface area was significantly decreased by 23.6%, 71.16% and 23.60% on day 12, day 85 and day 99, respectively as compared to control (Figure 5). This is possible when sharp corners with irregular shape like hills and valleys on the particle surfaces become rounded. Additionally, it is also possible that the smaller particles may come together and welded through surface diffusion [18].
Acknowledgement
IR spectrum of control and treated samples are illustrated in Figures 6 and 7, respectively. The absorption peaks observed around 750 cm⁻¹ and 937 cm⁻¹ in treated and control samples, respectively, which were attributed to Si-C bond stretching vibrations [30]. Moreover, it was observed that absorption peaks at 947 cm⁻¹ (control) was slightly shifted to lower wavenumber at 937 cm⁻¹ (T1) and 925 cm⁻¹ (T2) after treatment, which might be due to reduced bond strength and changed inter-atomic interactions through biofield treatment.
References
In summary, the biofield treatment has altered the particle size with the increment of 2.4% and significantly reduced the specific surface area by 71.16% in SiC powders. This could be due to change in particle shape and re-welding process caused by high energy milling through biofield treatment. Furthermore, the crystallite size in treated SiC powder was significantly changed as compared to control. Hence, the biofield treatment may affect the energy band gap of SiC. The shifting of IR peaks towards lower frequency revealed that silicon-carbon bond stretching might alter through biofield treatment. This indicates that biofield might be acting at atomic level in SiC powder to cause these changes. Altogether, the study results suggest that biofield treated SiC powder might be useful for high temperature electronic device applications.
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We thank Dr. Cheng Dong of NLSC, Institute of Physics, and Chinese academy of Sciences for supporting in using PowderX software for analysing X-ray Diffraction results.

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5. Grosse P, Basset G, Calvat C, Couchaud M, Faure C, et al. (1999) Influence of reactor cleanness and process conditions on the growth by PVT and the purity of 4H and 6H SiC crystals. AdvFunct Solid State Mater 62: 58-62.
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7. Chaira D, Mishra BK, Sangal S (2006) Synthesis of Silicon Carbide by Reaction Milling in a Dual-drive Planetary Mill. Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration. Functional Fillers 253-265.
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9. Benjamin JS (1970) Dispersion strengthened superalloys by mechanical alloying. Metall Trans 1: 2943-2951.
10. Rubik B (2002) Thebiofield hypothesis: its biophysical basis and role in medicine. J Altern Complement Med 8: 703-717.
11. Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM (2008) A transcendental to changing metal powder characteristics. Met Powder Rep 63: 22-28.
12. Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM (2009) Effect of super consciousness external energy on atomic, crystalline and powder characteristics of carbon allotrope powders. Mater Res Innov 13: 473-480.
13. Dhabade VV, Tallapragada RM, Trivedi MK (2009) Effect of external energy on atomic, crystalline and powder characteristics of antimony and bismuth powders. Bull Mater Sci 32: 471-479.
14. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2012) Thought intervention through biofield changing metal powder characteristics experiments on powder characteristics at a PM plant. Proceeding of the 2nd International Conference on Future Control and Automation 2: 247-252.
15. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2013) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of silicon, tin and lead powders. J Mater Sci Eng 2: 125-132.
16. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2013) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of vanadium pentoxide powder. J Mater Sci Eng 11:1-20.
17. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2014) Atomic, crystalline and powder characteristics of treated zirconia and silica powders. J Mater Sci Eng 3: 144-152.
18. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2015) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of aluminium powders. IndEng Manage 4: 151-160.
19. Patil S, Nayak GB, Barve SS, Tembe RP, Khan RR (2012) Impact of biofield treatment on growth and anatomical characteristics of Pogostemoncablin (Benth). Biotechnology 11: 154-162.
20. Altekar N, Nayak G (2015) Effect of biofield treatment on plant growth and adaptation. J Environ Health Sci 1: 1-9.
21. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Bhardwaj Y (2008) Impact of an external energy on Staphylococcus epidermis [ATCC-13518] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions-An experimental study. J Accord Integr Med 4: 230-235.
22. Trivedi MK, Patil S (2008) Impact of an external energy on Yersinia enterocolitica [ATCC-23715] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions: An experimental study. Internet J Alternat Med 6: 13.
23. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Bhardwaj Y (2009) Impact of an external energy on Enterococcus faecalis [ATCC - 51299] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions - An experimental study. J Accord Integr Med 5: 119-130.
24. Shinde V, Sances F, Patil S, Spence A (2012) Impact of biofield treatment on growth and yield of lettuce and tomato. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 6: 100-105.
25. Lenssen AW (2013) Biofield and fungicide seed treatment influences on soybean productivity, seed quality and weed community. Agric J 8: 138-143.
26. Sances F, Flora E, Patil S, Spence A, Shinde V (2013) Impact of biofield treatment on ginseng and organic blueberry yield. AGRIVITA J AgricSci 35: 132-141.
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30. Ng SS, Hassan Z, Hassan HA (2007) Polarized infrared reflectance study of wurtziteGaN thin film: The effects of angle of incidence on the optical phonon modes. J Vac Sci Technol 25: 1557-1557.

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morphological properties of silicon carbide

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Biofield Energy Treatment on Silicon Carbide | Trivedi Effect

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Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Tallapragada RM, Patil S, Latiyal O and Jana S * DOI: 10.4172/2168-9806.1000132 ISSN: 2168-9806 Citation Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Tallapragada RM, Patil S, Latiyal O , et al. (2015) Effect of Biofield Treatment on Structural and Morphological Properties of Silicon Carbide . J Powder Metall Min 4 : 132.

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	Trivedi Effect | Impact on Characterization of Boron Nitride
	

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	Trivedi Effect | Impact on Characterization of Boron Nitride
	

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The cumulative field created by bioelectricity and biomagnetic field, which surrounding the human body is known as biofield. The energy associated with this field is considered as biofield energy. Read this research to know more about the impact of biofield energy treatment on Boron Nitride.

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Trivedi MK, Patil S, Nayak G, Jana S * and Latiyal O

DOI: 10.4172/2169-0022.1000181 ISSN: 2169-0022
Citation
Trivedi MK, Patil S, Nayak G, Jana S, Latiyal O (2015) Influence of Biofield Treatment on Physical, Structural and Spectral Properties of Boron Nitride. J Material Sci Eng 4: 181. doi: 10.4172/2169-0022.1000181
Abstract
Boron nitride (BN) is known for high hardness, thermal stability, thermal conductivity, and catalytic action. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on physical, structural and spectral properties of BN powder. The control and treated sample of BN powder were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). XRD results indicated that biofield treatment had substantially changed the crystallinity of BN powder as compared to control. Apart from the crystallinity, significant changes were also observed in lattice parameter, density and molecular weight of the treated BN powder as compared to control sample. The XRD data confirmed 33.30% increase crystallite size in treated BN powder as compared to control. The surface area data showed 10.33% increment in surface area of treated BN as compared to control. Furthermore, FT-IR spectra revealed that some part of BN may be transformed from hexagonal BN (h-BN) to rhombohedral boron nitride (r-BN), which was corroborated by emergence of new prominent peaks at 1388 cm⁻¹ in treated BN as compared to control sample. These findings suggest that biofield treatment has substantially altered the structural properties and surface area of treated BN powder.

Keywords: Biofield treatment; Boron nitride; X-ray diffraction; FT- IR; Surface area
Introduction
Boron nitride (BN) is a well-known ceramic material with fascinating properties, such as low density, high melting point, strength, corrosion resistance, and good chemical stability, excellent electrical and thermal properties. These properties make boron nitride a promising material for a wide range of industrial applications, especially for its uses under extreme high temperature conditions [1-3]. The BN originally exists in several crystal structures such as wurtzite BN (w-BN), cubic BN (c- BN), rhombohedral BN (r-BN), hexagonal BN (h-BN), explosive BN (e-BN), and turbostratic BN (t-BN). The c-BN and w-BN are especially known for super-hardness, wide band gap and its oxidation resistance which makes them a promising material for fabrication of cutting tools, protective coatings, and optoelectronic devices [4,5].

Nevertheless, the h-BN has similar crystal structure to graphite hence it is also known as white graphite [6,7]. This crystal structure provides the outstanding lubricating properties, high thermal conductivity, electrical resistance and low dielectric constant [4,8,9]. Recently, BN is synthesized with various morphologies, such as hollow spheres [10], porous structures [11], and one-dimensional nanostructures to obtained excellent properties [12,13]. The porous BN has gain significant attention due to its high specific surface area, which makes it a promising material for catalytic action. The porous BN has been synthesized by using various methods such as molecular precursors, and supercritical drying method etc [14-17]. However, all these methods require either special precursor or high temperature conditions to modulate the specific surface area and crystal structure. In physics, the energy is considered as the ability to do work; which fundamentally interrelates with matter as E=mc ² (Einstein's famous equation). However the energy can be considered as a field of force which effectively interacts with any matter at a distance and cause action.

Researchers have confirmed that biomagnetic fields are present around human body, which have been evidenced by electromyography (EMG), electrocardiography (ECG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) [18]. Scientists have postulated that it is due to the flow of bioelectricity (generated from heart, brain functions or due to the motion of charged particles such as protons, electrons, and ions) in the human body. As per the basic fundamental law in physics, when an electrical signal passes through any material, a magnetic field is generated in the surrounding space. Hence, a magnetic field is created along with the bioelectricity in human body, known as biomagnetic field. The cumulative field created by bioelectricity and biomagnetic field, which surrounding the human body is known as biofield. The energy associated with this field is considered as biofield energy.

Mr. Mahendra K Trivedi's biofield has known to alter the characteristics in various things at atomic, molecular and physical level in many fields such as material science [19-26], microbiology [27-29], biotechnology [30,31] and agriculture [32-34]. The biofield treatment has also shown significant results in graphite carbon, for instance, the unit cell volume was decrease by 1% and crystallite size was increased by 100% after treatment [20]. In the present study, we report for the first time, an impact of biofield treatment on BN powder for its structural properties along with atomic and physical properties.
Experimental
The BN powder was purchased from Sigma Aldrich, USA. The sample was equally divided into two parts, one part was considered as control and other part was exposed to Mr. Trivedi's biofield, herein referred as biofield treatment. The control and treated samples were characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), surface area analyzer, and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy.
X-ray diffraction study
For X-ray diffraction study the treated sample was divided into four parts, coded as T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively. The XRD analysis was performed on X-ray diffractometer Phillips, Holland PW 1710 system with a copper anode with nickel filter and wavelength of radiation of 1.54056 Å. The data provided by XRD system was in the form of a chart of 2θ vs. intensity and a table containing peak intensity counts, d value (Å), peak width (θ°), and relative intensity (%) etc. For computing lattice parameter and unit cell volume, PowderX software was used.

Crystallite size (G) was calculated using following equation:
G=kλ/(bCosθ),

Where k is the equipment constant (0.94) and λ is the wavelength of radiation (1.54056 Å). The molecular weight of a molecule is the sum of the atomic weight of all atoms and the atomic weight is the sum of the total weight of protons, neutrons and electrons present in an atom. Since the number of molecules in a unit cell is fixed so the weight of the unit cell was computed as, number of molecules present in a unit cell multiplied by the molecular weight. The density was calculated as weight of the unit cell divided by volume of the unit cell. The percent change in lattice parameter "a" was calculated by using following equation:

Percent change in lattice parameter = [(a t-a c)/a c] x100

Where a c and a t are lattice parameter of control and treated powder samples respectively. The percentage change in all other parameters such as unit cell volume, density, and crystallite size was calculated in a similar manner.
Surface area analysis
The surface area was characterized using surface area analyzer, SMART SORB 90 BET, which had a detection range of 0.1-1000 m ²/g.
Infrared Spectroscopy
FT-IR analysis of control and treated samples T1, T2 was carried out on Shimadzu, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer with frequency range of 300-4000/cm.

Results and Discussion
X-ray Diffraction (XRD)

The XRD patterns of control and treated BN powder are shown in Figure 1a-1e. The XRD diffractogram of control BN samples showed diffraction peaks at 2θ = 26.81 o, 41.59 o, 50.10 o, and 55.13 o. The XRD of treated BN sample showed peaks as, T1: 2θ = 26.75 o, 41.60 o, 50.16 o, 55.11 o; T2: 2θ = 26.73 o, 41.57 o, 50.10 o, 55.11 o; T3: 2θ = 26.70 o, 41.51 o, 55.06 o, 55.05 o; T4: 2θ=26.74 o, 41.57 o, 50.14 o, 55.11 o. These four peaks in control and treated samples were attributed to the crystalline planes (002), (100), (102) and (004), which were in agreement with Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) card no. 34-0421[35]. These peaks confirmed the hexagonal crystal structure of BN (h-BN) in all the control and treated samples. The intensity of diffraction peaks along plane (002) was reduced in treated BN sample (T2 and T4), which indicated that crystallinity was decreased after biofield treatment (Figure 1c and 1e). The XRD data was analyzed using PowderX software to calculate lattice parameter, unit cell volume, density, molecular weight and crystallite size, which are presented in Table 1. It was found that the lattice parameter of the unit cell was increased in treated sample T2 by 0.16% after treatment (Figure 2) as compared to control. A positive lattice strain in treated BN samples indicated that a tensile stress may be applied over the unit cell [24]. This may led to increase the unit cell volume by 0.33% and reduced density by 0.33% in treated BN samples as compared to control.

Figure 1a: XRD pattern of control BN sample.

Figure 1b: XRD pattern of biofield treated BN sample T1.

Figure 1c: XRD pattern of biofield treated BN sample T2.

Figure 1d: XRD pattern of biofield treated BN sample T3.

Figure 1e: XRD pattern of biofield treated BN sample T4.

Table 1: X-ray diffraction (XRD) of lattice parameter, unit cell volume, density, molecular weight and crystallite size of BN sample.

Figure 2: Percentage change in lattice parameter and volume of unit cell of treated BN as compared to control.

Furthermore, when tensile stress was applied on the atoms of BN, the electron cloud, around the nucleus moved away from the centre that may led to increased atomic size [19]. Consequently, the increased atomic size may reduce the nuclear charge per unit volume. Furthermore, it was observed that the molecular weight in treated BN samples were increased up to 0.33% as compared to control (Figure 3). The reduction in nuclear charge per unit volume and increased molecular weight suggested that the number of protons were probably decreased in treated BN powder. It can be possible only when protons are participating in reversible weak nuclear reactions giving rise to neutrinos and neutrons [21-23,36]. Additionally, it was found that the crystallite size was increased up to 33.30% in treated BN sample as compared to control (Figure 4). It is possible that the internal strains present in treated BN powder made dislocations to move unhindered that results into reorient the planes on either side of the crystallite boundaries. Further, this reorientation of planes may led to increase the crystallite size [25]. Al-Jawhari et al. (2011) reported that the crystallite size have direct relationship with dielectric constant [17]. Moreover, the dependence of dielectric constant on the crystallite size has been reported by researchers on other materials such as diamond, TiO ₂ and Bi ₂O ₃ [37-39], where it was mentioned that dielectric constant increases as crystallite size increases. Thus, it is hypothesized that the biofield treatment may enhance the dielectric constant of BN powder.

Figure 3: Percentage change in lattice parameter and volume of unit cell in biofield treated BN as compared to control.

Figure 4: Percentage change in crystallite size of biofield treated BN powder as compared to control.

Figure 5: Percentage change in surface area of biofield treated BN powder as compared to control.

Table 2: Surface area of control and treated BN samples.
Surface area analysis
The surface area analysis of control and treated BN powder is presented in Figure 5 and Table 2. It was found that the specific surface area was increased by 10.22%, 4.25% and 10.33% in treated BN samples T1, T2 and T3, respectively as compared to control. This was probably due to the reduction in particle size through high internal strain and energy milling provided by biofield treatment. Furthermore, it is postulated that high energy milling may produce the porosity over the particle surface through surface grinding and internal friction. Hence, this higher porosity may result in large surface area in treated BN powder as compared to control [15,16]. Moreover, this increased surface area would be helpful to confer better performance during catalytic applications.
FT-IR spectroscopy
Figure 6-7 shows the FT-IR spectra of control and treated BN powder. The absorption peaks near 1340 cm⁻¹ was attributed to E 1u in plane sp ² bonded B-N stretching vibrations and the peak at 817 cm-1 was corresponded to A 1u out of plane B-N-B bonding vibrations in the control BN powder [35]. The treated sample T1 (Figure 6) showed absorption peaks at around 923/cm which was attributed to the presence of e-BN along with h-BN in control and treated (T1 and T2) powder (Figure 6,7). One interesting absorption peak was observed in IR spectrum of treated sample (T2) at 1124/cm (Figure 7) which was mainly due to presence of w-BN, however this peak was absent in control sample [40]. It revealed that some amount of h-BN may be transformed into w-BN due to biofield treatment. The FT-IR spectrum of control sample showed an absorption peak at around 1340/cm and interestingly two peaks were found at 1388/cm and 1356/cm in treated sample (T2). The emergence of new absorption peak at 1388/cm could be due to the presence of r-BN [35]. It is postulated that the h-BN unit cell was distorted to form r-BN unit cell, which may be due to applied tensile stress during high energy milling through biofield treatment. Based on these results, it is assumed that, biofield treatment could be an alternative technique to modulate the physical and atomic characteristic in BN powder for optoelectronic and chemical industries.

Figure 6: FT-IR spectrum of control and biofield treated BN powder sample (T1).

Figure 7: FT-IR spectrum of control and biofield treated BN powder sample (T2).
Conclusion
Present study, concludes that the biofield treatment has significantly changed the atomic and crystal structural characteristics of BN powder. XRD data confirmed that the crystallite size was significantly increased up to 33.3% in treated BN powder as compared to control, which may directly increase the dielectric constant. Furthermore, the FT-IR results revealed that h-BN crystal structure may be transformed into r-BN after biofield treatment. The higher surface area in treated BN was found as compared to control, indicating that it could be more useful during the catalytic reaction. Based on these promising results, it is expected that biofield treatment could be applied to improve the catalytic and optoelectronic properties of BN powder.
Acknowledgement
Authors gratefully acknowledged to Dr. Cheng Dong of NLSC, Institute of Physics, and Chinese academy of Sciences for providing the facilities to use PowderX software for analyzing XRD data.
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Mahendra Trivedi Influence on Properties of Boron Nitride

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Trivedi MK, Patil S, Nayak G, Jana S * and Latiyal O DOI: 10.4172/2169-0022.1000181 ISSN: 2169-0022 Citation Trivedi MK, Patil S, Nayak G, Jana S, Latiyal O (2015) Influence of Biofield Treatment on Physical, Structural and Spectral Properties of Boron Nitride. J Material Sci Eng 4: 181.

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	 Mahendra Trivedi Biofield Effect on Manganese (II, III) Oxide
	

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	 Mahendra Trivedi Biofield Effect on Manganese (II, III) Oxide
	

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The present study investigates effect of Mahendra Trivedi's Biofield treatment on physical and atomic properties of Manganese (II, III) Oxide. Study more at Trivedi Science.

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Material Science & Engineering
Received May 25, 2015; Accepted June 23, 2015; Published July 03, 2015

Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O (2015) Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Physical, Atomic and Structural Characteristics of Manganese (II, III) Oxide. J Material Sci Eng 4: 177. doi: 10.4172/2169- 0022.1000177

Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Physical, Atomic and Structural Characteristics of Manganese (II, III) Oxide

Manuscript Link:
http://www.omicsgroup.org/journals/evaluation-of-biofield-treatment-on-physical-atomic-and-structuralcharacteristics-of-manganese-ii-iii-oxide-2169-0022-1000177.pdf

Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S*, Tallapragada RM and Latiyal O

DOI: 10.4172/2169-0022.1000177 ISSN: 2169-0022
Citation
Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O (2015) Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Physical, Atomic and Structural Characteristics of Manganese (II, III) Oxide. J Material Sci Eng 4: 177. doi: 10.4172/2169- 0022.1000177
Abstract
In Mn ₃O ₄, the crystal structure, dislocation density, particle size and spin of the electrons plays crucial role in modulating its magnetic properties. Present study investigates impact of Biofield treatment on physical and atomic properties of Mn ₃O ₄. X-ray diffraction revealed the significant effect of biofield on lattice parameter, unit cell volume, molecular weight, crystallite sizes and densities of treated Mn ₃O ₄. XRD analysis confirmed that crystallinity was enhanced and dislocation density was effectively reduced by 80%. FTIR spectroscopic analysis revealed that Mn-O bond strength was significantly altered by biofield treatment. Electronic spin resonance analysis showed higher g-factor of electron in treated Mn ₃O ₄ as compared to control, along with altered spin-spin atomic interaction of Mn with other mixed valance states. Additionally, ESR study affirmed higher magnetization behaviour of the treated Mn ₃O ₄. The results demonstrated that treated Mn ₃O ₄ ceramic could be used as an excellent material for fabrication of novel magnetic data storage devices.

Keywords: Biofield treatment, Mn ₃O ₄, X-ray diffraction, FT-IR, Paramagnetic, ESR, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, Particle size analysis.
Introduction

Transition metal oxides (TMOs) constitute most interesting classes of solids, which exhibits different varieties of structures and properties [1]. Manganese (II, III) oxides (Mn ₃O ₄) is an excellent example of TMOs which gained significant attention among researchers due to its wide range of applications in magnetic materials, catalysis, ion exchange, magnetic data storage, super capacitors, molecular adsorption and ferrite materials [2-8]. Mn ₃O ₄ shows a paramagnetic behaviour at room temperature and ferromagnetic below 41-43K. The magnetic properties of Mn ₃O ₄ strongly depend on dislocations, vacancies, crystallite sizes, and lattice parameters. This affirms that crystal structure and its properties play an exclusive role in controlling magnetic strength in Mn ₃O ₄ that can be exploited in magnetic data storage applications. Mn ₃O ₄ exists as normal spinal crystal structure, in which Mn⁺²occupy a tetrahedral position and Mn⁺³ at octahedral positions [3-4].

Recently, magnetism and electrochemical properties in Mn ₃O ₄ nanoparticles are controlled by modulating the crystal structure by various processes such as annealing at high temperature [9], doping [10], hydrothermal [11], ultrasonic bath [12] and co-precipitation etc. Physical and chemical properties like particle size, surface area of Mn ₃O ₄ nanoparticles are controlled by various methods including vapor phase growth [13], thermal decomposition, chemical liquid precipitation and solvothermal [14-15].

Nevertheless each technique has their own advantages but there are certain drawbacks which limit their applicability at commercial level, such as vapour deposition method required high pressure and temperature to produce highly crystalline powder whereas thermal decomposition method requires specialized surfactants which may cause impurities in the product [16]. It has been already reported that magnetic behaviour can be improved by increasing the crystallinity [9] and particle size volume [16]. Hence in order to develop highly crystalline Mn ₃O ₄ nanoparticles and to improve its applicability at commercial level a simple and cost effective method should be designed.Biofield treatment is an excellent and cost effective approach which was recently used to modulate the, atomic structure [17-18]and density [19-21] molecular weight [22-23]of the bound atom thereby it facilitates the conversion of energy into mass and vice versa.Mr Trivedi is known for utilizing his biofield,referred herein as biofield treatment, for conducting experiments in various sectors such as material science [17-24], agriculture [25-29]and microbiology[30-32], which are already reported elsewhere.Biofield treatment had significantly changed the physical, atomic and thermal properties in transition metals [17,18, 20], carbon allotropes [19]and metal oxide ceramics [21,23]such as particle size was decreased by 71% in zirconium oxide [23] and crystallite size was increased by 66% in Vanadium Pentoxide(V ₂O ₅) [21]. Hence in present research investigation, Mn ₃O ₄ powder was exposed to Mr. Trivedi's biofield in order to improve its physical, structural, and magnetic properties. The treated Mn ₃O ₄ samples were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, ESR, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis and particle size analysis.
Experimental
Manganese (II, III) oxide powders used in the present investigation were obtained from Sigma Aldrich, USA (97% in purity). Five sets of these metal oxide powders were prepared from the master sample, where first set was considered as control which was untouched (unexposed), other four samples were exposed to Mr. Trivedi's biofield, referred herein as treated sample (T1, T2, T3, and T4).

Particle size of control and treated samples were measured by laser particle size analyzer, SYMPATEC HELOS-BF, had a detection range of 0⋅1-875μm with setting parameters remainthe same for all evaluations. The data obtained from particle size analyzer was in the form of a chart of cumulative percent vs. particle size. The surface area of all samples was measured by surface area analyzer SMART SORB 90 Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). For atomic and structural level analysis, all samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) [Phillips, Holland PW 1710] whichhas used copper anode with nickel filter and the wavelength of the radiation 1.54056 Å. The Data obtained from the XRD system was in the form of a chart of 2θ vs. intensity with a detailed table containing peak intensity counts, d, value (Å), peak width (θ ⁰), relative intensity (%). The'd' values were compared with a database of standard JCPDS (Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards). Lattice parameter and unit cell volume was obtained by using PowderX software. Crystallite size was computed as:

Crystallite size = [kλ/(bCosθ)]

Where λ is the wavelength of x-radiation used (1.54056 x 10⁻¹⁰ m) and k is the equipment constant (0.94).

The molecular weight of atom calculated as:

Molecular weight= number of protons x weight of a proton + number of neutrons x weight of a neutron + number of electrons x weight of an electron.

Molecular weight in g/Mol was calculated from the weights of all atoms in a molecule multiplied by the Avogadro number (6.023 x 10 ²³). As number of molecules per unit cell is known so the weight of unit cell can be computed easily by multiplying molecular weight to number of molecules per unit cell. Density was computed as the ratio of the weight of the unit cell to the volume of the unit cell. Micro strain and dislocation density were calculated[9] as: Micro strain = [bcosθ/4]

Dislocation density = [1/ (Crystallite size) ²]

Percentage change in lattice parameter was calculated as:

% change in lattice parameter = 100 x (Δa/a c)

Where Δa is the difference in lattice parameter of control and treated powders and a c is the lattice parameter of control powder. Percent change in volume, molecular weight, density, micro strain; dislocation density was computed in a similar manner. IR spectra were evaluated using Perkin Elmer, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometer, in the range of 300-4000 cm⁻¹. Paramagnetic properties were characterized by Electron Spin Resonance (ESR), E-112 ESR Spectrometer of Varian USA of X-band microwave frequency (9.5 GHz), which had sensitivity of 5 x 1010, ΔH spins.

Table 1. Particle size of control and treated sample of Mn ₃O ₄.

Surface area result of control and treated sample of Mn ₃O 4 after biofield treatment
Results and Discussions: Particle Size and Surface Area Analysis
The particle size determination of ceramic materials provides superior control over a range of product performance characteristics. The particle size of Mn ₃O 4 was determined and illustrated in Figure 1. The average particle size (d ₅₀ Od50) in treated sample was increased upto13% and then further was decreased by 3%.

Contrarily particle size d ₉₉ (size below which 99% particles present) was reduced by 5.5% in treated Mn ₃O 4 samples. Surface area of the Mn ₃O 4 was measured by using BET analysis, and results are presented in Figure 2 and Table 2. The Surface area of treated powders were reduced by 10% in 99 days after biofield treatment. Initially surface area were decreased by 4.5% with corresponding increase in particle size, however after 80 days both surface area and particle size were reduced. The particle size was increased initially, which was supported by a decrease in surface area due to the agglomeration of fine particles. Nevertheless a decrease in both particle size and surface area after 80 days indicate that coarse particles would have fractured into finer particles with sharp edges and corners.
X-ray diffraction (XRD)
Mn ₃O 4 ceramic powder was subjected to XRD analysis to investigate its crystalline nature and Powder X software was used to calculate various atomic and structural parameters. The XRD diffractogram of control and treated Mn ₃O 4 samples are illustrated in Figure 3(a-e). In the XRD diffractogram, only Mn ₃O ₄ phase appears with intense crystalline peaks (JCPDS Card No. 0041-1442) at Braggs angle 2θ = 17.8 o, 28.7 o, 32.2 o, 36 o, 37.8 o, 44.2 o, 50.4 o, 58.2 o, 59.6 o, 64.6 o, 73.8 o. These crystalline peaks are attributed to plane (101), (112), (103), (211), (004), (220), (105), (321), (224), (400) and (413) respectively. The intensity of peaks increased in treated Mn ₃O 4 samples along (103), (211), and (224) direction confirming increased crystallinity in treated samples(Figure 3 b-e). This result indicates that biofield treatment is directly acting upon the ceramic crystals inducing more long range order; thereby facilitating crystallization of the ceramic samples.

Figure 4 shows that the lattice parameter was reduced in treated samples from 0.25% to -0.30% in time period of 16 to 147 days. It was found that reduction in lattice parameter caused reduction in volume of unit cell and increase in density (Figure 4). Additionally molecular weight was decreased by around -0.50 to -0.60 % in treated Mn ₃O 4 samples in 147 days. The crystallite size was calculated from the XRD graph and the results are presented in Figure 5. The crystallite size was significantly enhanced by 96% in treated Mn ₃O 4 samples in 147 days, which could be due to the reorientation of the planes in the same direction and unhindered movements of dislocations across grain boundaries, which causes reduction of dislocation density by 50% (Figure 1). Nevertheless the movement of dislocations needs large amount of energy, so it is believed that energy used for this process was provided by two different sources: biofield and the energy released during conversion of mass(as per Einstein energy equation E=mc ²). This fact was well supported by loss in molecular weight of treated Mn ₃O 4 sample.

The large difference in crystallite size and particle size can be explained by the cumulative effect of fracturing, agglomeration and consolidation process induced by energy milling through biofield treatment. Moreover the noticeable decrease in micro strain and dislocation density also supports the above observation (Figure 5).

Table 3. Atomic and crystal structure characteristics of Mn ³O ⁴, computed result from XRD.
FT-IR Spectroscopy
The FT-IR spectra of control and treated Mn ₃O ₄ samples are presented in Figure 6 (a and b). The FT-IR of control sample showed vibration peak at 651 cm⁻¹ that corresponds[33] to Mn-O stretching in tetrahedral and 563 cm⁻¹ corresponds to Mn+3 -O in octahedral positions. Other important peaks were observed at 3500 cm⁻¹ and 1500 cm⁻¹ which were attributed to weakly bound moisture (water molecules) in treated and control samples[33].

In Figure 6(a), it was found that the treated sample T1 has not showed any peak in the fingerprint region 450-700 cm⁻¹, which was quite unexpected. It can be hypothesized that Mn-O bond was no longer exists, or strength of Mn-O bond was greatly reduced. Contrarily treated sample T2 showed intense absorption peaks at 557cm⁻¹ and 613cm⁻¹ which was responsible to Mn-O in octahedral and Mn⁺³-O in tetrahedral position respectively (Figure 6b). It was also noticed that vibration peaks were shifted to lower wavenumber as compared to control sample that indicates that Mn-O bond length was reduced (Figure 6b). Therefore, IR spectra revealed that Mn-O bond length and bond force constant was significantly altered by biofield.
Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Spectroscopy
The ESR spectra analysis result of control and treated Mn ₃O ₄ samples are illustrated in Figure 7. It was found that the g-factor was slightly increased by 0.15%, which indicated that the angular momentum of the electrons in the atom was probably increased through biofield treatment. It was also observed that the spin resonance signal width of the treated sample was broadened by 11%, which could be due to the increase in dipole-dipole and electrostatic interaction among Mn ions with other mixed valance states[34-35]. Additionally, the resonance signal peak intensity was increased by 16% that might be due to the clustering of spins on the particle surface, that may led to enhanced the magnetisation of treated Mn ₃O ₄ samples. This result was also supported by increase in crystallinity and particle size [9]. Further it was hypothesized that during high energy milling through biofield treatment, spins may get clustered on the surface and enhanced the magnetisation. Furthermore, particle size analysis showed increase in particle size which is associated with the increase in volume of individual particles. Further, the increase in volume of individual particle led to enhanced the magnetic moment ¹⁷ in individual particles of treated Mn ₃O ₄[17].
Conclusion
Current research work investigates the modulation of crystalline, physical, atomic and magnetic properties of Mn ₃O ₄ ceramic powders using Mr. Trivedi's biofield. The particle size of Mn ₃O ₄ powder was increased after biofield treatment, which results into reduced surface area, which may be due to combine effect of rupturing and agglomeration process.

XRD result demonstrated that biofield had significantly reduced the unit cell volume by 0.60%, that was probably due to compressive stress applied during energy milling. Biofield exposed sample showed the larger crystalline size as compared to control Mn ₃O ₄, which was mainly due to reduction of the dislocation density and microstrain cause reorientation of neighbouring planes in same direction and thereby increasing crystallite size. The reduction in dislocation density and microstrain could have led to enhance the paramagnetic behaviour of Mn ₃O ₄.

ESR results revealed that magnetization and spin-spin atomic interaction of treated sample was enhanced, which may be due to increasing in spin cluster density and high crystallinity respectively. Hence the increase in spin cluster density could led to enhance the magnetisation of Mn ₃O ₄ nanopowders.These excellent results indicates that biofield treated Mn ₃O ₄ ceramic powders can be used as novel materials for fabricating magnetic data storage devices and future research is needed to explore its further applications.
Acknowledgement
We would like to give thanks to all the staff of various laboratories for supporting us in conducting experiments.Special thanks to Dr Cheng Dong of NLSC, Institute of Physics and Chinese academy of sciences for providing the facilities to use PowderX software for analyzing XRD results.
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4. Pasero D., Reeves N., West A.R. (2005) Co-doped Mn ₃O 4 a possible anode material for lithium batteries. Journal of Power Sources141(1):156-158, DOI:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.07.037.
5. Einaga H., Futamura S. (2004)Catalytic Oxidation of Benzene with Ozone over Alumina-supported Manganese Oxides. Journal of Catalysis 227(2):304-312. DOI:10.1016/j.jcat.2004.07.029.
6. Yamashita T., Vannice A., Temperature-programmed desorption of no adsorbed on Mn ₂O ₃ and Mn ₃O 4 .Applied Catalysis B: Environmental13(2):141-155.DOI:10.1016/S0926-3373(96)00099-9.
7. Gorbenko O.Y., Graboy I.E., Amelichev V.A. , Bosak A.A., Kaul A.R. (2002) The structure and properties of Mn ₃O 4 thin films grown by MOCVD. Solid State Communications124(1-2):15-20. DOI:10.1016/S0038-1098(02)00470-2.
8. Zhang X., Yu P., Zhang D. (2013) Room temperature synthesis of Mn ₃O 4 nanoparticles: characterization, electrochemical properties and hydrothermal transformation to g- MnO2nanorods. Materials Letters 92:401-404.DOI:10.1016/j.matlet.2012.11.022.
9. Shrividhya T., Ravi G., Mahalingam T., Hayakawa Y. (2014) Synthesis and Study on Structural, Morphological and Magnetic properties of nanocrystalline Manganese Oxide.International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications.Special Issue NCRTAM ISSN-2319-7560.
10. Li G., Tang X., Lou S., and Zhou S. (2014) Large enhancement of ferromagnetism by Cr doping in Mn ₃O 4 nanowires. Applied Physics Letters104, 173105. DOI:10.1063/1.4874272.
11. Li P., Nan C., Wei Z., Lu J., Peng Q., Li Y. (2010) Mn ₃O 4 Nanocrystals: Facile Synthesis, Controlled Assembly, and Application. Chemistry of Material 22(14):4232-4236. DOI:10.1021/cm100831q.
12. Rohani T., Entezari M.H. (2012) A novel approach for the synthesis of superparamagnetic Mn ₃O 4 nanocrystal by ultrasonic bath. UltrasonicsSonochemistry 19(3):560-569. DOI:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2011.10.012.
13. Chang Y.Q., Yu D.P., Long Y., Xu J., Luo X.H., Ye R.C. (2005) Large-scale fabrication of single-crystalline Mn ₃O 4 nanowires via vapor phase growth. Journal of Crystal Growth279(1-2):88-92. DOI:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.01.084.
14. Zhang Y., Qiao T., and Yahu X., (2004) Preparation of Mn ₃O 4 nanocrystallites by low-temperature solvothermal treatment of γ-MnOOH nanowires. Journal of Solid State Chemistry 177(11):4093-4097. DOI:10.1016/j.jssc.2004.05.034.
15. Zhang W., Yang Z., Liu Y., Tang S., Han X., Chen M. (2004) Controlled synthesis of Mn ₃O 4 nanocrystallites and MnOOHnanorods by a solvothermal method. Journal of Crystal Growth 263(2004):394-399. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2003.11.099.
16. Daniel E. (2012) Novel Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles via the Aminolytic Method and the Investigation of Their Magnetic Properties, Georgia Institute of Technology. Chapter 4, 4:91-116.
17. Trivedi M.K., Tallapragada R.R. (2008). A transcendental to changing metal powder characteristics. Metal Powder Report,Volume 63, Issue 9, October 2008, Pages 22-28, 31, DOI: 10.1016/S0026-0657(08)70145-0.
18. Dabhade V.V., Tallapragada R.R., Trivedi M.K. (2009). Effect of external energy on atomic, crystalline and powder characteristics of antimony and bismuth powders.Bulletin of Materials Science 32:471-479. DOI: 10.1007/s12034-009-0070-4.
19. Trivedi M.K., Tallapragada R.R. (2009). Effect of superconsciousness external energy on atomic, crystalline and powder characteristics of carbon allotrope powders. Materials Research Innovations. Volume 13, Issue 4 (01 December 2009), pp. 473-480, DOI: 10.1179/143289109X12494867167602.
20. Trivedi M.K., Patil S., and Tallapragada R.M., (2012) Thought Intervention through Biofield Changing Metal Powder Characteristics Experiments on Powder Characterisation at a PM Plant , Springer Berlin Heidelberg , Editor : Wei Deng , Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering-Future Control and Automation, Volume 173, 2012, pp 247-252.
21. Trivedi M.K., Patil S., and Tallapragada R.M., (2013). Effect of Biofield Treatment on the Physical and Thermal Characteristics of Vanadium Pentoxide Powders. Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering, S11:001. DOI:10.4172/2169-0022.S11-001 .
22. Trivedi M.K., Patil S., and Tallapragada R.M., (2013). Effect of bio field treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of Silicon, Tin and Lead powders. Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering,2:125. DOI:10.4172/2169-0022.1000125.
23. Trivedi M.K., Patil S., and Tallapragada R.M., (2014). Atomic, Crystalline and Powder Characteristics of Treated Zirconia and Silica Powders. Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering, 3: 144. DOI:10.4172/2169-0022.1000144.
24. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RMR (2015) Effect of Biofield Treatment on the Physical and Thermal Characteristics of Aluminium Powders. IndEng Manage 4:151. DOI:10.4172/2169-0316.1000151.
25. Shinde V., Sances F., Patil S., Spence A. (2012). Impact of Biofield Treatment on Growth and Yield of Lettuce and Tomato. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 6(10): 100-105.
26. Sances F., Flora E., Patil S., Spence A., Shinde V. (2013). Impact of Biofield Treatment On Ginseng And Organic Blueberry Yield. AGRIVITA, Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol 35, No 1 (2013) ISSN 1991-8178.
27. Lenssen A. W. (2013). Biofield and Fungicide Seed Treatment Influences on Soybean Productivity, Seed Quality and Weed Community. Agricultural Journal, Volume: 8, Issue: 3, Page No.: 138-143.
28. Patil S. A., Nayak G.B., Barve S.S., Tembe R.P., Khan R.R. (2012). Impact of Biofield Treatment on Growth and Anatomical Characteristics of Pogostemoncablin (Benth.). Biotechnology11:154-162, DOI:10.3923/biotech.2012.
29. Altekar N., Nayak G., Effect of Biofield Treatment on Plant Growth and Adaptation. (2015) Journal of Environment and Health sciences, 1(2): 1-9
30. Trivedi M. and S. Patil. (2008). Impact of an external energy on Staphylococcus epidermis [ATCC -13518] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions - An experimental study, Journal of Accord Integrative Medicine ,Volume 4, Number 4: 230-235.
31. Trivedi M. and S. Patil. (2008) Impact of an external energy on Yersinia enterocolitica [ATCC -23715] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions: An experimental study. The Internet Journal of Alternative Medicine, Volume 6, Number 2.
32. Trivedi M., Bhardwaj Y., Patil S., Shettigar H. and Bulbule A., (2009). Impact of an external energy on Enterococcus faecalis [ATCC - 51299] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions - An experimental study. Journal of Accord Integrative MedicineVolume 5, Number 2: 119-130.
33. Sherin J.S., Thomas J.K., Suthagar J. (2014) Combustion Synthesis and Magnetic Studies of Hausmannite, Mn ₃O ₄, nanoparticles. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development 10:34-41.
34. Dhaouadi H., Ghodbane O., Hosni F., and Touati F. (2012) Mn ₃O 4 Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Dielectric Properties. International Scholarly Research Network ISRN Spectroscopy 2012:1-8 Article ID 706398, DOI:10.5402/2012/706398.
35. Winkler E. and Zysler R. (2004) Surface and magnetic interaction effects in Mn ₃O 4 nanoparticles. Physical Review B 70(17). DOI:10.1103/PhysRevB.70.174406.
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manganese (ii iii) oxide characteristics

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particle size analysis of manganese oxide

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The Trivedi Effect Impact on Manganese (II, III) Oxide

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Material Science & Engineering Received May 25, 2015; Accepted June 23, 2015; Published July 03, 2015 Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O (2015) Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Physical, Atomic and Structural Characteristics of Manganese (II, III) Oxide. J Material Sci Eng 4: 177.

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	Mahendra Trivedi & Biofield Treated Zirconia & Silica Powder
	

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	Mahendra Trivedi & Biofield Treated Zirconia & Silica Powder
	

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Zirconium oxide and silicon dioxide powders are selected and subjected to a non-contact Biofield energy known to be transmitted by Mahendra Trivedi. In the present investigation zirconium and silicon powders are exposed to biofield treatment. Study more

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Mahendra K Trivedi, Shrikant Patil* and Rama Mohan Tallapragada

DOI: 10.4172/2169-0022.1000144 ISSN: 2169-0022
Citation
Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2014) Atomic, Crystalline and Powder Characteristics of Treated Zirconia and Silica Powders. J Material Sci Eng 3: 144. doi:10.4172/2169-0022.1000144
Abstract
Zirconium oxide and silicon dioxide powders are selected and subjected to a non-contact Biofield energy known to be transmitted by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi. Particle sizes d ₅₀ and d ₉₉ showed up to 71.5 percent decrease indicating that the energy had caused deformation and fracture as if the powders have been subjected to high energy milling. This is also supported by increase in specific surface area up to 19.48 percent.

In the present investigation Zirconium oxide and silicon dioxide powders are exposed to Bio-field. Both the exposed and unexposed powders are later characterized by various techniques. The treated powders when characterized by X-ray diffraction are found to exhibit significant increase and decrease in the lattice parameters of the unit cell, crystallite size and density. The lattice parameters are then used to compute the molecular weight and total number of protons and neutrons in the molecule, which showed an increase up to 0.24 and decrease up to 0.31 percent. It is speculated that the Biofield energy transmitted by Mr. Trivedi is acting on the nucleus in the atoms through some reversible weak interaction of larger cross section causing changes in the proton to neutron ratios and thus energy to mass and mass to energy. Thus the effect is felt by all the atoms, and hence the unit cell, single crystal grain and grain boundaries. The stresses generated in turn may have caused deformation and fracture of the weak interfaces in the polycrystalline powders such as the crystallite and grain boundaries.

Keywords: Biofield energy; ZrO ₂; SiO ₂; X-ray methods
Introduction
It is known that electrical currents along with their associated magnetic fields are present in human bodies. These are complex and dynamic mostly likely due to dynamical processes such as heart and brain function, blood and lymph flow, ion transport across cell membranes, and other biologic processes on many different scales [1]. Biofield is a cumulative effect exerted by these fields of human body on the surroundings. Typically, it may act directly on molecular structures, changing the conformation of molecules in functionally significant ways as well as may transfer bio-information through energy signals interacting directly with the energy fields of life.

Mr. Mahendra Kumar Trivedi is known to transform the characteristics of various living and non-living materials through biofield in his physical presence as well as through thought intervention. The effect on the yield and quality of agricultural produce such as Lettuce and Tomato [2], Ginseng and Organic Blueberry [3] and on Soybean [4] are reported. The impact of biofield treatment on growth and anatomical characteristics of the herb Pogostemon cablin used in perfumes, in incense/insect repellents, and alternative medicines is investigated [5]. The external energy aspects of Mr. Trivedi's biofield and its influence on the antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions of Staphylococcus epidermis [6], Yersinia enterocolitica [7] and on Enterococcus faecalis [8] are investigated.

Apart from atoms and molecules the next smallest sized materials available are powders. These could be single crystalline or polycrystalline the particle size of which is in the micrometric or nano metric range (<100 nm) [9,10]. Powders of about 2 μ particle sizes when subjected to high energy attrition milling for 15 hours yielded an average particle size of 35 nm [11]. It is therefore possible to produce large quantities of ultra-fine and nano powders by high energy milling. In separate communications we have demonstrated the use of Mr. Trivedi's Biofield energy on the particle and crystallite sizes of metallic and ceramic powders [12-16]. This non-contact energy has also changed the atomic and molecular weights and charge on the bound atom there by indicating a conversion of energy to mass and vice versa. This is possible only when the neutron/proton ratio in the nucleus is changing possibly due to weak interactions inside the nucleus induced by this energy. More details can be obtained by referring to the web site.

In the present investigation we report the effect of Biofield energy on oxide ceramic powders. For this purpose we have selected powders of zirconium oxide and silicon dioxide. The powders after Biofield treatment are analyzed for particle size, specific surface area and crystal parameters.

Large quantities of zirconium oxide and silicon dioxide are used in powder form in opacifiers. Zirconium oxide powders are extensively used in the manufacture of ceramics with high toughness. For this purpose the starting monoclinic zirconia should be as fine as possible so that when it is transformed the size of the transformed tetragonal zirconia will also be finer. Silicon dioxide is used in several traditional and engineering ceramics and the finer the powder the better will be the applicability.
Experimental
Zirconium oxide of particle size less than 5 μm (Sigma Aldrich, 99% pure) and -325 mesh silicon dioxide powders (Sigma Aldrich, 99.6% pure) of 99.5% purity are selected for experimentation. Five sets of each powder are prepared; the first set which is untreated is designated as control while the other sets exposed to Biofield energy are referred to as treated samples. The control and the treated samples are characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Laser particle size analysis and Surface area determination (BET).

Average particle size and size distribution are obtained using SYMPATEC HELOS-BF laser particle size analyzer with a detection range of 0.1 to 875 μm (micro meters). From the particle size distribution, d ₅₀ the average particle size and d ₉₉ (maximum particle size below which 99% of particles are present) for the control powders (untreated or as received powders) are taken as standard and are compared with the results obtained on four separately treated powders.

Surface area determination is carried out on a SMART SORB 90 BET surface area analyzer with a measuring range of 0.2 to 1000 m ²/g.

X-ray diffraction is carried out using a powder Phillips, Holland PW 1710 XRD system. A copper anode with nickel filter is used. The wavelength of the radiation was 1.54056 Å (10⁻¹⁰ m or 10⁻⁸ cm). The data is obtained in the form of 2θ Vs Intensity chart as well as a detailed table containing 2θ°, d value Å, peak width 2θ°, peak intensity counts, relative Intensity %, etc. The 'd' values are compared with standard JCPDS data base and the Miller Indices h, k and l for various 2θ° values are noted. The data are then analyzed using PowderX software to obtain lattice parameters and unit cell volume.
Results
Particle sizes d ₅₀ and d ₉₉ are given in Table 1 for control and various treated powders. Only d ₉₉ in zirconia powders and in one of the treated silica powders showed an increase in particle size. All the other powders showed a decrease. The percent change in particle size of various treated powders with respect to control powders is computed using the formula

Change in average particle size d ₅₀ (%) = 100 x (d 50t - d 50c)/ d 50c

In a similar manner the change in particle size d ₉₉ (%) is computed. These values are given in Table 1 and the percentage variation is shown in Figure 1.

All the treated powders showed a decrease in d ₅₀ and d ₉₉ up to 71.5%. However, d ₉₉ in treated zirconia powders showed an increase up to 21.1% and in one of the silica powders up to 3.4%. The smaller particles as indicated by d ₅₀ would have fractured at the inter particle and agglomerate boundaries there by reducing the d ₅₀ size. The lager particles on the other hand should contain less agglomerates and deformation of the individual particle along the slip planes would have taken place increasing the size prior to fracture. These results suggest that the particles may have elongated, work hardened and eventually fractured to smaller particles indicating that the Biofield energy had acted at the polycrystalline level causing deformation and fracture of particles as if the particles had undergone a high energy milling.

Table 2 shows the BET surface area values of the control and treated powders. Figure 2 shows the percent change in the BET surface area of the treated powders of both zirconium oxide and silicon dioxide. The predominant decrease in size of fine particles as compared to coarser ones in treated zirconia powders might have resulted in an increase in surface area maximum up to 19.48%. The percent change in surface area values in treated silica powder showed a slight decrease up to 1.1% indicating that the decrease in size of fine particles is more or less compensated by increase in size of coarse particles.

Table 1. Particle size of control and treated zirconium oxide and silicon dioxide powders.

Figure 1. Percentage change in particle size in treated powders.

Table 2. BET surface area of control and treated powders.

Figure 2. Percentage change in BET surface area in treated powders.

What must be happening to cause these significant changes in particle size? In order to find a probable cause the powders have been examined by x ray diffraction.

The data is obtained in the form of 2θ Vs Intensity chart as well as a detailed table containing 2θ°, d value Å, peak width 2θ°, peak intensity counts, relative Intensity %, etc. The 'd' values are compared with standard JCPDS data base and the Miller Indices h, k and l for various 2θ° values are noted. The data are then analyzed using PowderX software to obtain lattice parameters and unit cell volume.

Then the crystallite size is calculated using the formula,

Crystallite size = k λ/b Cos θ

Where, λ is the wavelength of x-radiation used (1.54056×10⁻¹⁰ m) and k is the equipment constant with a value 0.94. The obtained crystallite size will be in nano meters or 10⁻⁹ m. Crystallite size in ceramics will be same as grain size or single crystal size. It is also possible that some part of the observed X-ray peak width could be due to the instrument broadening (already corrected) while the other part could be due to the strain in the crystal lattice. The change between various powders is assessed by using relative parameters as follows;

Percent change in lattice parameter is the ratio of difference in the values between control and treated samples to the value of control sample expressed as per cent. Typically for the parameter 'a' this is equal to 100 x (Δa/ac) where Δa = (at- ac)/ac. This is also known as strain, and, when multiplied with the elastic modulus gives the force applied on the atoms. When the force is compressive the change is negative while a positive value indicates a stretching or tensile force. In a similar manner the percent change in unit cell volume and crystallite sizes are computed.

From Table 2 it can be noticed that the 'a' values obtained in the present experiments closely match the standard values. In most powders the Biofield energy used had changed the lattice parameter 'a' in the third decimal place and in some cases by second decimal place.

The percent variation in unit cell volume in various powders after treatment is shown in Figure 3. While treated silica powders showed an increase up to a maximum of 0.23%, three of zirconia powders showed a decrease up to 0.31% and the other showed an increase by 0.24%. These changes are significant as 100×(Δa/ac) represents percent linear strain and any value above 0.2% strain is considered to be above elastic limit. Several attempts are being made to study the plastic deformation in ionic solids without much success as the samples invariably fail by fracture in the elastic region itself. Even then the elastic strain is expected to be released once the applied force is removed, which did not happen in the present experiments. Rather the strain was permanent indicating that it is plastic in nature and the lattice constant/ volume was permanently altered even though the crystal structure remained same.

The percent variation in crystallite size is shown in Figure 4. The crystallite size had increased up to 16.66% in both the powders while only one of the treated zirconia powders showed a decrease by 22.23%. In both the cases the crystal structure remained the same. The existence of severe lattice strains is evidenced by the change in lattice parameters. It is possible that these internal strains made dislocations to move on the slip planes and intersecting slip planes built in stress concentrations to such an extent causing the crystal to fracture at the sub boundaries. This is perhaps the explanation for decrease in crystallite size. On the other hand when the dislocations move unhindered, they might reorient the planes on either side of the crystallite boundaries resulting in an increased crystallite size.

Figure 3. Percentage change in unit cell volume in treated powders.

Figure 4. Percentage change in crystallite size in treated powders.
Discussion
The atomic size in a bound state is not constant and varies depending on the environment of nearest neighbors. Thus the lattice parameters are decided by the equilibrium inter atomic distance where the attractive forces due to nuclear charges are balanced by the repulsive forces due to the orbiting electrons. Thus the effective nuclear charge on the electrons decreases with increasing distance from the nucleus. When atoms in a molecule are subjected to an external compressive force the rather flexible electron cloud of the negative ion is likely to be pushed closer to the positive ion, thereby, decreasing the volume of the molecule. The reverse might happen when the external force is tensile. The atoms are likely to be pulled apart there by increasing the volume. Thus the density should increases during compression and decreases during tension. The reverse happens in the case of unit cell volume.

The weight of the molecule is obtained from weights of the constituent atoms as per the molecular formula. The weight of individual atoms is computed from the sum of all electrons, protons and neutrons.

Weight of atom = number of protons × weight of proton + number of neutrons × weight of neutron + number of electrons × weight of electron.

Since the number of molecules per unit cell of the crystal is known, the weight of the unit cell is computed. The latter divided by the volume of the unit cell gave the theoretical density.

The weight of the molecule when multiplied by the Avogadro's number (6.023×10 ²³) gave the molecular weight (M) or the weight of a gram mole of the substance. The ratio difference in molecular weight between control and treated samples to the molecular weight of control sample is then expressed as per cent change in molecular weight. Typically this is same as 100×(ΔM/M c) where ΔM = (M t-M c)/M c. This value also represents the percent change in sum of weights of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

The percent change in positive charge per unit volume is computed as follows;

The computed values of the molecular weight and density together with the percent variation between control and treated samples are given in Table 3. The percent variation in molecular weight is shown in Figure 5. It can be noticed that although the individual values of the characteristics in various powders showed increase or decrease, the percent variation is same and is either directly or inversely proportional to the percent change in unit cell volume. Thus the percent variation in molecular weight linearly increases with increase in percent change in unit cell volume, with slope 1.

A decrease in lattice parameter 'a' and unit cell volume increases the density. This in turn should decrease the size of the molecule. A decrease in size of the molecule indicates a decrease in metal-oxygen bond length and increase in bond energy. This is possible only if the polarizing power of the metal ion increases, which in turn signifies an increase in the nuclear charge.

As density represents weight per unit volume and as the number of molecules per unit cell are fixed by the crystal structure, an increase in density corresponds to increased number of protons as compared to neutrons in the nucleus and hence to an increased charge of the metal atom. On the contrary the decrease in molecular weight indicates that there should be a decrease in total number of protons and neutrons. This is possible only if neutrons are participating in reversible weak nuclear reactions giving rise to neutrinos and charged particles. During the influence of tensile stresses the reverse is likely to happen. That is the lattice expands, density decreases, molecular weight increases and neutron to proton ratio increases. Thus, the opposing dependence of the atomic weight and atomic charge on the lattice parameters is possible only if it is assumed that nuclear reactions involving protons, neutrons with neutrinos resulting in electrons and positrons takes place. In other words the Biofield energy could be in the form of neutrinos interacting with atoms changing mass in to energy and vice versa.

Table 3. Analysis of X-ray diffraction results of zirconium oxide and silicon dioxide powders.

Figure 5. Percentage change in molecular weight of treated powders (Change in weight due to total number of protons and neutrons).
Conclusion
The non-contact Biofield energy has significantly altered the characteristics of zirconium oxide and silicon dioxide powders as follows.

The decrease in particle size in treated powders up to 71.5% indicates that the Biofield energy employed is fracturing the powders most probably at agglomerate boundaries. The increase in particle size of larger particles up to 21.1% is not normally possible in ceramics and can only lead to the conclusion that the energy is causing deformation of the crystal without activating fracture paths.

BET specific surface area of the treated powders showed an increase up to 19.48% confirming the decrease observed in particle size.

Increase in crystallite size up to 16.66% is in accordance the observed increase in d₉₉ particle size and is most likely due to deformation of the crystal taking place while suppressing fracture.

The treated powders exhibited increase as well decrease in volume of unit cell, and the molecular weight. The percent change in these parameters is linearly dependent on the percent change in unit cell volume.

We hypothesize that the changes caused by Biofield energy could be due to change in sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus caused by weak interactions.
Acknowledgements
We thank Dr. Cheng Dong of NLSC, Institute of Physics, and Chinese academy of Sciences for permitting us to use PowderX software for analyzing XRD results.
References
1) Rubik B, Becker RO, Flower RG, Hazlewood CF, Liboff AR et al.(1994)Bioelectromagnetics applications in medicine. In Alternative Medicine: Expanding Medical Horizons. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
2) Shinde V, Sances F, Patil S,Spence A (2012) Impact of Biofield Treatment on Growth and Yieldof Lettuce and Tomato. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 6: 100-105.
3) Sances F, Flora E, Patil S, Spence A,Shinde V (2013) Impact of Biofield Treatment on Ginseng and Organic Blueberry Yield.Agrivita, Journal of Agricultural Science.
4) Lenssen AW (2013)Biofield and Fungicide Seed Treatment Influences on Soybean Productivity, Seed Quality and Weed Community, Agricultural Journal 8: 138-143.
5) Patil SA, Nayak GB, Barve SS, Tembe RP,KhanRR (2012) Impact of biofield treatment on growth and anatomical characteristics of Pogostemoncablin (Benth). Biotechnology.
6) Trivedi M, ShrikantPatil (2008)Impact of an external energy on Staphylococcus epidermis [ATCC-13518] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions-An experimental study.Journal of Accord Integrative Medicine 4: 230-235.
7) Trivedi M, Patil S (2008) Impact of an external energy on Yersinia enterocolitica [ATCC-23715] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions: An experimental study. The Internet Journal of Alternative Medicine.
8) MahendrakumarTrivedi, Yogi Bhardwaj, ShrikantPatil, Harish Shettigar,ArchanaBulbule, (2009) Impact of an external energy on Enterococcus faecalis [ATCC-51299] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions-An experimental study 5: 119-130.
9) Suryanarayana C (1995)NanocrystallineMaterials. Int Mater Rev40: 41-64.
10) Suryanarayana C (1999) Mechanical Alloying. In Non-Equilibrium Processing of Materials, Pergamon Materials Series, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
11) Dabhade VV, Rama Mohan TR, Ramakrishnan P (2001) Synthesis of nanosized titanium powder by high energy milling. Appl Surf Sci 182: 390-393.
12) Trivedi MK,TallapragadaRM (2008) A transcendental to changing metal powder characteristics. Met Pow Rep 63: 22-31.
13) Dabhade VV, Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM (2009) Effect of external energy on the atomic, crystalline, and powder characteristics of antimony and bismuth. Bull of Mat Sci 32: 471-479.
14) Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM (2009)Effect of superconsciousness external energy on atomic, crystalline and powder characteristics of carbon allotrope powders.Mat Res Inno 13: 473-480.
15) Trivedi MK,Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2013)Effect of Bio Field Treatment on the Physical and Thermal Characteristics of Vanadium Pentoxide Powders. J Mat Sci EngS11-001.
16) Trivedi MK,Patil S, Tallapragada RM(2013) Effect of bio field treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of Silicon, Tin and Lead powders. J Material Sci Eng 2:125.
17) Trivedi Science.
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Characteristics of Zirconia and Silica Powders

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Mahendra K Trivedi, Shrikant Patil* and Rama Mohan Tallapragada DOI: 10.4172/2169-0022.1000144 ISSN: 2169-0022 Citation Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2014) Atomic, Crystalline and Powder Characteristics of Treated Zirconia and Silica Powders. J Material Sci Eng 3: 144.

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	The Trivedi Effect® Impact on Vanadium Pentoxide Powders
	

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	Mahendra Trivedi Researches & Publications | pdfSR.com
	

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	Mahendra Trivedi Researches & Publications | pdfSR.com
	

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Join Mahendra Trivedi on pdfSR and study several dozens of peer-reviewed scientific journals of Mr Trivedi. He  amassed a collection of over 4,000 scientific studies.

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	Mahendra Trivedi NIH Biographical Sketch
	

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	Mahendra Trivedi NIH Biographical Sketch
	

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Mahendra Trivedi amassed a collection of over 4,000 scientific studies in many life sciences and material sciences and also has several dozens of publications in leading international peer-reviewed scientific journals.

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1) If you clicked on the link in the email confirmation message within 72 hours of registering, then your email address should be verified. To confirm this, sign in to your NCBI account and click on your username that displays at the top right of the browser page.

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	Mahendra Trivedi - Public Profile - National Geographic
	

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	Mahendra Trivedi - Public Profile - National Geographic
	

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Mahendra Trivedi is a member of the National Geographic community. He amassed a collection of over 4,000 scientific studies in many life sciences and material sciences.

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National Geographic Society - Mahendra Trivedi

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Mahendra Trivedi is a member of the National Geographic community. Mahendra Trivedi's, Trivedi Effect® is continuously being applied to a broad range of scientific fields to extend and transcend beyond the frontiers of the current scientific paradigm.

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	Mahendra Trivedi SelectedWorks | BePress
	

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	Mahendra Trivedi SelectedWorks | BePress
	

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Mahendra Trivedi have collection of several dozens of publications in leading international peer-reviewed scientific journals. Follow him to read his latest research done in Materials science.

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Berkeley Electronic Press Selected Works

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	Mahendra Trivedi Public Profile | Open Science Framework
	

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	Mahendra Trivedi Public Profile | Open Science Framework
	

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Mahendra Trivedi is an independent researcher. He has done number of researches to validate his unique energy known as The Trivedi Effect. Read his researches on Open Science Framework to know more!

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	Mahendra Kumar Trivedi Public Profile | Publons
	

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	Mahendra Kumar Trivedi Public Profile | Publons
	

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Mahendra Kumar Trivedi amassed a collection of over 4,000 scientific studies in agriculture, microbiology, biotechnology, materials science, genetics, cancer and human health. Join him on Publons to know more about him!

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	Mahendra Trivedi's Biofield Effect on Burkholderia cepacia
	

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	Mahendra Trivedi's Biofield Effect on Burkholderia cepacia
	

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Burkholderia cepacia is an opportunistic, gram negative pathogen which causes infection. The study to check Mahendra Trivedi's biofield energy effect on multidrug-resistant burkholderia cepacia.

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	Mahendra Trivedi Biofield Impact on Hepatitis B & C Viruses
	

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	Mahendra Trivedi Biofield Impact on Hepatitis B & C Viruses
	

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Viral load count is the amount of particular viral DNA or RNA in a blood samples. It is one of the surrogate biomarker of hepatitis. Read this research report and know about Mahendra Trivedi's biofield impact on Hepatitis B and C viruses.

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	 The Trivedi Effect® Impact on Human Anatomy and Physiology
	

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	 The Trivedi Effect® Impact on Human Anatomy and Physiology
	

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To validate the impact of Trivedi Effect® with Science, Mr. Mahendra Kumar Trivedi has done more than 4,000 scientific studies in many life sciences and materials science categories.

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Listen to The Trivedi Effect episodes free, on demand. Discover how you can unleash the energy of consciousness within yourself, activating your true power to create the reality you desire in life.

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	 Loop | Trivedi Effect Profiles and Publications
	

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	 Loop | Trivedi Effect Profiles and Publications
	

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Mr. Trivedi’s ultimate mission through Trivedi Effect® is to establish a new scientific paradigm that will bring about lasting solutions to the world’s most pressing problems & thus vastly improve the human condition.

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	 Follow Trivedi Effect on ResearcherID.com
	

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	 Follow Trivedi Effect on ResearcherID.com
	

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Mahendra Trivedi mission through the application of Trivedi Effect® is to establish a new scientific paradigm that will bring about lasting solutions to the world’s most pressing problems.

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Trivedi Effect M-2547-2015 - ResearcherID.com

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Home Login Search Interactive Map EndNote >

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	The Trivedi Effect Public Profile on Orcid.org
	

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	The Trivedi Effect Public Profile on Orcid.org
	

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Mr. Trivedi has demonstrated the impact of Trivedi Effect in areas as diverse as agriculture, materials science, microbiology, animal husbandry & human wellness.

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Trivedi Effect (0000-0003-2746-0843) - ORCID | Connecting Research and Researchers

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The Trivedi Effect is a natural phenomenon that exists within our universe. Trivedi Effect is a world-renowned, natural phenomenon of transforming living organisms & non-living materials to perform at the highest level. Mahendra Kumar Trivedi has this incredible ability to transform living organisms & non-living substances.

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	The Trivedi Effect | National Center for Biotechnology Information
	

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	The Trivedi Effect | National Center for Biotechnology Information
	

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The Trivedi Effect is a unique phenomenon, created by Mahendra Trivedi. To validate the impact of Trivedi Effect nearly about 4,000 scientific studies conducted at research institutes throughout the world.

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1) If you clicked on the link in the email confirmation message within 72 hours of registering, then your email address should be verified. To confirm this, sign in to your NCBI account and click on your username that displays at the top right of the browser page.

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	 The Astonishing Power of The Trivedi Effect®
	

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	 The Astonishing Power of The Trivedi Effect®
	

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Research interest exploration and exploitation of The Trivedi Effect® in various research areas of agriculture, animal production, biotechnology, microbiology, material science, genetics, cancer, pharmaceuticals, biofield.

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	 The Trivedi Effect® - SelectedWorks - BePress
	

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	 The Trivedi Effect® - SelectedWorks - BePress
	

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| http://works.bepress.com/trivedi_effect/ The Trivedi Effect® is a unique phenomenon, discovered by Mahendra Trivedi. Mr. Trivedi has this incredible ability to transform living organisms & non-living substances. To know more follow Trivedi Effect on Bepress.

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	The Trivedi Effect® : Path to a Deeper Health | Academia.edu
	

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	The Trivedi Effect® : Path to a Deeper Health | Academia.edu
	

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Mahendra Trivedi discovered a unique phenomenon to helping people optimize their potential, and this unique phenomenon of Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatments became internationally renown as The Trivedi Effect®.

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Academia.edu is a place to share and follow research.

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	Spectral Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Triphenylmethane
	

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	Spectral Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Triphenylmethane
	

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Test to investigate the physical, thermal and spectroscopical characterization of Mahendra Trivedi's biofield energy treated Triphenylmethane. Read the interesting test revelation.

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	Biofield | An Experimental Study on Plant Growth & Adaptation
	

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	Biofield | An Experimental Study on Plant Growth & Adaptation
	

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Mahendra Trivedi's present experiments found an enhanced and significant impact of the biofield treatment on adaptive micropropagation response and callus induction of two plant species, Withania somnifera and Amaranthus dubius.

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	Biofield Effect on Growth of Pogostemon cablin (Benth.) | Scialert.net
	

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	Biofield Effect on Growth of Pogostemon cablin (Benth.) | Scialert.net
	

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Pogostemon cablin is a well known aromatic plant. Study the report conducted by Mahendra Trivedi and research team and know more about the effect of human biofield on growth and anatomical characteristics of pogostemon cablin (Benth.)

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Impact of Biofield Treatment on Growth and Anatomical Characteristics of Pogostemon cablin (Benth.)

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Abstract: Impact of Biofield Treatment on Growth and Anatomical Characteristics of Pogostemon cablin (Benth.)

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	Mahendra Trivedi : Founder of The Trivedi Effect®
	

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	Mahendra Trivedi : Founder of The Trivedi Effect®
	

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The Trivedi Effect is a phenomenon generated by the thought intention of Mahendra Trivedi, which through its direct connection with higher consciousness has the ability to transform the natural structure of both living and inanimate forms.

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The Trivedi Effect - Trivedi Effect - The One Energy That can Transform Any Thing - View company info, team members, fundraising and more

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	Mahendra Trivedi and Trivedi Effect® | ResearchGate
	

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	Mahendra Trivedi and Trivedi Effect® | ResearchGate
	

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Mahendra Trivedi is a pioneer in bridging the gap between science and consciousness. Research institutes around the world have partnered with Mr. Trivedi to scientifically test, measure, validate and document the impact of the Trivedi Effect® on living organisms and nonliving materials.

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	 Trivedi Effect : Human Wellness Programs | Google+
	

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	 Trivedi Effect : Human Wellness Programs | Google+
	

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Follow Trivedi Effect on Google.plus and being a part of various human wellness programs run by Mahendra Trivedi for the welfare of mankind.

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	Trivedi Effect Podcast Available on CNET.com
	

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	Trivedi Effect Podcast Available on CNET.com
	

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Discover how you can unleash the energy of consciousness within yourself, activating your true power to create the reality you desire in life with Trivedi Effect. Visit CNET.com to download Trivedi Effect App.

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Trivedi Effect - Free downloads and reviews - CNET Download.com

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trivedi effect free download - Advanced Effect Maker Freeware Edition, Photoshop Manga Effect Plugin (32-bit), Paint.NET, and many more programs

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	The Trivedi Effect on CrunchBase
	

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	The Trivedi Effect on CrunchBase
	

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Mahendra Trivedi has the power to harness the unique energy called The Trivedi Effect and transmit it for the welfare of the society. Get more updates on him at CrunchBase.

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The Trivedi Effect has proved its impact in not only human wellness and health disorders but also in scientific researches and experiments.

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	 The Trivedi Effect® - Mahendra Trivedi- Slideshare
	

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	 The Trivedi Effect® - Mahendra Trivedi- Slideshare
	

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| Mahendra Trivedi’s biofield energy treatments became internationally renown as The Trivedi Effect®. Follow Mr. Trivedi on Slideshare to know more!

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Mahendra Kumar Trivedi earned his 5-Year Bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering in 1985. Mr. Mahendra Kumar Trivedi worked as an Engineer for 10 Years. In 1995, Mr. Trivedi discovered that he had the unique ability to harness the energy from the universe and transmit it to anywhere on the globe, infusing it into living organisms and nonliving materials, thus optimizing their potential.

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	 Mahendra Trivedi : An Independent Researcher | Biofield Treatment
	

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	 Mahendra Trivedi : An Independent Researcher | Biofield Treatment
	

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Know about Mahendra Trivedi’s researches and works to validate the power of his unique divine energy phenomenon popularly known as The Trivedi Effect.

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	The Trivedi Effect® | Human Anatomy and Physiology
	

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	The Trivedi Effect® | Human Anatomy and Physiology
	

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The Anatomy and Physiology module introduces the structure and function of the human body. Go through the link and know more about the Mr. Trivedi's mission to utilize The Trivedi Effect on human anatomy and physiology.

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The Trivedi Effect® is a natural phenomenon that transforms living organisms and non-living materials through the Energy Transmissions of Mahendra Trivedi and The Trivedi Masters ™. This beneficial transformation is accomplished by strengthening their connection to the source of all creation - Universal Intelligence, enabling them to function at a higher level and serve a greater purpose.

The phenomenon of the 21st Century

The world today is witnessing the emergence of an extraordinary phenomenon that offers a radical way to transform life on this planet for the benefit of all. This phenomenon - brought to the world by Mahendra Trivedi - is known as The Trivedi Effect®.

Mahendra Trivedi - and The Trivedi Masters ™, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak and Alice Branton - possess the ability to create The Trivedi Effect® through the Energy Transmissions generated by their thoughts.

Benefits of The Trivedi Effect

The Trivedi Effect ® has the ability to transform all living organisms, including plants, seeds, crops, bacteria, viruses, fungi, animals, cancer cells, and human cells by strengthening their connection to the Universal Energy which is the source of all creation. It is the ONE thing that CAN transform ANY thing.

Tens of thousands of people throughout the world have experienced this phenomenon and are now enjoying the journey of their life.

Astounding the scientific community

The Trivedi Effect® has surprised and astounded the worldwide scientific community. Results from scientific experiments and the vastly growing body of human testimonials have challenged current scientific understanding, pushing scientific thought into new lines of enquiry. Scientific research has shown that The Trivedi Effect® is a natural phenomenon not yet understood by science and is unparalleled in the world as we know it. It is non-invasive in nature and beneficial to all life.

Extensive scientific research

The Trivedi Effect ® has been explored in a number of different subject areas, including agriculture, genetics, cancer, microbiology, material science and animal husbandry through the collaborative efforts of leading scientists from all over the world and the Trivedi Foundation™.

The impact of this phenomenon has been measured, validated and documented in over 4,000 studies at major research institutes throughout the world. Further, these empirical studies have resulted in the publication of numerous substantiating articles in leading international peer-reviewed journals.

Scientific studies performed on non-human and non-living materials subjected to Energy Transmissions have shown dramatic results, demonstrating the fact that the effects of this energy are real and not occurring as a result of a placebo effect. There is no doubt that The Trivedi Effect® has substantial power to change the capabilities of almost everything on this planet.

The Trivedi Effect has:

Increased the yield of crops by up to 500 percent and their immunity by up to 600 percent without the use of any chemicals, fertilizers or pesticides

Identified and killed, in a rigorous, U.S.-based laboratory setting, cancer cells while simultaneously sustaining and promoting greater viability in healthy cells

Reduced the viral load of HIV, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C, in vitro by up to 99.8 percent

Strengthened the composition of metals and other non-living materials at the atomic level

The Trivedi Effect ® has also brought about health improvements as reported by tens of thousands of individuals - including those with chronic pain, debilitating arthritis, food sensitivities, heart disease, cancer, depression, low self-esteem and more.

Many people have even reported that The Trivedi Effect® has transformed their relationships, dramatically increased their happiness and helped them discover their life's true purpose.

Some benefits are experienced immediately, while others unfold over time. No matter how big or small the benefits seem to be, people everywhere have experienced remarkable and even life-changing results.

If The Trivedi Effect® can do all this, imagine what it could do for you!

Brain MRI

Thermal Imaging

Spine MRI

" The Augmentation and Aortic reflection show the amount of stiffness seen in a person 20-25 years younger"
-Dr. John Levin, Anti-Aging Specialist, Australia

" The pituitary fossa is the largest ever found in a healthy subject with fully functioning body having excellent health"
-Dr Shailendra Patil, India

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The Trivedi Effect® | Mahendra Trivedi | Human Anatomy and Physiology

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The Trivedi Effect ® is a natural phenomenon that transforms living organisms and non-living materials through the Energy Transmissions of Mahendra Trivedi and The Trivedi Masters ™. This beneficial transformation is accomplished by strengthening their connection to the source of all creation - Universal Intelligence, enabling them to function at a higher level and serve a greater purpose.

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	Mahendra Trivedi's Biofield Treatment on Pseudomonas fluorescens
	

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	Mahendra Trivedi's Biofield Treatment on Pseudomonas fluorescens
	

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Study the report conducted by Mahendra Trivedi, to analyze the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of pseudomonas fluorescens after biofield treatment.

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Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern of Pseudomonas fluorescens after Biofield Treatment

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Global emergence of Pseudomonas fluorescens (P. fluorescens) displays a mechanism of resistance to all existing antimicrobials. Due to its strong ability to acquire resistance, there is a need of some alternative treatment strategy. Objective of this

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	Mahendra Trivedi - Biofield Energy Treatment & Researches
	

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	Mahendra Trivedi - Biofield Energy Treatment & Researches
	

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Mahendra Trivedi is the independent researcher who has done expansive researches on Trivedi effect approving his ability to understand the power of consciousness, energy medicine & the human biofield of energy.

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Scientists and Researchers Network - I am in Science - Member Profile - Mahendra Trivedi

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Scientists' and researchers' network for interaction and content sharing. I am in Science. This is a member's profile.

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	Dr. Deepak Chopra Reviews about Mahendra Trivedi | TED-Ed
	

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	Dr. Deepak Chopra Reviews about Mahendra Trivedi | TED-Ed
	

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Dr. Deepak Chopra is reviewing on Mahendra Trivedi. Deepak chopra said that, let me just get into the interview of this amazing extraordinary healer from India a young man by the name of Mahendra Trivedi

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Dr. Deepak Chopra about Mahendra Trivedi

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Dr. Deepak Chopra is reviewing on Mahendra Trivedi. Dr. Chopra says that the interview i am going to do now it is the one of the most unusual interview i have ever done in my life i have very unusual guest ( Mahendra Kumar Trivedi) this evening .Is Mahendra Trivedi a guru?

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	Mahendra Kumar Trivedi - Founder of Trivedi Foundation
	

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	Mahendra Kumar Trivedi - Founder of Trivedi Foundation
	

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Mahendra Kumar Trivedi's mission is to utilize The Trivedi Effect® to usher in a new era that integrates scientific research with consciousness to vastly improve the human condition and benefit humanity on a global scale.

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	Mahendra Kumar Trivedi : Master of Energy Transformation
	

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	Mahendra Kumar Trivedi : Master of Energy Transformation
	

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Mahendra Kumar Trivedi is recognized throughout the world for his powerful Energy Transmissions, known as The Trivedi Effect®. To prove The Trivedi Effect®, Mr. Trivedi has conducted around 4,000 scientific studies.

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	Mahendra Kumar Trivedi Biography | OMICS International
	

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	Mahendra Kumar Trivedi Biography | OMICS International
	

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Mahendra Kumar Trivedi has amassed a collection of over 4,000 scientific studies in many life sciences and material sciences, including: agriculture, livestock, biotechnology, microbiology, genetics, cancer.

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Mahendra Kumar Trivedi | Madhya Pradesh University

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Mahendra Kumar Trivedi,Madhya Pradesh University,Advances in Automobile Engineering .

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	Mahendra Kumar Trivedi's Google Scholar Citations
	

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	Mahendra Kumar Trivedi's Google Scholar Citations
	

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Study Mahendra Trivedi 's researches and publications on categories like Biofield Energy, Materials Science, Agriculture Science, Pharma, Biotechnology at Google Scholar. Follow him to know more!

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	Dr. Rustum Roy Reviews about Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
	

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	Dr. Rustum Roy Reviews about Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
	

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Dr. Rustum Roy, a well-known scientist, shares his views towards Mr. Mahendra Trivedi and his energy transmission. Subscribe Mahendra Trivedi official fan page on Dailymotion to view reviews and testimonials from many people around the globe. Click now to watch!

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Mahendra Trivedi Science Dr. Rustum Roy who is known as the Founder of Material science was a materials scientist who held visiting professorships in materials science at Arizona State University and in medicine at the University of Arizona. He was the Head of the Department of Material Science Department at the Pennsylvania State University, USA.

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	Mahendra Kumar Trivedi : Science Publishing Group | Biofield
	

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	Mahendra Kumar Trivedi : Science Publishing Group | Biofield
	

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Mr. Trivedi having a collection of over 4,000 scientific studies in many life sciences and material sciences, including: agriculture, livestock, biotechnology, microbiology, biofield, genetics, cancer and human health categories.

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Personal Information: Science Publishing Group

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Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Rama Mohan Tallapragada, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Omprakash Latiyal, Snehasis Jana. Effect of Biofield Energy Treatment on Physical and Structural Properties of Calcium Carbide and Praseodymium Oxide. International Journal of Materials Science and Applications. Vol. 4, No. 6, 2015, pp. 390-395. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20150406.14

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	Biofield Energy Treatment Influences on Soybean | Medwell Journals 
	

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	Biofield Energy Treatment Influences on Soybean | Medwell Journals 
	

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A field study conducted by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, to validate the impact of his biofield energy treatment influences on soybean productivity, seed quality and weed community.

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Biofield and Fungicide Seed Treatment Influences on Soybean Productivity, Seed Quality and Weed Community

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Biofield and Fungicide Seed Treatment Influences on Soybean Productivity, Seed Quality and Weed Community

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	Biofield Treatment | Properties of 2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone
	

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	Biofield Treatment | Properties of 2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone
	

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Biofield treatment is an alternative approach which may be useful to improve these unfilled space associated with hepatitis infected patients. The human biofields is the energetic matrix that surrounds the human.

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Physical, Thermal and Spectral Properties of Biofield Energy Treated 2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone | Mahendra Trivedi | Alice Branton | Dahryn Trivedi | Gopal Nayak | Academic Room

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Study background: 2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone (DHBP) is an organic compound used for the synthesis of pharmaceutical agents. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of biofield energy treatment on the physical, thermal and spectral properties of DHBP. The study was performed in two groups (control and treated).

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	Biofield Energy Treatment on 2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone
	

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	Biofield Energy Treatment on 2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone
	

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View Mahendra Kumar Trivedi biofield energy treatment on 2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone . Dihydroxybenzophenone is an organic compound used for the synthesis of pharmaceutical agents.

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Please enable JavaScript to view the comments powered by Disqus.

Research ArticleOpen Access

Trivedi et al., Clin Pharmacol Biopharm 2015, 4:4

http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2167-065X.1000145

Volume 4 * Issue 4 * 1000145

ISSN: 2167-065X CPB, an open access journal

Physical, Thermal and Spectral Properties of Biofield Energy Treated

2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone

Mahendra Kumar Trivedi1, Rama Mohan Tallapragada1 , Alice Branton1 , Dahryn Trivedi1, Gopal Nayak1, Rakesh Kumar Mishra2 and Snehasis

1Trivedi Global Inc., 10624 S Eastern Avenue Suite A-969, Henderson, NV 89052, USA

2Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd., Bhopal- 462026, Madhya Pradesh, India

Study background: 2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone (DHBP) is an organic compound used for the synthesis of

pharmaceutical agents. The objective of this study was to investigate the inuence of bioeld energy treatment on the

physical, thermal and spectral properties of DHBP. The study was performed in two groups (control and treated). The

control group remained as untreated, and the treated group received Mr. Trivedi's bioeld energy treatment.

Methods: The control and treated DHBP samples were further characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential

scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), laser particle size analyser, surface area analyser,

Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and ultra violet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) analysis.

Results: The XRD study indicated a slight decrease in the volume of the unit cell and molecular weight of treated

DHBP as compared to the control sample. However, XRD study revealed an increase in average crystallite size of the

treated DHBP by 32.73% as compared to the control sample. The DSC characterization showed no signicant change in

the melting temperature of treated sample. The latent heat of fusion of the treated DHBP was substantially increased by

11.67% as compared to the control. However, TGA analysis showed a decrease in the maximum thermal decomposition

temperature (Tmax ) of the treated DHBP (257.66ºC) as compared to the control sample (260.93ºC). The particle size

analysis showed a substantial increase in particle size (d50 and d99) of the treated DHBP by 41% and 15.8% as compared

to the control sample. Additionally, the surface area analysis showed a decrease in surface area by 9.5% in the treated

DHBP, which was supported by the particle size results. Nevertheless, FT-IR analysis showed a downward shift of

methyl group stretch (2885→2835 cm-1 ) in the treated sample as compared to the control. The UV analysis showed a

blue shift of absorption peak 323→318 nm in the treated sample (T1) as compared to the control.

Conclusion: Altogether, the results showed signicant changes in the physical, thermal and spectral properties of

treated DHBP as compared to the control.

Keywords: 2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone; X-ray diraction; ermal

analysis; Laser particle size analyser; Surface area analyser; Fourier

transform infrared spectroscopy; Ultra violet-visible spectroscopy.

Abbreviations: XRD: X-Ray Diraction; DSC: Dierential

Scanning Calorimetry; TGA: ermo Gravimetric Analysis; FTIR:

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, UV-Vis: Ultra Violet-

Visible Spectroscopy Analysis; CAM: Complementary and Alternative

Benzophenone an aromatic ketone is an important class of organic

compounds used in perfumes and photochemicals. Benzophenones are

used as an intermediate for the synthesis of dyes, pesticides and drugs

[1]. ese compounds are widely used for the synthesis of various

drugs having anxiolytic, hypnotic and antihistaminic activities [2].

2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (DHBP) is used as UV-light absorber in

resinous and polymer compositions such as polystyrene, acrylonitrile

polymer and other copolymers [3]. Moreover, these UV light absorbers

are also used in the preparation of sunscreen agents for cosmetic

applications. DHBP has been used as promising sunscreen agent that

reduces the skin damage by blocking the ultra violet light [2].

e chemical and physical stability of the pharmaceutical

compounds are most desired quality attributes that directly aect its

safety, ecacy, and shelf life [4]. Hence, it is required to explore some

new alternate approaches that could alter the physical and chemical

properties of the compounds such as DHBP. Recently bioeld energy

treatment has been used as a plausible approach for physicochemical

modication of metals [5,6], ceramic [7], organic products [8]

and pharmaceutical drugs [9]. erefore, aer considering the

pharmaceutical applications of DHBP authors planned to investigate

the inuence of bioeld energy treatment on physical, spectral and

thermal properties of DHBP.

e National Centre for Complementary and Alternative

Medicine (NCCAM), a part of the National Institute of Health (NIH),

recommends the use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

(CAM) therapies as an alternative in the healthcare sector, and about

36% of Americans regularly uses some form of CAM [10]. CAM

includes numerous energy-healing therapies; bioeld therapy is one of

the energy medicine used worldwide to improve the health.

Fritz, has rst proposed the law of mass-energy interconversion

and aer that Einstein derived the well-known equation E=mc2 for

light and mass [11,12]. ough, conversion of mass into energy is fully

*Corresponding author: Dr. Snehasis Jana, Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt.

Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd., Bhopal- 462026,

Citation: Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, et al.

(2015) Physical, Thermal and Spectral Properties of Bioeld Energy Treated

2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone. Clin Pharmacol Biopharm 4: 145. doi:10.4172/2167-

the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted

use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and

Treated 2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone. Clin Pharmacol Biopharm 4: 145. doi:10.4172/2167-065X.1000145

Volume 4 * Issue 4 * 1000145

ISSN: 2167-065X CPB, an open access journal

all atoms in a molecule multiplied by the Avogadro number (6.023

×1023 ).e percent change in molecular weight was calculated using

Percent change in molecular weight = [(Mt -Mc)/Mc]×100

powder sample respectively.

Percentage change in average crystallite size was calculated using

treated powder samples respectively.

Dierential scanning calorimetry (DSC)

DSC was used to investigate the melting temperature and latent

heat of fusion (∆H) of samples. e control and treated DHBP samples

were analysed using a Pyris-6 Perkin Elmer DSC at a heating rate of

10ºC/min under air atmosphere and the air was ushed at a ow rate of

5 mL/min. Predetermined amount of sample was kept in an aluminum

pan and closed with a lid. A blank aluminum pan was used as a

reference. e percentage change in latent heat of fusion was calculated

using following equations:

% change in Latent heat of fusion 100

Where, ΔH Control and ΔH Treated are the latent heat of fusion of

control and treated samples, respectively.

ermogravimetric analysis-dierential thermal analysis

e thermal stability of control and treated DHBP were analyzed

by using Mettler Toledo simultaneous TGA and Dierential thermal

analyser (DTA). e samples were heated from room temperature to

400º C with a heating rate of 5ºC/min under air atmosphere.

e average particle size and particle size distribution were

analyzed by using Sympetac Helos-BF Laser Particle Size Analyser with

a detection range of 0.1 to 875 micrometer. Average particle size d50 and

d99 (size exhibited by 99% of powder particles) were computed from

laser diraction data table. e percentage changes in d50 and d99 values

were calculated by the following formula:

Percentage Change in d99 size = 100× (d99 treated- d99 control)/ d99

e surface area of control and treated DHBP were characterized

by surface area analyser, SMART SORB 90 Brunauer-Emmett-Teller

(BET) using ASTM D 5604 method that had a detection range of

0.2-1000 m2 /g. Percent change in surface area was calculated using

% change in surface area 100

Where, S Control and S Treated are the surface area of control and treated

validated, but the inverse of this relation, i.e. energy into mass is not

yet veried scientically. Additionally, it was stated that energy exist in

various forms such as kinetic, potential, electrical, magnetic, nuclear,

etc. which have been generated from dierent sources. Similarly,

neurons that are present in the human central nervous system have the

ability to transmit the information in the form of electrical signals [13-

16]. Hence, bioeld is dened as a bioenergetic eld that permeates and

surrounds living organisms. Recently Prakash et al. reported that this

inherent biomagnetic eld around the human body can be measured

by few medical techniques such as Kirlian photography, polycontrast

interference photography and resonance eld imaging [17].

erefore, it is envisaged that human beings have the ability to

harness the energy from the environment/Universe and can transmit

into any object (living or non-living) around the Globe. e object(s)

will always receive the energy and responding in a useful manner

that is called bioeld energy. Mr. Trivedi's unique bioeld treatment

is also known as e Trivedi Eect® . It is known to transform the

characteristics of various living and non-living things. Moreover, the

bioeld treatment has caused signicant aect in dierent elds such

as agriculture [18-20] and microbiology [21-22].

e present work is focused to study the impact of Mr. Trivedi'

bioeld energy treatment on physical, thermal and spectral properties

of DHBP and characterized by XRD, DSC, TGA, particle size, surface

area, FT-IR and UV-visible spectroscopic analysis.

2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone (DHBP) was procured from S D Fine

Chemicals Ltd, India. e sample was divided into two parts; one was

kept as a control sample while the other was subjected to Mr. Trivedi's

unique bioeld treatment and coded as treated sample. e treated

group was in sealed pack and handed over to Mr. Trivedi for bioeld

energy treatment under standard laboratory conditions. Mr. Trivedi

provided the energy treatment through his energy transmission

process to the treated group without touching the sample. e control

and treated samples were characterized by XRD, DSC, TGA, particle

size, surface area, FT-IR, and UV-visible analysis.

X-ray diraction (XRD) study

e XRD analysis of control and treated DHBP was carried out on

Phillips, Holland PW 1710 X-ray diractometer system, which had a

copper anode with nickel lter. e radiation of wavelength used by

the XRD system was 1.54056 Å. e data obtained from this XRD were

in the form of a chart of 2θ vs. intensity and a detailed table containing

peak intensity counts, d value (Å), peak width (θ°), relative intensity

(%) etc. e average crystallite size (G) was calculated by using formula:

Here, λ is the wavelength of radiation used, b is full width half-

maximum (FWHM) of peaks and k is the equipment constant (=0.94).

e molecular weight of atom was calculated using following

Molecular weight = number of protons x weight of a proton +

number of neutrons x weight of a neutron + number of electrons x

weight of an electron.

Molecular weight in g/Mol was calculated from the weights of

Treated 2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone. Clin Pharmacol Biopharm 4: 145. doi:10.4172/2167-065X.1000145

Volume 4 * Issue 4 * 1000145

ISSN: 2167-065X CPB, an open access journal

e FT-IR spectra were recorded on Shimadzu's Fourier transform

infrared spectrometer (Japan) with the frequency range of 4000-500

cm-1 . e analysis was accomplished to evaluate the eect of bioeld

treatment at an atomic level like dipole moment, force constant and

bond strength in chemical structure [23]. e treated sample was

divided into two parts T1 and T2 for FT-IR analysis.

UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis

UV spectra of the control and treated DHBP samples were recorded

on Shimadzu UV-2400 PC series spectrophotometer with 1 cm quartz

cell and a slit width of 2.0 nm. e analysis was carried out using

wavelength in the range of 200-400 nm and methanol was used as a

solvent. e UV spectra was analysed to determine the eect of bioeld

treatment on the energy gap of highest occupied molecular orbital and

lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO gap) [23]. e

treated sample was divided in two parts T1 and T2 for the analysis.

XRD was used to investigate the crystalline nature of the control

and treated DHBP. Figure 1 shows the XRD diractogram of the

control and treated DHBP. XRD diractogram of the control DHBP

º, 18.13 º, 18.52 º, 25.64 º, 27.93 º, 34.85 º, 37.57 º and 44.34 º. However,

15.23 º , 18.13 º, 18.50 º, 25.63 º, 27.94 º, 34.75 º, 34.85 º, 37.56 º, and 44.34 º .

e intensity of XRD peaks present at Brags angle 2θ equal to 18.13 º ,

as compared to the control. is showed an increase in crystallinity of

the treated DHBP with respect to the control sample. It is proposed

that bioeld energy treatment might increase the long-range order of

the DHBP molecules that lead to the formation of the symmetrical

crystalline pattern as compared to the untreated sample [24]. Based

on XRD peaks, control and treated samples were indexed with the

monoclinic crystal structure.

e unit cell volume, crystallite size and change in molecular

weight were computed from the XRD diractogram, and results

are presented in Table 1. e unit cell volume of control DHBP was

1063.70 10-24 × cm3 and it was minimally decreased to 1063.20 10-24 ×

cm3 in the treated sample. e treated DHBP showed a decrease in unit

cell volume by 0.05% as compared to the control sample. e molecular

weight (number of proton and neutrons) in control DHBP was 214.95

g/mol and it was minimally decreased up to 214.84 g/mol in the treated

sample. e treated sample showed 0.048 % change in molecular

weight with respect to control. It is hypothesized that bioeld energy

may be acted on the treated DHBP crystals at nuclear level and altered

the number of proton and neutrons as compared to the control, which

may lead to change in its molecular weight [25].

e crystallite size is known as a group of molecules or atoms

having the same orientation in one plane. Moreover, the crystallite

size is one of the crystallographic factors associated with the formation

of dislocations and point defects in the crystalline structure, which

directly inuences the material properties [26]. e crystallite size of the

control sample on the plane corresponding to most intense XRD peak

(i.e. 2θ = 27.9) was 78.08 nm, and it was remained unchanged in treated

DHBP sample (78.08 nm). Nevertheless, the average crystallite size was

also calculated from the XRD diractograms and data are presented

in Table 1. e average crystallite size of control DHBP was 62.19 nm,

and it was signicantly increased to 82.55 nm, in the treated sample.

e result showed an increase in average crystallite size by 32.73% in

treated sample as compared to the control. Caruntu et al. reported that

dielectric properties of barium powder could be varied by modulating

the crystallite size through an annealing process [27]. Vucinic-Vasic

et al. during their studies on zinc ferrite nanoparticles revealed that

crystallite size increases with elevation in annealing temperature [28].

Additionally, recently it was showed that introduction of ultrasound

to materials leads to substantial increase in crystallite size [29]. Hence,

it is assumed that bioeld treatment may provide waves similar like

ultrasound or thermal energy to treated DHBP atoms that led to a

decrease in dislocation densities and increase in crystallite size with

DSC study: DSC was used to investigate the melting point and

latent heat of fusion of control and treated DHBP. DSC thermogram

of the control and treated DHBP are presented in Figure 2. DSC

thermogram of the control DHBP showed a sharp melting endothermic

peak at 146.39 ºC, and it indicated the crystalline nature of the control

DHBP. However, the treated DHBP showed a minimal decrease in

melting endothermic peak and it was observed at 146.21º C.

e latent heat of fusion of control and treated samples were

obtained from respective thermograms and data are presented in

Figure 1: XRD diffractogram of control and treated 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Physical, Thermal and Spectral Properties of Biofield Energy Treated 2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone - PdfSR.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Study background: 2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone (DHBP) is an organic compound used for the synthesis of pharmaceutical agents. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of biofield energy treatment on the physical, thermal and spectral properties of DHBP. The study was performed in two groups (control and treated).

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
	
	
	Biofield | Effect on Spectral Properties of 2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
	
	
	Biofield | Effect on Spectral Properties of 2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone
	

# data[].attributes.body
Dihydroxybenzophenone (DHBP) is used as UV-light absorber in resinous and polymer compositions such as polystyrene, acrylonitrile polymer and other copolymers. Read this study to know the biofield energy effect of DHBP.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
physical properties of 2 4-dihydroxybenzophenone

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
"Physical, Thermal and Spectral Properties of Biofield Energy Treated 2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone" by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Study background: 2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone (DHBP) is an organic compound used for the synthesis of pharmaceutical agents. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of biofield energy treatment on the physical, thermal and spectral properties of DHBP. The study was performed in two groups (control and treated).

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
	
	
	Biofield & its Effect on Dihydroxybenzophenone Compound
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
	
	
	Biofield & its Effect on Dihydroxybenzophenone Compound
	

# data[].attributes.body
Read more about the effect of Mahendra Kumar Trivedi biofield energy and biofield treatment on the physical, thermal and spectral properties of 2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
	
	
	 Biofield Treatment on Dihydroxybenzophenone Compound | Academia.edu
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
	
	
	 Biofield Treatment on Dihydroxybenzophenone Compound | Academia.edu
	

# data[].attributes.body
The aim of present study was to investigate the impact of Mahendra Kumar Trivedi biofield treatment on spectral properties 2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone organic compound.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Physical, Thermal and Spectral Properties of Biofield Energy Treated 2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Study background: 2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone (DHBP) is an organic compound used for the synthesis of pharmaceutical agents. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of biofield energy treatment on the physical, thermal and spectral

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
	
	
	Biofield | Properties of Dihydroxybenzophenone organic compound
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
	
	
	Biofield | Properties of Dihydroxybenzophenone organic compound
	

# data[].attributes.body
Present study aim was to investigate the influence of biofield energy treatment on the physical, thermal and spectral properties of 2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone .

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
	
	
	Spectral Properties of Biofield Treated 2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
	
	
	Spectral Properties of Biofield Treated 2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone
	

# data[].attributes.body
The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of biofield energy treatment on the physical, thermal and spectral properties of 2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone .

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
	
	
	Mahendra Trivedi Biofield Energy Treated Dihydroxybenzophenone
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
	
	
	Mahendra Trivedi Biofield Energy Treated Dihydroxybenzophenone
	

# data[].attributes.body
| http://www.omicsgroup.org/journals/physical-thermal-and-spectral-properties-of-biofield-energy-treated-24dihydroxybenzophenone-2167-065X-1000145.pdf Dihydroxybenzophenone is an organic compound used for the synthesis of pharmaceutical agents. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of biofield energy treatment on the physical, thermal and spectral properties of DHBP.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
	
	
	 Trivedi Effect | The Key to Your Limitless Potential
	

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	 Trivedi Effect | The Key to Your Limitless Potential
	

# data[].attributes.body
Read reviews of Trivedi Effect employees on glassdoor.com. The Trivedi Effect is a natural phenomenon that exists within our universe. It is a Divine, intelligent energy that is harnessed by Mahendra Trivedi

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24 Trivedi Effect reviews. A free inside look at company reviews and salaries posted anonymously by employees.

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	The Trivedi Effect® Reviews | Angie's List
	

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	The Trivedi Effect® Reviews | Angie's List
	

# data[].attributes.body
The Trivedi Effect® is a universal phenomenon that comes from nature and is able to transform all living organisms and non-living materials through the Energy Transmissions of Mahendra Trivedi.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Trivedi Effect® Reviews | Henderson, NV | Angie's List

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See reviews for The Trivedi Effect® in Henderson, NV at 10624 S. Eastern Ave. from Angie's List members or join today to leave your own review.

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	Benefits of the Trivedi Effect | Trivedifoundation.org
	

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	Benefits of the Trivedi Effect | Trivedifoundation.org
	

# data[].attributes.body
Trivedi Effect is a unique phenomenon discovered by Mr. Mahendra Trivedi. The Trivedi Effect has reported by tens of thousands of individuals vastly improved human health and wellness.

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	 Get Trivedi Effect Updates on LinkedIn
	

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	 Get Trivedi Effect Updates on LinkedIn
	

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The Trivedi Effect is a world-renowned, natural phenomenon of transforming living organisms and non-living materials to perform at the highest level. Follow Trivedi Effect to get the latest updates.

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The Trivedi Effect® - Global Pioneer in Life Force Sciences - has been validated using rigorous internationally accepted models of science. The results have been profound, positive & evolutionary. In 1995, Mahendra Trivedi discovered he had been given the extraordinary ability to harness and transmit Life Force Energy of Consciousness, through his thought intention, successfully transforming living organisms and non-living materials anywhere on the planet.

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	Biofield Treatment on Growth and Yield of Lettuce and Tomato
	

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	Biofield Treatment on Growth and Yield of Lettuce and Tomato
	

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Research study from Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences and know Impact of Biofield Treatment on Growth and Yield of Lettuce and Tomato.

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Impact of Biofield Treatment on Growth and Yieldof Lettuce and Tomato

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Recent studies report the effect of biofield treatment on changes in structural characteristics of organic and inorganic matter, on cancer cells in vitro and on overall plant development.

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	Characterization & Properties of Biofield Treated 2, 6-Diaminopyridine
	

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	Characterization & Properties of Biofield Treated 2, 6-Diaminopyridine
	

# data[].attributes.body
Know more about the effect of Biofield Treatment and Characterization of physical, thermal and spectral properties of biofield treated 2, 6-Diaminopyridine, Read this research done by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
fourier transform infrared (ft-ir) spectroscopy

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
"Characterization of Physical, Thermal and Spectral Properties of Biofield Treated 2, 6-Diaminopyridine" by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
2, 6-Diaminopyridine (2, 6-DAP) has extensive use in synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds. The objective of present research was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physical, thermal and spectral properties of 2, 6-DAP. The study was performed in two groups, control and treated.

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	Biofield Treatment on 2, 6-Diaminopyridine Pharmaceutical Compounds
	

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	Biofield Treatment on 2, 6-Diaminopyridine Pharmaceutical Compounds
	

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View Mahendra Kumar Trivedi Biofield Treatment impact and Characterization of physical, thermal and spectral properties of biofield treated 2, 6-Diaminopyridine.

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	Biofield | Spectral Properties of 2, 6-Diaminopyridine
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
	
	
	Biofield | Spectral Properties of 2, 6-Diaminopyridine
	

# data[].attributes.body
| 2, 6-Diaminopyridine was divided into two parts; one was kept as a control sample, while the other was subjected to Mr. Trivedi’s biofield treatment and coded as treated sample. After biofield treatment the control and treated group was subjected to physicochemical characterization under standard laboratory conditions.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Characterization of Physical, Thermal and Spectral Properties of Biofield Treated 2, 6-Diaminopyridine

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
2, 6-Diaminopyridine (2, 6-DAP) has extensive use in synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds. The objective of present research was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physical, thermal and spectral properties of 2, 6-DAP. The study

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
	
	
	Characterization of Biofield Treated 2, 6-Diaminopyridine
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
	
	
	Characterization of Biofield Treated 2, 6-Diaminopyridine
	

# data[].attributes.body
Diaminopyridine has extensive use in synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds. Read the clinical study on the impact of Biofield treatment on diaminopyridine pharmaceutical compound.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
	
	
	Spectral Properties of Biofield Treated 2, 6-Diaminopyridine
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
	
	
	Spectral Properties of Biofield Treated 2, 6-Diaminopyridine
	

# data[].attributes.body
The objective of present research was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physical, thermal and spectral properties of 2, 6-DAP. The study was performed in two groups, control and treated.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
	
	
	An Open Access Journal of Developing Drugs | Omicsgroup
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
	
	
	An Open Access Journal of Developing Drugs | Omicsgroup
	

# data[].attributes.body
Diaminopyridine (2, 6-DAP) has extensive use in synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds.The objective of  research was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physical, thermal and spectral properties of 2, 6-DAP.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi1, Rama Mohan Tallapragada1, Alice Branton1, Dahryn Trivedi1, Gopal Nayak2, Rakesh Kumar Mishra2 and Snehasis Jana2*

¹ Trivedi Global Inc., 10624 S Eastern Avenue Suite A-969, Henderson, NV 89052, USA

² Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd., Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

*Corresponding Author:

Snehasis Jana
Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd.
Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City
Hoshangabad Rd., Bhopal- 462026
Madhya Pradesh, India
Tel: +91-755-6660006
E-mail: [email protected]

Received date: August 13, 2015; Accepted date: August 24, 2015; Published date August 28, 2015

Citation: Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, et al. (2015) Characterization of Physical, Thermal and Spectral Properties of Biofield Treated 2, 6-Diaminopyridine. J Develop Drugs 4:133. doi:10.4172/2329-6631.1000133

Copyright: © 2015 Trivedi MK, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Visit for more related articles at Journal of Developing Drugs

Abstract

2, 6-Diaminopyridine (2, 6-DAP) has extensive use in synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds. The objective of present research was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physical, thermal and spectral properties of 2, 6-DAP. The study was performed in two groups, control and treated. The control group remained as untreated, and biofield treatment was given to treatment group. The control and treated 2, 6-DAP samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), Laser particle size analyzer, surface area analyzer, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and UV-visible spectroscopy. XRD analysis revealed decrease in intensity of the peaks of treated 2, 6-DAP with respect to control. Unit cell volume and molecular weight were decreased by 2.97% and 2.98% respectively in treated 2, 6-DAP as compared to control. Crystallite size was decreased by 24.70% in treated 2, 6-DAP with respect to control. DSC analysis showed no significant change in melting temperature of treated 2, 6-DAP with respect to control. Nevertheless, the treated 2, 6-DAP showed significant increase in latent heat of fusion by 35.52% as compared to control 2, 6-DAP. TGA analysis showed decrease in percent weight loss of the treated 2, 6-DAP in comparison with control. Additionally, substantial increase in maximum thermal decomposition temperature (Tmax) was observed in treated 2, 6-DAP (203.52°C) as compared with control 2, 6-DAP (186.84°C). Particle size analysis results showed a substantial decrease in d50 (average particle size) and d99 (size exhibited by 99% of the particles) of the treated 2, 6-DAP by 20.5 and 57.4%, respectively as compared to control. Additionally, the BET analysis showed substantial increase in surface area of treated 2, 6-DAP by 75.58% as compared to control. FT-IR spectrum of treated 2, 6-DAP showed alteration in O-H stretching (3390→3370 cm-1), C-H stretching (3132→3138 cm-1) and N-H bending (1637→1604 cm-1) vibration peaks with respect to control. However, UV-visible analysis of treated 2, 6-DAP showed no significant changes in absorption peaks (λ max) with respect to control. Overall, the results demonstrated that biofield has significant impact on the physical, thermal and spectral properties of the treated 2, 6-DAP.

Keywords

Biofield treatment; X-ray diffraction; Differential scanning calorimetry; Thermo gravimetric analysis; Laser particle size analyzer; Surface area analyzer; Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy

Abbreviation

6-DAP: 2, 6- Diaminopyridine; XRD: X-ray diffraction; DSC: Differential scanning calorimetry; TGA: Thermo gravimetric analysis; DTA: Differential thermal analysis; DTG: Derivative thermo gravimetry; FT-IR: Fourier transforms infrared

Introduction

Diaminopyridine are important class of organic compounds, mostly used for synthesis of dyes, cosmetics, drugs and explosives. Recently, 2, 4-diaminopyridine was used as pharmacological agent for muscle relaxant used in anesthesia and it can increase the neuromuscular transmission in certain disease conditions. Additionally, 3, 4-diaminopyridine was used as a drug for the treatment of Lambert- Eaton syndrome (a rare autoimmune disorder characterized by muscle weakness) and also prescribed for multiple sclerosis [ 1]. Moreover, 4-aminopyridine a pyridine derivative was used for K-channel blocker in axonal membranes, and also to prolong the nerve action potential [ 2]. 2, 6- Diaminopyridine (2, 6-DAP) is used for synthesis of hair dye and energetic compounds [ 3]. Besides, it is also used as intermediate for the synthesis of epoxy curing agent, polyamides, and preparation of analgesic phenazo- pyridine hydrochloride. Further, it was reported that amino pyridine and diaminopyridine are present in many biologically significant molecules such as folate, antifolate drugs, and cytosine derivatives [ 4]. However, it has been shown that 2, 6-DAP and related compounds have less water solubility and it does not cross the blood brain barrier [ 5], which limits its pharmaceutical applications. Hence, alternative strategies should be devised in order to improve the solubility and stability of the compounds. Mohammadi et al. used fast neutron and gamma irradiation to investigate the thermal, structural and colorant properties of 2, 6-DAP [ 6]. Recently biofield treatment has been reported to use as an effective alternative strategy for altering the physical and thermal properties of various metals and ceramics [ 7- 10]. Hence, by considering the pharmaceutical significance of 2, 6-DAP, the present study was aimed to evaluate the influence of biofield treatment on physical, thermal and spectral properties of this compound.

German physicist George Christopher Lichtenberg coined the term Bioelectrography in 1770 and it was observed that light coming out from different subjects in electrical fields [ 11]. Moreover, shortlived electrical events called action potential exist in several types of animal cells, neuronal cells, muscle cells, and endocrine cells. For instance, neurons which are present in human nervous system have the ability to transmit the information in the form of electrical signals [ 12- 16]. Additionally, the biofield is a cumulative outcome of electric and magnetic field, exerted by the human body [ 17, 18]. It is generates through some internal dynamic processes such as blood flow, lymph flow, brain functions, and heart function in the human body.

Thus, human beings have the ability to harness the energy from environment/Universe and can transmit into any object (living or non-living) around the Globe. The object(s) always receive the energy and responding into a useful manner that is called biofield energy. Mr. Trivedi's unique biofield treatment is also known as The Trivedi Effect®. Mr. Trivedi is known to transform the characteristics of various living and nonliving things. The biofield treatment has improved the growth and production of agriculture crops [ 19- 22] and significantly altered the phenotypic characteristics of various pathogenic microbes [ 23- 25]. Additionally, biofield treatment has substantially altered the medicinal, growth and anatomical properties of ashwagandha [ 26]. After considering the above mentioned outcome from biofield treatment and pharmaceutical applications of 2, 6-DAP, this work was undertaken to investigate the impact on physical, thermal and spectral properties of the 2, 6-DAP.

Materials and Methods

2, 6-Diaminopyridine (2, 6-DAP) was procured from SD Fine Chemicals Limited, India. The control and treated samples were characterized by XRD, DSC, TGA, laser particle size analyzer, surface area analyzer, FT-IR and UV visible analysis.
Biofield treatment
2, 6-Diaminopyridine (2, 6-DAP) was divided into two parts; one was kept as a control sample, while the other was subjected to Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment and coded as treated sample. The treatment group was in sealed pack and handed over to Mr. Trivedi for biofield treatment under laboratory condition. Mr. Trivedi provided the treatment through his energy transmission process to the treated group without touching the sample. After biofield treatment the control and treated group was subjected to physicochemical characterization under standard laboratory conditions.

Characterizations
X-ray diffraction (XRD) study
XRD analysis of control and treated 2, 6-DAP was carried out on Phillips, Holland PW 1710 X-ray diffract meter system, which had a copper anode with nickel filter. The radiation of wavelength used by the XRD system was 1.54056 Å. The data obtained from this XRD were in the form of a chart of 2θ vs. intensity and a detailed table containing peak intensity counts, d value (Å), peak width (θ°), relative intensity (%) etc. The crystallite size (G) was calculated by using formula:

G=kλ/(bCosθ)

Here, λ is the wavelength of radiation used, b is full width halfmaximum (FWHM) of peaks and k is the equipment constant (=0.94). Percentage change in crystallite size was calculated using following formula:

Percentage change in crystallite size=[(G t - G c) / G c] ×100

Where, G c and G t are crystallite size of control and treated powder samples respectively.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
DSC was used to investigate the melting temperature and latent heat of fusion (ΔH) of samples. The control and treated 2, 6-DAP samples were analyzed using a Pyris-6 Perkin Elmer DSC on a heating rate of 10°C/min under air atmosphere and air was flushed at a flow rate of 5 mL/min.

Percentage change in latent heat of fusion was calculated using following equations:

Where, ΔH Control and ΔH Treated are the latent heat of fusion of control and treated samples, respectively.
Thermo gravimetric analysis-differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA)
Thermal stability of control and treated 2, 6-DAP were analyzed by using Mettler Toledo simultaneous TGA and Differential thermal analyzer (DTA). The samples were heated from room temperature to 400°C with a heating rate of 5°C/min under air atmosphere.
Particle size analysis
The average particle size and particle size distribution were analyzed by using Sympetac Helos-BF laser particle size analyzer with a detection range of 0.1 micrometer to 875 μm. Average particle size d ₅₀ and d ₉₉ (size exhibited by 99% of powder particles) were computed from laser diffraction data table. The d ₅₀ and d ₉₉ values were calculated by the following formula:

Percentage change in d ₅₀ size=100 × (d ₅₀ treated- d ₅₀ control)/d ₅₀ control

Percentage change in d ₉₉ size=100× (d ₉₉ treated- d ₉₉ control)/d ₉₉ control
Surface area analysis
Surface area of 2, 6-DAP were characterized by surface area analyzer, SMART SORB 90 Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) using ASTM D 5604 method which had a detection range of 0.2-1000 m ²/g. Percent changes in surface area were calculated using following equation:

Where, S Control and S Treated are the surface area of control and treated samples respectively.
FT-IR spectroscopy
FT-IR spectra were recorded on Shimadzu's Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (Japan) with frequency range of 4000-500 cm⁻¹. The treated sample was divided in two parts T1 and T2 for FT-IR analysis.
UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis
UV spectra of control and treated 2, 6-DAP samples were recorded on Shimadzu UV-2400 PC series spectrophotometer with 1 cm quartz cell and a slit width of 2.0 nm. The analysis was carried out using wavelength in the range of 200-400 nm. The treated sample was divided in two parts T1 and T2 for the analysis.

Results and Discussions
XRD study
XRD diffractogram of control and treated 2, 6-DAP are presented in the Figure 1. The XRD diffractogram of control 2, 6-DAP showed intense crystalline peaks at 2θ equals to 17.26°, 17.37°, 19.73°, 19.89°, and 22.63°. Whereas the treated 2, 6-DAP sample also showed similar crystalline nature. The XRD diffractogram of treated sample showed intense peaks at 2θ equals to 17.60°, 19.97°, 20.09°, 23.90°, and 29.59°. The comparative evaluation of the XRD diffractogram showed decrease in intensity of the treated 2, 6-DAP with respect to control ( Figure 1). This showed that crystallinity of the 2, 6-DAP was decreased after biofield treatment as compared to control. It is assumed that biofield treatment may cause disturbance in molecular arrangement or long range pattern of the treated 2, 6-DAP that might leads to decrease in crystallinity.

The unit cell volume, crystallite size and change in molecular weight were computed from the XRD diffractogram and results are presented in Table 1. The unit cell volume of control 2, 6-DAP was 577.99 × 10⁻²³ cm ³ and it was decreased to 560.77 × 10⁻²³ cm ³ in treated sample. The treated 2, 6-DAP sample showed 2.97% decrease in unit cell volume as compared to control sample. Whereas the molecular weight of control 2, 6-DAP was 113.14 g/mol; however it was decreased to 109.77 g/ mol in treated sample. The molecular weight was decreased by 2.98% in treated 2, 6-DAP as compared to control. It is hypothesized that biofield energy may be acted on treated 2, 6-DAP crystals at nuclear level and altered the number of proton and neutrons as compared to control, which may lead to change in its molecular weight [ 27].

Table 1: XRD data (unit cell volume, crystallite size and molecular weight) of control and treated 2, 6-Dimanopyridine.

The crystallite size was calculated using Scherer formula and data are reported in Figure 2. The crystallite size of control 2, 6-DAP was 139.48 nm and it was decreased to 105.02 nm in treated sample. The result showed reduction in crystallite size by 24.70% in treated 2, 6-DAP with respect to control. The decrease in crystallite size in treated 2, 6-DAP was may be due to development of internal strain in the compound that led to reduction in crystallite size in the sample ( Figure 2). Zhang et al. reported that presence of internal strains and increase of atomic displacement from their ideal lattice positions cause reduction in crystallite size [ 28]. Hence, it is assumed that biofield treatment may induce internal strain, which may decrease the crystallite size of the 2, 6-DAP as compared to control. It was previously suggested that Nano scale particle size and small crystallite size can overcome slow diffusion rate by reducing overall diffusion distance and this enhances the net reaction rate [ 29, 30]. Hence, it is assumed that lower crystallite size of treated 2, 6-DAP may improve its reaction rate [ 31] and it could be utilized as intermediate for synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds.
DSC Study
DSC thermo gram of control and treated 2, 6-DAP are depicted in Figure 3. DSC thermogram of control 2, 6-DAP showed two endothermic peak behaviors in the sample. The first endothermic inflexion was observed at 74.26°C corresponded to melting of the monomeric form of control 2, 6-DAP. The second endothermic peak was observed at 122.34°C corresponded to melting of dimeric form of control 2, 6-DAP, that was in agreement with reported melting point value in literature (115-123°C) [ 6]. Schwalbe et al. reported that 2, 6-DAP molecule has two monomer and dimmer forms [ 4]. They suggested that presence of hydrogen bonds in dimer lattice form increased its melting point with respect to monomer form. Likewise, the DSC thermogram of treated 2, 6-DAP also showed occurrence of two endothermic peaks. The first peak was observed at around 78°C, which was due to melting of monomeric form in treated sample ( Figure 3). The second endothermic peak was observed at 122.80°C corresponded to melting of the dimer form of the compound.

The latent heat of fusion was computed from the respective DSC thermogram of control and treated 2, 6-DAP samples and data are presented in Table 2. The control 2, 6-DAP showed a latent heat of fusion of 109.5 J/g; however, it was increased considerably in the treated 2, 6-DAP (148.18 J/g). The increase in latent heat of fusion in the treated 2, 6-DAP was 35.32% that showed significant increase as compared to control 2, 6-DAP. It was reported that intermolecular forces exist between molecules of a material, hence, energy required to overcome this interaction is known as latent heat of fusion. Hence, the energy absorbed during phase change of a material from solid to liquid is stored as potential energy in the substance [ 32]. Thus, it is assumed that biofield treatment may enhance the potential energy of the treated 2, 6-DAP that may lead increase in latent heat of fusion of sample with respect to control.

Table 2: Thermal analysis data of control and treated 2, 6-Dimanopyridine.
TGA study
TGA thermogram of control and treated 2, 6-DAP are presented in Figure 4. The TGA thermogram of control 2, 6-DAP showed one step thermal degradation pattern. The sample started to degrade at around 148°C and the thermal degradation was terminated at 225°C. During this step sample lost 69.07% of its weight. However, the treated reduction in weight loss with respect to control revealed the increase in thermal stability of the sample
Particle size and surface area analysis
Particle size (d ₅₀ and d ₉₉) of control and treated 2, 6-DAP are computed from the particle size distribution graph and results are presented in Figure 5. The d ₅₀ (average particle size) of control 2, 6-DAP was 88.59 μm and it was decreased to 70.47 μm in treated sample. Whereas, the d ₉₉ (size exhibited by 99% of the particles) of control 2, 6-DAP was 397.08 μm and it was decreased substantially to 169.32 μm in treated sample. The result showed significant decrease in d ₅₀ and d ₉₉ by 20.5 and 57.4% in treated 2, 6-DAP with respect to control sample ( Figure 5). This marked reduction in particle size of treated 2, 6-DAP was may be due to energy milling caused by biofield treatment. The 2, 6-DAP started to degrade at around 184°C and this thermal event terminated at around 235°C. During this thermal process sample lost 47.97% of its weight. Hence, the result showed reduction in weight loss of treated 2, 6-DAP with respect to control.

DTA thermogram of control and treated 2, 6-DAP are presented in Figure 4. DTA thermogram of control 2, 6-DAP showed two endothermic peaks at 120.64°C and 199.35°C. The former peak was due to melting temperature of the control sample. Whereas, later peak was due thermal degradation of sample. DTA thermogram of treated 2, 6-DAP showed two endothermic peaks at 121.33°C due to melting temperature and second peak at 211.95°C which was may be due to thermal degradation of the sample. Hence, this showed increase in thermal degradation temperature of treated 2, 6-DAP with respect to control.

The maximum decomposition temperature (T max) was evaluated from derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) of control and treated 2, 6-DAP. The DTG thermogram of control 2, 6-DAP showed a T max at 186.84°C; however, it was significantly increased to 203.52°C in treated 2, 6-DAP. The significant increase in T max of treated 2, 6-DAP and energy milling led to fracture in the internal boundaries and that led to formation of smaller particles [ 27].

Surface area analysis was conducted using BET analysis and results are presented in Figure 6. The control 2, 6-DAP showed a surface area of 0.0594 m2/g and it was increased to 0.1043 m ²/g in treated sample. The result showed significant increase in surface area by 75.58% in treated 2, 6-DAP as compared to control. Since the surface area and particle size changes are usually opposite to each other i.e., smaller the particles size, larger the surface area and vice versa [ 33, 34]. Hence, it is assumed that biofield treatment may cause reduction in particle size and increase in surface area of treated 2, 6-DAP with respect to control. It was reported that in a reaction between solid and liquid, the high surface area of the solid will ultimately affect the rate of reaction. Thus liquid and solid can bump into each other at the solid liquid interface, which is on the surface of the solid. Therefore more surface area of the solid will expose more molecules to the liquid, which allows for a faster reaction [ 35]. Thus, increase in surface area might improve solubility of treated 2, 6-DAP that could improve its reaction rate during synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds.
FT-IR spectroscopy
FT-IR spectroscopy was used to investigate the structural changes in the treated 2, 6-DAP with respect to control. FT-IR spectrum of control and treated 2, 6-DAP are presented in Figure 7. FT-IR spectrum of control 2, 6-DAP showed characteristic vibration peaks at 3390, 3309 and 3132 cm⁻¹ due to N-H asymmetric, N-H symmetric and N⁺-H stretching vibrations, respectively. Vibration peaks at 2951, and 2883 cm⁻¹ were due to C-H aromatic and C-H symmetric stretching (methyl), respectively. FT-IR peak at 1637 cm⁻¹ was due to bending vibrations of N-H group of pyridine. The vibration peaks for C=C, C-N stretching and C-H in plane bending were observed at 1577, 1184, and 1120 cm⁻¹, respectively. Vibration peaks at C-O stretching was noticed at 1064 cm⁻¹. FT-IR results were well supported from the published literature [ 34].

FT-IR spectrum of 2, 6-DAP (T1) is presented in Figure 7. The FTIR spectrum showed peaks at 3390, 3306 and 3126 cm⁻¹ corresponded to N-H asymmetric, N-H symmetric and N⁺-H stretching vibrations. The other typical peaks observed at 2951, and 2756 cm⁻¹ were due to C-H aromatic and C-H symmetrical vibrations, respectively. Vibration peaks for N-H bending and C=C group stretching were observed at 1637 and 1577 cm⁻¹, respectively. FT-IR peaks at 1182, and 1064 cm⁻¹ corresponded to C-N and C-O, stretching vibrations. C-H out of plane bending vibration was observed at 1118 cm⁻¹.

FT-IR spectrum of 2, 6-DAP (T2) is shown in Figure 7. The FTIR spectrum showed peaks at 3377, 3302 and 3138 cm⁻¹ corresponded to N-H asymmetric, N-H symmetric and N⁺-H stretching vibrations, respectively. C-H (aromatic) and C-H methyl stretching were observed at 2949 and 2798 cm⁻¹, respectively. FT-IR peaks at 1604, 1589, and 1184 cm⁻¹ were mainly due to N-H bending, and C=C, C-N stretching vibrations. Vibration bands at 1116 and 1064 cm⁻¹ were corresponded to C-H out of plane bending and C-O stretching vibrations. Overall, the result showed changes in O-H stretching (3390→3377 cm⁻¹), C-H stretching (3132→3138 cm⁻¹) and N-H bending (1637→1604 cm⁻¹) FTIR peaks with respect to control. The downward shift of O-H stretch and N-H bending of 2, 6-DAP (T2) could be due to biofield treatment. It is presumed that decrease in wavenumber of these FT-IR peak may be due to decrease in force constant and bond strength of treated 2, 6-DAP (T2) as compared to control [ 35].
UV visible spectroscopy
UV-visible spectroscopy was used to investigate the chemical changes in treated 2, 6-DAP with respect to control. UV visible spectra of control and treated sample are shown in Figure 8. The UV spectrum of control 2, 6-DAP showed absorption peaks at 308, 244, and 203 nm (λ max). However, the treated 2, 6-DAP (T1) showed absorption peaks at 309, 244, and 203 nm (λ max). Likewise the 2, 6-DAP (T2) also showed similar absorption peaks at 308, 244 and 202 nm (λ max). The result showed no alterations in absorption peaks of the treated 2, 6-DAP as compared to control sample.

Conclusion

XRD analysis showed reduction in peak intensity of treated 2, 6-DAP with respect to control that may be due to decrease in crystallinity of the sample. XRD results showed decrease in unit cell volume and molecular weight in treated 2, 6-DAP sample with respect to control. A significant decrease in crystallite size of treated 2, 6-DAP was observed as compared to control. DSC analysis showed no significant change in the melting temperature of treated 2, 6-DAP with respect to control. However, significant increase in latent heat of fusion was evidenced in treated 2, 6-DAP with respect to control. TGA analysis of treated 2, 6-DAP showed reduction in weight loss as compared to control. The treated 2, 6-DAP showed increase in T max with respect to control. This showed the increase in thermal stability of the treated 2, 6-DAP with respect to control. Moreover, the treated sample showed substantial reduction in particle size as compared to control. Additionally, significant increase in surface area was observed in treated 2, 6-DAP with respect to control. FT-IR analysis showed changes in O-H stretching, C-H stretching and N-H bending with respect to control. However, UV-visible analysis results of treated compound showed no alteration in absorption peaks when compared to control. Altogether, the results demonstrated the substantial impact of biofield treatment on physical, thermal and spectral properties of treated 2, 6-DAP. It is assumed that high thermal stability of treated 2, 6-DAP could be used as intermediate for synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds.

Acknowledgements

We thank Dr. Cheng Dong of NLSC, institute of physics, and Chinese academy of sciences for permitting us to use Powder X software for analyzing XRD results. The authors would also like to thank Trivedi Science, Trivedi Master Wellness and Trivedi Testimonials for their support during the work.

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18. Shinde V, Sances F, Patil S, Spence A (2012) Impact of biofield treatment on growth and yield of lettuce and tomato. Aust J Basic Appl Sci6: 100-105.

19. Sances F, Flora E, Patil S, Spence A, Shinde V (2013) Impact of biofield treatment on ginseng and organic blueberry yield. Agrivita J Agric Sci 35: 22-29.

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21. Patil SA, Nayak GB, Barve SS, Tembe RP, Khan RR (2012) Impact of biofield treatment on growth and anatomical characteristics of Pogostemon cablin (Benth.).Biotechnology11: 154-162.

22. Trivedi MK, Patil S (2008) Impact of an external energy on Staphylococcus epidermis[ATCC -13518] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions - An experimental study. J Accord Integr Med4: 230-235.

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# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
biofield treatment; x-ray diffraction; differential
scanning calorimetry; thermo gravimetric analysis; laser particle size
analyzer; surface area analyzer; fourier transform infrared (ft-ir)
spectroscopy

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Characterization of Physical, Thermal and Spectral Properties of Biofield Treated 2, 6-Diaminopyridine

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi1 , Rama Mohan Tallapragada1 , Alice Branton1 , Dahryn Trivedi1 , Gopal Nayak2 , Rakesh Kumar Mishra2 and Snehasis Jana2 * 1 Trivedi Global Inc., 10624 S Eastern Avenue Suite A-969, Henderson, NV 89052, USA 2 Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt.

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		An Open Access Journal of Developing Drugs | Omicsgroup
	

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		An Open Access Journal of Developing Drugs | Omicsgroup
	

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	 Biofield Treatment Effect on Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
	

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	 Biofield Treatment Effect on Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
	

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The present research work evaluated the impact of biofield treatment on susceptibility pattern of multidrug resistant stenotrophomonas maltophilia.

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	Biofield | Impact on Ceramic Oxide Nano Powders | CiteSeerX
	

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	Biofield | Impact on Ceramic Oxide Nano Powders | CiteSeerX
	

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In the present study, some transition metal oxides (Zinc oxide, iron oxide and copper oxide) which are widely used in the fabrication of electronic devices were selected and subjected to biofield treatment.

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	 Read Research on Biofield Treated 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene
	

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	 Read Research on Biofield Treated 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene
	

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Research done by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi - Read more about the physical, thermal and spectral properties of biofield treated 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene.

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Volume 4 * Issue 4 * 1000136

ISSN: 2329-6631 JDD an open access journal

Research ArticleOpen Access

Journal of Developing Drugs

Trivedi et al.,J Develop Drugs 2015, 4:4

http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-6631.1000136

Keywords: X-ray diraction; ermal analysis; Fourier transform

infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy; Ultra violet-visible spectroscopy (UV-

Abbreviations: XRD: X-ray diraction; DSC: Dierential scanning

calorimetry; TGA: ermogravimetric analysis; FT-IR: Fourier

transform infrared; UV-Vis: Ultra Violet-Visible spectroscopy analysis;

CAM: Complementary and alternative medicine

Benzene-based compounds are used as an intermediate for

the synthesis of pesticides and other chemicals. Methoxybenzene

derivatives such as anisole (methoxybenzene) and veratrole

(1,2-dimethoxybenzene) are widely used in perfumes, insect

pheromones, pharmaceuticals [1] and synthesis of organic compounds

[2]. 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene is an organic compound with excellent

physical properties due to its interesting chemical structure [3]. It has

been used to study the eect of solvent on photo-induced electron

transfer reactions [4]. 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene was used as an

intermediate for the synthesis of 2,4-diamino-5-benzylpyrimidines

and analogues for antimicrobial applications [5]. However,

1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene based compounds are potentially toxic in

nature and causes enormous health problems. ese compounds are

found in many hazardous waste sites that have been proposed for

inclusion in the environmental protection agency (EPA) national

priority list [6]. e distribution and degradation of the chemicals

entirely depend on physicochemical properties of the chemicals. ese

properties are namely molecular weight, solubility, volatilization,

and polarity [7,8]. It was reported that by improving volatilization

of the chemicals it might accelerate the degradation by reacting with

photochemicaly-produced free radicals [9]. Chakraborty et al. used

anaerobic degradation of benzene derivatives by Dechloromonas

strain [10]. However, these methods are not cost eective. us,

some alternate strategies should be designed which can increase the

degradation of 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene, ultimately it might reduce

the health problems associated with this compound. Recently, bioeld

energy treatment was used as potential strategy to alter the physical,

chemical and thermal properties of metals [11,12], ceramic [13], organic

compounds [14,15], and organic products [16,17]. erefore, authors

planned to investigate the inuence of bioeld energy treatment on

physical, thermal and spectral properties of 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene.

e National Centre for Complementary and Alternative Medicine

(NCCAM), which is a part of the National Institute of Health (NIH),

endorses the use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)

therapies as an alternative in the healthcare sector, and about 36%

of Americans regularly uses some form of CAM [18]. CAM includes

numerous energy-healing therapies; bioeld therapy is one of the

energy medicine used worldwide to improve overall health.

Study background: 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene is an important compound used for the synthesis of chemicals and

pharmaceutical agents. The objective of this study was to investigate the inuence of bioeld energy treatment on the

physical, thermal and spectral properties of 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene.

Methods: The study was performed by dividing the sample into two groups (control and treated). The control

group remained as untreated, while the treated group received Mr Trivedi's bioeld energy treatment. The control

and treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene samples were then characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning

calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and ultra violet-

visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) analysis.

Results: XRD studies revealed the signicant increase in crystallite size of treated sample by 45.96% as compared

to the control sample. DSC analysis showed a decrease in melting temperature of the treated sample (45.93ºC) with

respect to control (46.58ºC). Additionally, the substantial change was evidenced in latent heat of fusion of treated

sample by 64.18% as compared to the control. TGA analysis indicated a decrease in maximum thermal decomposition

temperature (Tmax ) of treated sample (151.92ºC) as compared to the control sample (154.43ºC). This indicated the

decrease in thermal stability of the treated sample as compared to the control. FT-IR spectroscopic analysis showed

an increase in the frequency of C-O bond in treated sample (1105→1174 cm-1 ) as compared to the control sample.

However, UV analysis showed no changes in absorption peaks in treated sample as compared to the untreated sample.

Conclusion: Overall, the result indicated that bioeld energy treatment has altered the physical, thermal and

spectral properties of the treated sample as compared to control. Hence, the treated sample could be used as an

intermediate in the synthesis of organic compounds.

*Corresponding author: Snehasis Jana, Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt.

Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd., Bhopal-462

Received September 16, 2015; Accepted September 29, 2015; Published

Citation: Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, et al. (2015)

Physical, Thermal and Spectral Properties of Bioeld Treated 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene.

J Develop Drugs 4: 136. doi:10.4172/2329-6631.1000136

Copyright: © 2015 Trivedi MK, et al. This is an open-access article distributed

under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits un-

restricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original

author and source are credited.

Physical, Thermal and Spectral Properties of Biofield Treated

Mahendra Kumar Trivedi1, Rama Mohan Tallapragada1 , Alice Branton1 , Dahryn Trivedi1, Gopal Nayak1, Rakesh Kumar Mishra2 and

1Trivedi Global Inc., 10624 S Eastern Avenue Suite A-969, Henderson, NV 89052, USA

2Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd., Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

Citation:Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, et al. (2015) Physical, Thermal and Spectral Properties of Bioeld Treated

1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene. J Develop Drugs 4: 136. doi:10.4172/2329-6631.1000136

Volume 4 * Issue 4 * 1000135

ISSN: 2329-6631 JDD an open access journal

Researchers have shown that when atoms undergo any

translation, vibration, rotation and quantiable motion a measurable

electromagnetic radiation is generated which is evident by acoustic

or vibrational spectroscopy [19]. Likewise, the cells present in the

human body are consisting of the electron, proton, neutron and

fundamental particles that always remain in a state of vibratory motion

[19]. Additionally, neurons that are present in the human central

nervous system have the ability to transmit the information in the

form of electrical signals [20-23]. us, human bioeld is referred

as an energetic eld or matrix that surrounds the human body. is

energetic eld is identical to superhighway that allows DNA in our

cells to communicate faster than light and maintain coherent, holistic

intelligence in the organism [24]. erefore, it is envisaged that human

beings have the ability to harness the energy from the environment/

Universe and can transmit into any object (living or non-living)

around the Globe. e object(s) will always receive the energy and

responding in a useful manner that is called bioeld energy. Mr Trivedi

is known transform the characteristics of various living and non-living

things using his unique bioeld energy. is bioeld energy treatment

is also known as e Trivedi Eect®. It is known to alter phenotype

characteristics of microbes [25,26] and improved the growth and

anatomical characteristics of medicinal plants [27,28].

Aer considering the potential of bioeld energy treatment and

chemical properties of 1,2,3- trimethoxybenzene, this study was

conducted to investigate the inuence of this treatment on physical,

thermal and spectral properties of the compound.

1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene was procured from S D Fine Chemicals

Ltd., India. e sample was divided into two parts; one was kept as a

control sample while the other was subjected to Mr Trivedi's unique

bioeld energy treatment and coded as treated sample. e treated

group was in sealed pack and handed over to Mr Trivedi for bioeld

energy treatment under standard laboratory conditions. Mr Trivedi has

given the energy treatment through his energy transmission process

to the treated samples without touching the sample. e control and

treated samples were characterized by X-ray diraction, Dierential

scanning calorimetry, ermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform

infrared spectroscopy, and Ultra violet-visible analysis.

X-ray diraction (XRD) study: e XRD analysis of control

and treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene were carried out using Phillips,

Holland PW 1710 X-ray diractometer system, which contains a

copper anode with nickel lter. e radiation of wavelength used by the

XRD system was 1.54056 Å. e XRD results obtained were presented

in the form of a chart of 2θ vs. intensity. e average crystallite size (G)

was calculated by using formula:

Here, λ is the wavelength of radiation used; b is full-width half-

maximum (FWHM) of peaks and k is the equipment constant (=0.94).

Percentage change in average crystallite size was calculated using

Percent change in average crystallite size=[(Gt -Gc)/Gc ] × 100

Where, Gc and Gt are the average crystallite size of control and

treated powder samples respectively.

Dierential scanning calorimetry (DSC): e control and treated

1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene samples were analysed using a Pyris-6 Perkin

Elmer DSC at a heating rate of 10ºC/min under air atmosphere, and

the air was ushed at a ow rate of 5 mL/min. Predetermined amount

of sample was kept in an aluminium pan and closed with a lid. A blank

aluminium pan was used as a reference. e percentage change in

latent heat of fusion was calculated using following equations:

% change in Latent heat of fusion 100

Where, ΔH Control and ΔH Treated are the latent heat of fusion of

control and treated samples, respectively.

ermogravimetric analysis-Dierential thermal analysis

(TGA-DTA): e thermal stability of control and treated

1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene were analysed by using Mettler Toledo

simultaneous TGA and Dierential thermal analyser (DTA). e

samples were heated from room temperature to 400ºC using a heating

rate of 5ºC/min under air atmosphere.

FT-IR spectroscopy: e FT-IR spectra were recorded on

Shimadzu's Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (Japan) with the

frequency range of 4000-500 cm-1 . e analysis was accomplished to

evaluate the eect of bioeld treatment at an atomic level like dipole

moment, force constant and bond strength in chemical structure [29].

e treated sample was divided into two parts T1 and T2 for FT-IR

UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis: UV spectra of the control and

treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene samples were acquired on Shimadzu

UV-2400 PC series spectrophotometer with 1 cm quartz cell and a

slit width of 2.0 nm. Methanol was used as a solvent and the analysis

was carried out using wavelength in the range of 200-400 nm. e UV

spectra were analysed to determine the eect of bioeld treatment

on the energy gap of highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest

unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO gap) [29]. e treated

sample was divided in two parts T1 and T2 for the analysis.

e XRD was used to investigate the crystalline nature of control

and treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene sample. e XRD diractogram

of control and treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene are presented in Figure

1. XRD diractogram of control 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene showed

intense crystalline peaks at 2θ equal to 13.05º, 13.29º, 13.54º, 19.54º,

21.67º, 22.75º, 25.55º, 25.77º, 26.78º and 27.20º. Whereas, the treated

1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene also showed XRD peaks at 2θ equal to 13.50º,

13.68º, 19.24º, 22.99º, 26.03º, 27.09º and 27.31º. e comparative

evaluation of the XRD diractograms showed the decrease in

intensity of XRD peaks of treated samples with respect to the control.

It is assumed that bioeld energy treatment might disturb the long-

range pattern of the 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene molecules that led to a

reduction in crystallinity of the sample.

e crystallite size of control and treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene

was computed using Scherrer formula, and data are depicted in

Figure 2. e crystallite size is known as a group of molecules or

atoms having orientation in the same plane. It was reported that

crystallite size directly inuences the materials properties, and it is

one of the crystallographic parameters linked with the formation of

dislocations and point defects in a crystal structure [30]. e crystallite

size of control 1,2,3- trimethoxybenzene was 67.23 nm, and it was

substantially increased up to 98.13 nm in the treated sample. e result

indicated 45.96% increase in the crystallite size of treated compound

as compared to the control sample. Pang and Bao reported that due

Citation:Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, et al. (2015) Physical, Thermal and Spectral Properties of Bioeld Treated

1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene. J Develop Drugs 4: 136. doi:10.4172/2329-6631.1000136

Volume 4 * Issue 4 * 1000135

ISSN: 2329-6631 JDD an open access journal

to synthesis temperature and ripening on hydroxyapatite causes an

increase in crystallite size [31]. Rey et al. [32] and Drouet et al. [33]

reported an increase in crystal size with increase in temperature and

pH. Hence, it is presumed here that bioeld treatment might provide

thermal energy to the treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene atoms or

molecules that lead to a reduction in dislocation density and increase

in crystallite size as compared to the control. Carballo et al. reported

that the rate of reaction can be signicantly improved by an increase

in crystallite size [34]. us, it is assumed that the increased crystallite

size of treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene might accelerate its reaction

rate and percentage reaction yield during the synthesis of compounds.

Additionally, the increased crystallite size can be correlated with

increase in particle size and hence decrease solubility [35]. Hence, it

is assumed that this might increase the volatilization leading to faster

degradation of the treated sample as compared to control.

DSC study: DSC was used to investigate the latent heat of fusion and

melting nature of the control and treated samples. DSC thermogram

of control and treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene are presented in

Figure 3. e DSC thermogram of control 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene

showed a sharp endothermic inexion at 46.58ºC that was due

to melting temperature of the sample. However, the treated

1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene showed an endothermic peak at 45.93ºC.

is indicated the decrease in melting temperature of the treated

sample with respect to the control. It was reported that if the molecules

contributing to a lattice are rigid, compact and symmetrical they tend

to maximize the intermolecular interactions. us, a compound with

less compact molecular arrangement has a low melting temperature

than compactly arranged compound i.e., more energy is needed to

separate the molecules [36]. Hence, it is assumed that bioeld treated

sample might have a less compact arrangement that lead to the decrease

e latent heat of fusion was computed from the DSC thermogram

and data are presented in Table 1. e control compound showed a latent

heat of fusion of 104.28 J/g and it was increased signicantly to 171.21

J/g in the treated sample. e results indicated a signicant increase in

latent heat of fusion by 64.18% as compared to the control sample. e

latent heat of fusion is considered as the energy required to overcome

Figure 1: XRD diffractograms of control and treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene.

Figure 3: DSC thermograms of control and treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene.

Figure 2: Crystallite size of control and treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene.

ParameterControl Treated

Latent heat of fusion ΔH (J/g)104.28171.21

Melting temperature (ºC)46.5845.93

Weight loss (%)53.9357.04

Table 1: Thermal analysis data of control and treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene.

Tmax : Maximum thermal decomposition temperature.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Physical, Thermal and Spectral Properties of Biofield Treated 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene - PdfSR.com

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Study background: 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene is an important compound used for the synthesis of chemicals and pharmaceutical agents. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of biofield energy treatment on the physical, thermal and spectral properties of 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene. Methods: The study was performed by dividing the sample into two groups (control and treated).

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	Biofield and its Effect on 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene | Bepress
	

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	Biofield and its Effect on 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene | Bepress
	

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Trimethoxybenzene(-1,2,3) is an important compound used for the synthesis of chemicals and pharmaceutical agents. The objective of this study was to investigate the physical, thermal and spectral properties of Biofield Treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
fourier transform infrared (ft-ir) spectroscopy

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
spectral properties of 1 2 3-trimethoxybenzene

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
"Physical, Thermal and Spectral Properties of Biofield Treated 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene" by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Study background: 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene is an important compound used for the synthesis of chemicals and pharmaceutical agents. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of biofield energy treatment on the physical, thermal and spectral properties of 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene. Methods: The study was performed by dividing the sample into two groups (control and treated).

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
	
	
	Biofield – Impact on Spectral Properties of 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
	
	
	Biofield – Impact on Spectral Properties of 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene
	

# data[].attributes.body
An impact of Biofield treatment on 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene, Studies revealed the significant increase in crystallite size of treated sample by 45.96% as compared to the control sample.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
	
	
	Biofield Treated 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene Organic Compound
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
	
	
	Biofield Treated 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene Organic Compound
	

# data[].attributes.body
1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene is an organic compound with excellent physical properties due to its interesting chemical structure. It was used as an intermediate for the synthesis of 2,4-diamino-5-benzylpyrimidines and analogues for antimicrobial applications.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Physical, Thermal and Spectral Properties of Biofield Treated 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Study background: 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene is an important compound used for the synthesis of chemicals and pharmaceutical agents. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of biofield energy treatment on the physical, thermal and

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
	
	
	Spectral Properties of Biofield Treated 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
	
	
	Spectral Properties of Biofield Treated 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene
	

# data[].attributes.body
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi - Test to investigate the impact of Biofield treatment on the physical, thermal and spectral properties of  1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene.

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	Biofield Energy Treated 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene | An Open Access Journal
	

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	Biofield Energy Treated 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene | An Open Access Journal
	

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The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of biofield energy treatment on the physical, thermal and spectral properties of 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene.

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	An Open Access Journal of Developing Drugs | Omicsgroup
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
	
	
	An Open Access Journal of Developing Drugs | Omicsgroup
	

# data[].attributes.body
Trimethoxybenzene-1,2,3 is an important compound used for the synthesis of chemicals and pharmaceutical agents. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of biofield energy treatment on the physical, thermal and spectral properties of 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi1, Rama Mohan Tallapragada1, Alice Branton1, Dahryn Trivedi1, Gopal Nayak1, Rakesh Kumar Mishra2 and Snehasis Jana2*

¹ Trivedi Global Inc., 10624 S Eastern Avenue Suite A-969, Henderson, NV 89052, USA

² Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd., Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

*Corresponding Author:

Snehasis Jana
Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd
Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City
Hoshangabad Rd., Bhopal-462 026
Madhya Pradesh, India
Tel: +91-755-6660006 [email protected]

Received date: September 16, 2015; Accepted date: September 29, 2015; Published date October 10, 2015

Citation: Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, et al. (2015) Physical, Thermal and Spectral Properties of Biofield Treated 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene. J Develop Drugs 4:136. doi:10.4172/2329-6631.1000136

Copyright: © 2015 Trivedi MK, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Visit for more related articles at Journal of Developing Drugs

Abstract

Study background: 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene is an important compound used for the synthesis of chemicals and pharmaceutical agents. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of biofield energy treatment on the physical, thermal and spectral properties of 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene. Methods: The study was performed by dividing the sample into two groups (control and treated). The control group remained as untreated, while the treated group received Mr Trivedi's biofield energy treatment. The control and treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene samples were then characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and ultra violetvisible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) analysis. Results: XRD studies revealed the significant increase in crystallite size of treated sample by 45.96% as compared to the control sample. DSC analysis showed a decrease in melting temperature of the treated sample (45.93ºC) with respect to control (46.58ºC). Additionally, the substantial change was evidenced in latent heat of fusion of treated sample by 64.18% as compared to the control. TGA analysis indicated a decrease in maximum thermal decomposition temperature (Tmax) of treated sample (151.92ºC) as compared to the control sample (154.43ºC). This indicated the decrease in thermal stability of the treated sample as compared to the control. FT-IR spectroscopic analysis showed an increase in the frequency of C-O bond in treated sample (1105→1174 cm-1) as compared to the control sample. However, UV analysis showed no changes in absorption peaks in treated sample as compared to the untreated sample. Conclusion: Overall, the result indicated that biofield energy treatment has altered the physical, thermal and spectral properties of the treated sample as compared to control. Hence, the treated sample could be used as an intermediate in the synthesis of organic compounds.

Keywords

X-ray diffraction; Thermal analysis; Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy; Ultra violet-visible spectroscopy (UVVis) analysis

Abbreviations

XRD: X-ray diffraction; DSC: Differential scanning calorimetry; TGA: Thermogravimetric analysis; FT-IR: Fourier transform infrared; UV-Vis: Ultra Violet-Visible spectroscopy analysis; CAM: Complementary and alternative medicine

Introduction

Benzene-based compounds are used as an intermediate for the synthesis of pesticides and other chemicals. Methoxybenzene derivatives such as anisole (methoxybenzene) and veratrole (1,2-dimethoxybenzene) are widely used in perfumes, insect pheromones, pharmaceuticals [ 1] and synthesis of organic compounds [ 2]. 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene is an organic compound with excellent physical properties due to its interesting chemical structure [ 3]. It has been used to study the effect of solvent on photo-induced electron transfer reactions [ 4]. 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene was used as an intermediate for the synthesis of 2,4-diamino-5-benzylpyrimidines and analogues for antimicrobial applications [ 5]. However, 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene based compounds are potentially toxic in nature and causes enormous health problems. These compounds are found in many hazardous waste sites that have been proposed for inclusion in the environmental protection agency (EPA) national priority list [ 6]. The distribution and degradation of the chemicals entirely depend on physicochemical properties of the chemicals. These properties are namely molecular weight, solubility, volatilization, and polarity [ 7, 8]. It was reported that by improving volatilization of the chemicals it might accelerate the degradation by reacting with photochemicaly-produced free radicals [ 9]. Chakraborty et al. used anaerobic degradation of benzene derivatives by Dechloromonas strain [ 10]. However, these methods are not cost effective. Thus, some alternate strategies should be designed which can increase the degradation of 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene, ultimately it might reduce the health problems associated with this compound. Recently, biofield energy treatment was used as potential strategy to alter the physical, chemical and thermal properties of metals [ 11, 12], ceramic [ 13], organic compounds [ 14, 15], and organic products [ 16, 17]. Therefore, authors planned to investigate the influence of biofield energy treatment on physical, thermal and spectral properties of 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene.

The National Centre for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM), which is a part of the National Institute of Health (NIH), endorses the use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) therapies as an alternative in the healthcare sector, and about 36% of Americans regularly uses some form of CAM [ 18]. CAM includes numerous energy-healing therapies; biofield therapy is one of the energy medicine used worldwide to improve overall health.

Researchers have shown that when atoms undergo any translation, vibration, rotation and quantifiable motion a measurable electromagnetic radiation is generated which is evident by acoustic or vibrational spectroscopy [ 19]. Likewise, the cells present in the human body are consisting of the electron, proton, neutron and fundamental particles that always remain in a state of vibratory motion [ 19]. Additionally, neurons that are present in the human central nervous system have the ability to transmit the information in the form of electrical signals [ 20- 23]. Thus, human biofield is referred as an energetic field or matrix that surrounds the human body. This energetic field is identical to superhighway that allows DNA in our cells to communicate faster than light and maintain coherent, holistic intelligence in the organism [ 24]. Therefore, it is envisaged that human beings have the ability to harness the energy from the environment/ Universe and can transmit into any object (living or non-living) around the Globe. The object(s) will always receive the energy and responding in a useful manner that is called biofield energy. Mr Trivedi is known transform the characteristics of various living and non-living things using his unique biofield energy. This biofield energy treatment is also known as The Trivedi Effect®. It is known to alter phenotype characteristics of microbes [ 25, 26] and improved the growth and anatomical characteristics of medicinal plants [ 27, 28].

After considering the potential of biofield energy treatment and chemical properties of 1,2,3- trimethoxybenzene, this study was conducted to investigate the influence of this treatment on physical, thermal and spectral properties of the compound.

Materials and Methods

1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene was procured from S D Fine Chemicals Ltd., India. The sample was divided into two parts; one was kept as a control sample while the other was subjected to Mr Trivedi's unique biofield energy treatment and coded as treated sample. The treated group was in sealed pack and handed over to Mr Trivedi for biofield energy treatment under standard laboratory conditions. Mr Trivedi has given the energy treatment through his energy transmission process to the treated samples without touching the sample. The control and treated samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Differential scanning calorimetry, Thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Ultra violet-visible analysis.
Characterization
X-ray diffraction (XRD) study: The XRD analysis of control and treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene were carried out using Phillips, Holland PW 1710 X-ray diffractometer system, which contains a copper anode with nickel filter. The radiation of wavelength used by the XRD system was 1.54056 Å. The XRD results obtained were presented in the form of a chart of 2θ vs. intensity. The average crystallite size (G) was calculated by using formula:

G=kλ/ (bCosθ)

Here, λ is the wavelength of radiation used; b is full-width halfmaximum (FWHM) of peaks and k is the equipment constant (=0.94). Percentage change in average crystallite size was calculated using following formula:

Percent change in average crystallite size=[(G t-G c)/G c] × 100

Where, G c and G t are the average crystallite size of control and treated powder samples respectively.

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC): The control and treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene samples were analysed using a Pyris-6 Perkin Elmer DSC at a heating rate of 10ºC/min under air atmosphere, and the air was flushed at a flow rate of 5 mL/min. Predetermined amount of sample was kept in an aluminium pan and closed with a lid. A blank aluminium pan was used as a reference. The percentage change in latent heat of fusion was calculated using following equations:

Where, ΔH Control and ΔH Treated are the latent heat of fusion of control and treated samples, respectively.

Thermogravimetric analysis-Differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA): The thermal stability of control and treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene were analysed by using Mettler Toledo simultaneous TGA and Differential thermal analyser (DTA). The samples were heated from room temperature to 400ºC using a heating rate of 5ºC/min under air atmosphere.

FT-IR spectroscopy: The FT-IR spectra were recorded on Shimadzu's Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (Japan) with the frequency range of 4000-500 cm⁻¹. The analysis was accomplished to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment at an atomic level like dipole moment, force constant and bond strength in chemical structure [ 29]. The treated sample was divided into two parts T1 and T2 for FT-IR analysis.

UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis: UV spectra of the control and treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene samples were acquired on Shimadzu UV-2400 PC series spectrophotometer with 1 cm quartz cell and a slit width of 2.0 nm. was used as a solvent and the analysis was carried out using wavelength in the range of 200-400 nm. The UV spectra were analysed to determine the effect of biofield treatment on the energy gap of highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO gap) [ 29]. The treated sample was divided in two parts T1 and T2 for the analysis.

Results and Discussions
X-ray diffraction
The XRD was used to investigate the crystalline nature of control and treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene sample. The XRD diffractogram of control and treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene are presented in Figure 1. XRD diffractogram of control 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene showed intense crystalline peaks at 2θ equal to 13.05º, 13.29º, 13.54º, 19.54º, 21.67º, 22.75º, 25.55º, 25.77º, 26.78º and 27.20º. Whereas, the treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene also showed XRD peaks at 2θ equal to 13.50º, 13.68º, 19.24º, 22.99º, 26.03º, 27.09º and 27.31º. The comparative evaluation of the XRD diffractograms showed the decrease in of XRD peaks of treated samples with respect to the control. It is assumed that biofield energy treatment might disturb the longrange pattern of the 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene molecules that led to a reduction in crystallinity of the sample.

The crystallite size of control and treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene was computed using Scherrer formula, and data are depicted in Figure 2. The crystallite size is known as a group of molecules or atoms having orientation in the same plane. It was reported that crystallite size directly influences the materials properties, and it is one of the crystallographic parameters linked with the formation of dislocations and point defects in a crystal structure [ 30]. The crystallite size of control 1,2,3- trimethoxybenzene was 67.23 nm, and it was substantially increased up to 98.13 nm in the treated sample. The result indicated 45.96% increase in the crystallite size of treated compound as compared to the control sample. Pang and Bao reported that due to synthesis temperature and ripening on hydroxyapatite causes an increase in crystallite size [ 31]. Rey et al. [ 32] and Drouet et al. [ 33] reported an increase in crystal size with increase in temperature and pH. Hence, it is presumed here that biofield treatment might provide thermal energy to the treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene atoms or molecules that lead to a reduction in dislocation density and increase in crystallite size as compared to the control. Carballo et al. reported that the rate of reaction can be significantly improved by an increase in crystallite size [ 34]. Thus, it is assumed that the increased crystallite size of treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene might accelerate its reaction rate and percentage reaction yield during the synthesis of compounds. Additionally, the increased crystallite size can be correlated with increase in particle size and hence decrease solubility [ 35]. Hence, it is assumed that this might increase the volatilization leading to faster degradation of the treated sample as compared to control.
Thermal analysis
DSC study: DSC was used to investigate the latent heat of fusion and melting nature of the control and treated samples. DSC thermogram of control and treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene are presented in Figure 3. The DSC thermogram of control 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene showed a sharp endothermic inflexion at 46.58ºC that was due to melting temperature of the sample. However, the treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene showed an endothermic peak at 45.93ºC. This indicated the decrease in melting temperature of the treated sample with respect to the control. It was reported that if the molecules contributing to a lattice are rigid, compact and symmetrical they tend to maximize the intermolecular interactions. Thus, a compound with less compact molecular arrangement has a low melting temperature than compactly arranged compound i.e., more energy is needed to separate the molecules [ 36]. Hence, it is assumed that biofield treated sample might have a less compact arrangement that lead to the decrease in melting temperature.

The latent heat of fusion was computed from the DSC thermogram and data are presented in Table 1. The control compound showed a latent heat of fusion of 104.28 J/g and it was increased significantly to 171.21 J/g in the treated sample. The results indicated a significant increase in latent heat of fusion by 64.18% as compared to the control sample. The latent heat of fusion is considered as the energy required to overcome the intermolecular force exist between atoms or molecules during a phase change from solid to liquid. Thus, it is assumed that biofield energy treatment has possibly altered the intermolecular force between the 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene molecules that led to substantial increase in latent heat of fusion. It was reported that benzene compounds have a high density as compared to alkanes and fatty acids. Moreover, these compounds form the solid solutions with the narrow gap between the solidus (temperature below which a substance is completely solid) and liquidus (temperature above which material is completely liquid) [ 37]. Thus, it allows obtaining required phase change material with desired melting temperature. Hence, stable melting temperature and high latent heat of fusion may confer better phase change nature to biofield energy treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene.

Table 1: Thermal analysis data of control and treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene. Tmax: Maximum thermal decomposition temperature.

TGA study: TGA analysis was used to investigate the thermal stability of control and treated 1,2,3- trimethoxybenzene samples. TGA thermogram of control and treated sample are depicted in Figure 4. The TGA thermogram of control 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene sample showed onset thermal degradation at around 137ºC and it terminated at 178ºC. During this thermal step, the control sample lost 53.93% of the initial weight. Nevertheless, the treated sample started the onset of degradation at 134ºC, and the thermal degradation stopped at 176ºC. The treated sample lost around 57.04% of its weight during this process. Hence, rapid thermal degradation was found in treated sample indicating the low thermal stability of the sample as compared to the control.

DTA thermogram of control and treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene are presented in Figure 4. The DTA thermogram of control 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene showed an endothermic peak at 164.95ºC due to thermal decomposition of the sample. However, the treated sample showed a reduction in thermal decomposition temperature (161.46ºC) as compared to the control.

This was further affirmed by DTG analysis of the samples. The rate of maximum thermal degradation (T max) was recorded and data are reported in Table 1. The control sample showed a T max at 154.43ºC, and it was decreased up to 151.92ºC in the treated sample. Overall, the result showed that thermal stability of treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene sample was decreased as compared to control. It is presumed that decrease in thermal stability might increase the volatilization of the treated sample. This may increase the vaporization and degradation of the treated sample in the environment as compared to control sample.
FT-IR spectroscopy
FT-IR spectra of control and treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene samples are presented in Figure 5. The FT-IR spectrum of control and treated samples (T1 and T2) showed C-H aromatic stretching at 3099 cm⁻¹. Vibration peaks for methyl group stretching were observed at 2835 cm⁻¹ in control and T2 sample; whereas in T1 sample it was evidenced at 2837 cm⁻¹. The -C=C stretch was observed at 1595 cm⁻¹ in the control and treated samples. The absorption peak in the region of 1105-1255 cm⁻¹ were due to C-O stretch in the control 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene sample. The T1 and T2 samples showed C-O stretching peak from 1111-1255 cm⁻¹ and 1174-1255 cm⁻¹, respectively. The C-H asymmetric bending peaks were observed at 1437-1477 cm⁻¹ in control and T1 samples. Whereas, the T2 sample showed these bending peak in the region of 1437-1473 cm⁻¹. The C-H out of plane deformation peaks were observed in the region of 740-779 cm⁻¹ in the control and T1 sample. However, in case of T2 sample the C-H out of plane bending vibrations were noticed at 738-779 cm⁻¹. Overall, the result showed an increase in frequency of the C-O bond 1105→1174 cm⁻¹ in T2 sample as compared to the control sample. It was previously suggested that increase in the frequency of any bond causes a possible enhancement in force constant of the respective bond [ 29]. Hence, it is assumed that biofield energy treatment might altered the dipole moment or force constant of the C-O bond in treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene sample as compared to the control sample.
UV-visible spectroscopy
UV spectra of control and treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene are presented in Figure 6. The UV spectrum of control 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene showed absorption peaks at 267 and 207 nm. The treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene (T1) showed absorption peaks at 266 and 206 nm. Whereas the treated (T2) 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene showed absorption peaks at 267 and 205 nm. The UV spectra of the treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene showed no change in absorption peaks as compared to the control. It is assumed that biofield energy treatment may not affect the energy gap of highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO gap).

Though this was the first attempt to investigate the impact of biofield energy treatment on physicochemical properties of 1,2,3- trimethoxybenzene. However, future research will be conducted to elucidate the exact mechanism of biofield energy effect on physical, structural properties of the compound. Sophisticated analytical techniques such as NMR, GC-MS, and TGA-FTIR will be used to get further detailed insights about the structural/thermal changes in the biofield treated 1,2,3- trimethoxybenzene.
Conclusions
In summary, the XRD studies revealed the significant increase in crystallite size of treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene as compared to the control. It is hypothesized that the biofield treatment might reduce the dislocation that lead to the increase in crystallite size of the treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene. DSC studies showed a substantial increase in latent heat of fusion of the treated sample by 64.18% as compared to the control sample. It was speculated that biofield energy might altered the intermolecular forces between the treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene that leads to significant increase in latent heat of fusion. TGA analysis showed a decrease in T max of treated sample as compared to the control sample. It showed the decrease in thermal stability of the treated sample as compared to the control. FT-IR spectroscopic analysis showed an alteration in C-O bond of the treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene that might be due to changes in force constant or dipole moment. Overall, the result showed an alteration in physical, thermal and spectral properties of the treated 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene. It is assumed that increased crystallite size and low thermal stability might improve the volatilization and fast degradation of the biofield treated sample as compared to the control sample.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank all the laboratory staff of MGV Pharmacy College, Nashik for their assistance during the various instrument characterizations. The authors would also like to thank Trivedi Science, Trivedi Master Wellness and Trivedi Testimonials for their support during the work.

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11. Dabhade VV, Tallapragada RR, Trivedi MK (2009) Effect of external energy on atomic, crystalline and powder characteristics of antimony and bismuth powders. Bull Mater Sci 32: 471-479.

12. Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O (2015) Studies of the atomic and crystalline characteristics of ceramic oxide nano powders after bio field treatment. Ind Eng Manage 4: 161.

13. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2013) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of vanadium pentoxide powder. J Material Sci Eng S11: 001.

14. Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi A, Nayak G, et al. (2015) Biofield Treatment: A potential strategy for modification of physical and thermal properties of indole. J Environ Anal Chem 2: 152.

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16. Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Jana S, et al. (2015) Bio-field treatment: An effective strategy to improve the quality of beef extract and meat infusion powder. J Nutr Food Sci 5: 389.

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25. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Bairwa K, Jana S (2015) Phenotypic and biotypic characterization ofKlebsiellaoxytoca: An impact of biofield treatment. J Microb Biochem Technol 7: 203-206.

26. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Gangwar M, Jana S (2015) An effect of biofield treatment on multidrug-resistant Burkholderia cepacia: A multihost pathogen. J Trop Dis 3: 167.

27. Patil SA, Nayak GB, Barve SS, Tembe RP, Khan RR (2012) Impact of biofield treatment on growth and anatomical characteristics of Pogostemon cablin (Benth.). Biotechnology 11: 154-162.

28. Nayak G, Altekar N (2015) Effect of biofield treatment on plant growth and adaptation. J Environ Health Sci 1: 1-9.

29. Pavia DL, Lampman GM, Kriz GS (2001) Introduction to spectroscopy. 3rdedn, Thomson Learning, Singapore.

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31. Pang YX, Bao X (2003) Influence of temperature, ripening time and calcination on the morphology and crystallinity of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. J Eur Ceram Soc 23: 1697-1704.

32. Rey C, Combes C, Drouet C, Sfihi H, Barroug A (2007) Physico-chemical properties of nanocrystalline apatites: Implications for bio minerals and biomaterials. Mater Sci Eng C. 27: 198-205.

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34. Carballo LM, Wolf EE (1978) Crystallite size effects during the catalytic oxidation of propylene on Pt/?-Al2O3. J Catal 53: 366-373.

35. Hefter GT, Tomkins RPT (2003) The experimental determination of solubilities. Wiley series in solution chemistry. John Wiley and Sons.

36. Forces and Factors Influencing Melting Points, Boiling Points and Other Physical Properties A.K.A. Why is a compound a solid, liquid or gas at a given temperature. Accessed on:5th September 2015.http://www.brynmawr.edu/chemistry/Chem/mnerzsto/Labs/Forces_and_Factors.pdf

37. Kenisarin MM (2014) Thermophysical properties of some organic phase change materials for latent heat storage. A review. Sol Energy 107: 553-575.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
x-ray diffraction; thermal analysis; fourier transform
infrared (ft-ir) spectroscopy; ultra violet-visible spectroscopy (uvvis)
analysis

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Physical, Thermal and Spectral Properties of Biofield Treated 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi1 , Rama Mohan Tallapragada1 , Alice Branton1 , Dahryn Trivedi1 , Gopal Nayak1 , Rakesh Kumar Mishra2 and Snehasis Jana2 * 1 Trivedi Global Inc., 10624 S Eastern Avenue Suite A-969, Henderson, NV 89052, USA 2 Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt.

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	Mahendra Kumar Trivedi Public Profile | Worldcat.org
	

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	Mahendra Kumar Trivedi Public Profile | Worldcat.org
	

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Know more about the Mahendra Trivedi's research publications and materials research innovations in agriculture, biotechnology, microbiology, materials science, genetics, cancer and human health.

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Items tagged as mahendra trivedi [WorldCat.org]

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	Biofield Impact on Beef Extract & Meat Infusion Powder | CiteseerX
	

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	Biofield Impact on Beef Extract & Meat Infusion Powder | CiteseerX
	

# data[].attributes.body
Study this an effective strategy of Mahendra Trivedi, to improve the quality of beef extract and meat infusion powder with his biofield energy treatment.

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	Mahendra Trivedi Special Prayers to Unlock Divine Gifts
	

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	Mahendra Trivedi Special Prayers to Unlock Divine Gifts
	

# data[].attributes.body
An impact of Biofield treatment on 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene, Studies revealed the significant increase in crystallite size of treated sample by 45.96% as compared to the control sample.

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Guruji Mahendra Kumar Trivedi is offering 3 days of accelerated personal growth and transformation on February 9th, 10th and 11th, 2016 in honor of his birthday on February 10th. During this time, people can achieve better health, greater wealth, deeper relationships and true happiness. Mahendra Trivedi is known by over 250,000 people from over 40 different countries as an "ordinary man with an extraordinary gift." In 1995, Mr. Trivedi discovered a natural phenomenon that hundreds of scientists in the fields of agriculture, biotechnology, genetics, cancer, microbiology, materials science and human health now call "The Trivedi Effect."

Inherently intelligent and beneficial, The Trivedi Effect was discovered when Mr. Trivedi realized that he was capable of harnessing an intelligent and natural form of energy that comes directly from the Universe's source of creation; the source out of which all creation arises. By harnessing this energy, Mr. Trivedi was able to connect others directly to this source of creation so they can also harness this energy. By doing so, thousands of people have reported that their lives have completely transformed: everything from drastic improvements in health and profound shifts in relationships to changes in perception and financial abundance. Trivedi Testimonials are available at: http://www.triveditestimonials.com

The Trivedi Effect® is the only scientifically proven energy that is capable of performing uniquely to each individual's needs and requirements so they can enjoy a higher quality life. The capabilities of this energy to improve overall quality of life and to enhance and potentize the characteristics of all living organisms and nonliving materials has been proven through over 4,000 science experiments on living organisms like plants, trees, fungi, animals, bacteria, viruses, cancer cells and human cells, as well as nonliving materials like metals, polymers, ceramics and chemicals. The energy administered by Guruji Mahendra Trivedi causes permanent alterations at the atomic, molecular and cellular levels of the treated specimen, which results in profound and beneficial changes in their behavior and characteristics, often revealing new characteristics never seen before on this planet, nor in the scientific arena. More about Trivedi Science here: http://www.trivediscience.com

Currently, The Trivedi Effect® has nearly 200 science publications that have been adopted into the Harvard, MIT, Penn State, Columbia, Brown, Cornell, Princeton, Oxford, Cambridge and hundreds of other University libraries. Mr. Trivedi is currently pioneering a new frontier of scientific inquiry regarding biofield energy healing and the power of consciousness, and currently invites everyone to join in Special Prayers from February 9th-11th so they can also reap the extraordinary benefits from this energy that can only be described as one thing: miracles.

To learn more about Special Prayers, visit Trivedi Master Wellness (a subdivision of Trivedi Global Inc.) at: https://trivedimasterwellness.com/birthday-special-prayer-2016/

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Spiritual Leader Mahendra Trivedi to Host 3 Days of Special Prayers to Empower Everyone to Unlock Their Divine Gifts

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Las Vegas, NV (PRWEB) February 08, 2016 -- To honor and celebrate his upcoming birthday on February 10th, 2016, the internationally beloved Spiritual Master, Transformational Leader and scientist Mahendra Trivedi has invited everyone to join him for 3 days of Special Prayers.

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	Biofield | A Transcendental To Changing Metal Powder Characteristics
	

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	Biofield | A Transcendental To Changing Metal Powder Characteristics
	

# data[].attributes.body
Know more about the Mahendra Trivedi's research publications and materials research innovations in agriculture, biotechnology, microbiology, materials science, genetics, cancer and human health.

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	Biofield | A Transcendental To Changing Metal Powder Characteristics
	

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	Biofield | A Transcendental To Changing Metal Powder Characteristics
	

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The present article is to evaluate the effect of Mahendra Trivedi's external (biofield) energy on the structure and powder characteristics of transition metal powders.

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A transcendental to changing metal powder characteristics

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It's not often that Metal Powder Report departs from the path of hard facts into the somewhat 'mushier' area of metaphysics, but opportunities crop up...

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	CiteSeerX | Characteristics of Manganese (II, III) Oxide
	

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	CiteSeerX | Characteristics of Manganese (II, III) Oxide
	

# data[].attributes.body
The study data demonstrated that human biofield energy treated Mn3O4 ceramic could be used as an excellent material for fabrication of novel magnetic data storage devices.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
	
	
	Biofield | Effect on Vanadium Pentoxide Powders | CiteSeerX
	

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	Biofield | Effect on Vanadium Pentoxide Powders | CiteSeerX
	

# data[].attributes.body
In the present investigation vanadium pentoxide powders are exposed to biofield. The catalytic nature of vanadium pentoxide can be controlled by exposing to biofield and using after a specific number of days after exposure.

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		Mahendra Trivedi's Biofield Energy Treated Methyl-2-Naphthyl Ether
	

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		Mahendra Trivedi's Biofield Energy Treated Methyl-2-Naphthyl Ether
	

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Study conducted by Mahendra Trivedi and team, to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on the physical, thermal, and spectroscopic properties of Methyl-2-Naphthyl Ether.

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	Experimental data  on Biofield Energy treated Methyl-2-Naphthyl Ether
	

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	Experimental data  on Biofield Energy treated Methyl-2-Naphthyl Ether
	

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Experimental data of this experiment showed the physical, thermal, and spectroscopic characterization of Biofield Energy treated Methyl-2-Naphthyl Ether.

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Environmental Analytical Chemistry

Trivedi et al., J Environ Anal Chem 2015, 2:5

http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2380-2391.1000162

Research ArticleOpen Access

Volume 2 * Issue 5 * 1000162

ISSN: 2380-2391 JREAC, an open access journal

Keywords: Methyl-2-naphthyl ether; Bioeld energy; X-ray

diraction; Surface area analysis; Dierential scanning calorimetry;

ermogravimetric analysis

MNE: Methyl-2-Naphthyl Ether; NCCAM: National Center For

Complementary And Alternative Medicine; XRD: X-Ray Diraction;

DSC: Dierential Scanning Calorimetry; TGA: ermogravimetric

Analysis; DTA: Dierential ermal Analysis; DTG: Derivative

ermogravimetry; FT-IR: Fourier Transforms Infrared

Naphthalene has been described as new class of potent

antimicrobials against wide range of human pathogens. It occupies a

central place among biologically active compounds owing to its varied

and exciting antibiotic properties with less toxicity [1]. Numerous

naphthalene containing antimicrobial drugs are existing like naine,

nafacillin, terbinane, tolnaate, etc. that plays vital role against

microbial infections [2,3]. Further, the naphthalene derivatives like

naproxen, nabumetone were also studied in depth as the nonsteroidal

anti-inammatory drugs (NSAIDs). ey are mainly nonselective

inhibitor of two cyclooxygenase (COX) isoform i.e., COX-1 and COX-2

[4,5]. Moreover, the structurally relative naphthalene derivatives lower

the parathyroid level by binding to calcium receptor on the parathyroid

gland. us, it helps to regulate hyperparathyroidism especially in

kidney disease or parathyroid gland neoplasm [6]. Based on the

importance of naphthalene derivative as a main moiety for organic

synthesis of several pharmaceutical drugs, it is advantageous to nd

out the alternate approach that can enhance the physicochemical and

thermal properties of naphthalene derivative i.e., methyl-2-naphthyl

ether (MNE). Recently, an alternate treatment approach i.e.,healing

therapy or therapeutic touch, known as the bioeld energy treatment,

which was reported in several elds. e National Institute of Health/

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NIH/

NCCAM) conceived the bioeld energy treatment in subcategory of

energy therapies (putative energy elds) [7,8]. e bioeld treatment is

Physical, Thermal, and Spectroscopic Characterization of Biofield Energy

Treated Methyl-2-Naphthyl Ether

Mahendra Kumar Trivedi1 , Alice Branton1 , Dahryn Trivedi1, Gopal Nayak1, Khemraj Bairwa2 and Snehasis Jana2*

1Trivedi Global Inc., 10624 S Eastern Avenue Suite A-969, Henderson, NV 89052, USA

2Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd., Bhopal- 462026, Madhya Pradesh, India

being used in healing process to reduce pain, anxiety and to promote

the overall health of human being [9,10]. Bioeld is an electromagnetic

eld that permeates and surrounds living organisms. is biologically

produced electromagnetic and subtle energy eld regulates the various

physiological and communications functions within the human

organism [11]. Researchers have attempted dierent biological studies

and eects of bioeld on various biomolecules such as proteins,

antibiotics [12], bacterial cultures [13], and conformational change in

DNA [14]. Prakash et al. reported that various scientic instruments

such as Kirlian photography, resonance eld imaging (RFI) and

polycontrast interference photography (PIP) could be extensively used

to measure the bioeld of human body [15]. us, the human has the

ability to harness the energy from the environment or Universe and

transmit it to any living or nonliving object on the Globe. e object(s)

receive the energy and respond into the useful way; this process is termed

as bioeld treatment. Mr. Trivedi's unique bioeld energy treatment is

known as e Trivedi Eect®. Recently, bioeld energy treatment has

been described as an alternative method to alter the physicochemical

and thermal properties of several metals and ceramics [16-18]. It

has also reported to alter the spectroscopic properties of various

pharmaceutical drugs like paracetamol, piroxicam, metronidazole, and

tinidazole [19,20]. Moreover, the bioeld treatment has been studied in

Methyl-2-naphthyl ether (MNE) is an organic compound and used as the primary moiety for the synthesis of

several antimicrobial and anti-inammatory agents. This study was attempted to evaluate the impact of bioeld energy

treatment on the physical, thermal, and spectroscopic properties of MNE. The study was carried out in two groups i.e.,

samples of MNE were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area analyzer, differential scanning calorimetry

(DSC), thermogravimetric analysis-derivative thermogravimetric analysis (TGA-DTG), Fourier transform infrared (FT-

IR), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The XRD study exhibited the decrease in average crystallite size by

30.70%. The surface area analysis showed 5.32% decrease in surface area of the treated sample with respect to the

control. The DSC thermogram of treated MNE exhibited no signicant change in the melting temperature; however,

the latent heat of fusion was slightly increased (0.83%) after bioeld treatment as compared to the control sample.

The TGA analysis showed the onset temperature of thermal degradation at 158℃ in the control sample that was

reduced to 124℃ after bioeld treatment. The result showed about 21.52% decrease in onset temperature of thermal

degradation of treated MNE as compared to the control. Similarly, the end-set temperature of thermal degradation was

also reduced by 13.51% after bioeld treatment with respect to the control. The FT-IR and UV spectroscopic studies

did not show any changes in the wavenumber and wavelength, respectively in treated MNE with respect to the control.

Overall, the XRD, surface area and thermal analysis suggest that bioeld treatment has the impact on physical and

thermal properties of the treated MNE as compared to the control.

*Corresponding author: Snehasis Jana, Trivedi Science Research Laboratory

Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad

Rd., Bhopal-462026 Madhya Pradesh, India, Tel: 91-755-6660006; E-mail:

Received September 07, 2015; AcceptedSeptember14, 2015; Published

Citation:Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Bairwa K, et al.(2015)

Physical, Thermal, and Spectroscopic Characterization of Bioeld Energy

Treated Methyl-2-Naphthyl Ether. J Environ Anal Chem 2: 162. doi:10.4172/2380-

Copyright: © 2015 Trivedi MK , et al . This is an open-access article distributed

under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits

unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the

original author and source are credited.

Volume 2 * Issue 5 * 1000162

ISSN: 2380-2391 JREAC, an open access journal

Treated Methyl-2-Naphthyl Ether. J Environ Anal Chem 2: 162. doi:10.4172/2380-2391.1000162

a heating rate of 5ºC/min under air atmosphere. e onset temperature

of thermal degradation and percent change intemperature at which

maximum weight loss occur in samples were obtained from DTG

For the purpose of FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopic

characterization, the treated sample was divided into two groups i.e., T1

and T2. Both the treated groups were then analyzed for spectroscopic

characteristics employing FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy and data

were compared with the respective spectrum of control sample.

FT-IR spectroscopic characterization

e samples for FT-IR spectroscopy were prepared by crushing

into ne powder and then mixing in spectroscopic grade KBr. Finally,

the mixture was pressed into pellets with a hydraulic press and then

used for analysis. e spectra were recorded from Shimadzu's Fourier

transform infrared spectrometer (Japan) with the frequency range of

4000-500 cm-1. e analysis was done to evaluate the impact of bioeld

energy treatment at the atomic levels like force constant, dipole

moment, and bond strength in chemical structure [27].

Uv-Vis spectroscopic analysis

e samples solutions for UV spectroscopy were prepared in

methanol. UV spectra of the control and treated samples of MNE were

acquired from Shimadzu UV-2400 PC series spectrophotometer with

quartz cuvette having slit widths of 2.0 nm. e wavelength was set

between 200-400 nm for analysis. e study was carried out to evaluate

the impact of bioeld energy treatment on the energy gap of highest

occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital

XRD diractograms of both control and treated MNE are shown

in Figure 1. e control sample exhibited the XRD peaks at 2θ equal

to 10.27º, 15.44º, 19.07º, 20.57º, 21.21º, 24.76º, 25.33º, and 28.77º.

Likewise, the XRD diractogram of treated MNE showed the XRD

peaks at 2θ equal to 10.25º, 15.30º, 19.01º, 20.55º, 21.17º, 24.67º, 25.25º,

and 28.84º. e intensity of peak was also altered aer bioeld energy

treatment as compared to the control. XRD diractograms of both the

control and treated MNE showed the intense peaks, which suggest the

crystalline nature of MNE. e decrease of XRD peaks intensity in

treated sample might be attributed to the reduction in crystallinity and

decrease in long-range order of the molecules. e crystallite size was

calculated using Scherrer formula and the results are shown in Figure

2. e average crystallite size of the control MNE was observed as 84.55

nm that was decreased up to 58.59 nm in the treated sample. e result

indicated about 30.70% decrease in average crystallite size of treated

sample with respect to the control.

e increase in internal micro strain leads to decrease the

corresponding crystallite size of the material [28]. Moreover, Zhang et al.

reported that presence of strain and increased atomic displacement from

their ideal lattice positions lead to reduction in crystallite size [29]. Hence,

it is assumed that bioeld energy treatment probably induce the internal

strain in treated MNE sample. is might be responsible for the decrease

in crystallite size of the treated MNE as compared to the control.

e surface area of control and treated samples of MNE were

several elds like agriculture research [21,22], biotechnology research

[23], and microbiology research [24,25].

Based on the published literature and outstanding impact of

bioeld energy treatment on various living and nonliving things, the

present study was aimed to evaluate the impact of Mr. Trivedi's bioeld

energy treatment on physical, thermal and spectroscopic properties of

MNE using several analytical techniques.

e Methyl-2-Naphthyl Etherwas procured from Sisco Research

Laboratories, India. e study was performed in two groups i.e.,

control and treated. e control sample was remained as untreated,

and the treated group in sealed pack was handed over to Mr. Trivedi

for bioeld energy treatment under laboratory conditions. Mr.

Trivedi provided the bioeld energy treatment to the treated group

through his unique energy transmission process without touching the

sample. Subsequently, the control and treated samples of MNE were

analyzed using several analytical techniques like X-ray diraction

(XRD), surface area analysis, dierential scanning calorimetry (DSC),

thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FT-

IR), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy.

e XRD analysis of the control and treated MNE was carried out

on Phillips, Holland PW 1710 X-ray diractometer with nickel lter

and copper anode. e wavelength used in XRD system was 1.54056 Å.

e XRD diractograms were obtained in the form of a chart of 2θ vs.

intensity. e crystallite size (G) and percent change in crystallite size

of MNE were calculated using the following equations [26].

Crystallite size (G) = kλ/(bCosθ)

Where, Gc and Gt are average crystallite size of control and treated

powder samples respectively.

e surface area of the control and treated MNE was measured

using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analyzer, Smart

SORB 90. Percent change in surface area was calculated using following

%change in surface area=×100

Where, S Control and S Treated are the surface area of the control and

treated samples, respectively.

e control and treated samples of MNE were studied using a

Pyris-6 Perkin Elmer dierential scanning calorimeter on a heating

rate of 10ºC/min under air atmosphere with air ow rate of 5 mL/

min. An empty pan sealed with cover was used as a reference pan. e

melting temperature (Tm ) and latent heat of fusion (ΔH) were obtained

TGA-DTG analysis was conducted to investigate the thermal

stability of the control and treated MNE. e studies were carried out

on Mettler Toledo simultaneous TGA-DTG system. Both the control

and treated samples were heated from room temperature to 400ºC with

Volume 2 * Issue 5 * 1000162

ISSN: 2380-2391 JREAC, an open access journal

Treated Methyl-2-Naphthyl Ether. J Environ Anal Chem 2: 162. doi:10.4172/2380-2391.1000162

determined using BET surface area analyzer and data are presented

in Figure 3. e surface area of the control and treated sample was

observed as 0.4904 m2 /g and 0.4643 m2/g, respectively. e result

showed a considerable decrease in surface area i.e., 5.32% in the treated

MNE as compared to the control sample. It is assumed that bioeld

energy treatment possibly induced the disappearance of inter-particle

boundaries that may lead to the aggregation of particles and thus

increase in particle size [30]. Presumably, this increase in particle size

might lead to decrease in surface area of the treated sample.

DSC analysis was performed to determine the melting temperature

and latent heat of fusion (ΔH) of the control and treated MNE. DSC

thermograms (Figure 4) of MNE showed the melting temperature at

73.72ºC in the control and 73.66ºC in the treated sample (Table 1). e

result depicted no signicant change in melting temperature of treated

sample as compared to the control. e melting temperature of control

MNE was well supported by literature data [31]. DSC thermogram

exhibited the ΔHof 147.49 J/g in control sample and 148.72 J/g in

treated sample of MNE. e result showed about 0.83% increase in

latent heat of fusion of treated sample as compared to the control. It

is hypothesized that bioeld energy treatment may cause absorption

of energy during the phase transition from solid to liquid that might

lead to increase the latent heat of fusion of treated sample with respect

to the control. Previously, our group has reported that bioeld energy

treatment altered the value of latent heat of fusion in lead and tin

e TGA and DTG thermograms of control and treated samples of

MNE are shown in Figure 5 and data are reported in Table 1. e onset

temperature of thermal degradation was observed at 158°C and 124°C

for the control and treated samples, respectively. Whereas, the end-set

temperature of thermal degradation was found at 201°C and 178°C in

the control and treated sample, respectively. e result showed about

21.52% decrease in the onset temperature and 11.44% decrease in the

end-set temperature in treated sample with respect to the control. e

percent weight loss during thermal decomposition was 63.41% in the

control and 59.18% in the treated sample. It showed the decrease in

% weight loss during thermal decomposition aer bioeld treatment.

Based on this, it is presumed that bioeld treated MNE may be more

stable as compared to the control. e DTG thermogram exhibited the

Tmax (the temperature at which the sample lost its maximum weight) at

177.81°C in the control sample and at 153.78°C in the treated sample

of MNE. e result revealed about 13.51% decrease in Tmax of treated

sample with respect to the control. is decrease in Tmax in treated

sample might be due to increase in vaporization or volatilization [32]

of treated MNE molecules aer bioeld energy treatment. It might

be correlated with the alteration in internal energy through bioeld

energy treatment that results into earlier vaporization in treated sample

as compared to the control.

FT-IR spectroscopic analysis

FT-IR spectra of the control and treated samples of MNE (Figure

6) were inferred using the theoretically predicted wavenumber.e

aromatic =C-H stretching peak was assigned at 3007-3057 cm-1 in all

three samples i.e., the control and treated (T1 and T2). Likewise, the

-C-H (methyl) stretching was attributed to peak at 2962 cm-1 in all

three samples i.e., the control and treated (T1 and T2). e aromatic

C=C stretching of naphthyl moiety was appeared in the region of 1508-

Figure 1: XRD diffractograms of methyl-2-naphthyl ether.

Figure 2: Crystallite size of control and treated methyl-2-naphthyl ether.

Figure 3: Surface area analysis of control and treatedmethyl-2-naphthyl ether.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Physical, Thermal, and Spectroscopic Characterization of Biofield Energy Treated Methyl-2-Naphthyl Ether - PdfSR.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Methyl-2-naphthyl ether (MNE) is an organic compound and used as the primary moiety for the synthesis of several antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agents. This study was attempted to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on the physical, thermal, and spectroscopic properties of MNE. The study was carried out in two groups i.e., control and treated.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
	
	
	Characterization of Biofield Energy Treated Methyl-2-Naphthyl Ether
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
	
	
	Characterization of Biofield Energy Treated Methyl-2-Naphthyl Ether
	

# data[].attributes.body
This study was attempted to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on the physical, thermal, and spectroscopic properties of MNE. The study was carried out in two groups i.e., control and treated.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
methyl 2-naphthyl ether physical properties

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
"Physical, Thermal, and Spectroscopic Characterization of Biofield Energy Treated Methyl-2-Naphthyl Ether" by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Methyl-2-naphthyl ether (MNE) is an organic compound and used as the primary moiety for the synthesis of several antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agents. This study was attempted to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on the physical, thermal, and spectroscopic properties of MNE. The study was carried out in two groups i.e., control and treated.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
	
	
	Biofield | Physical & Thermal Properties of Methyl-2-Naphthyl Ether
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
	
	
	Biofield | Physical & Thermal Properties of Methyl-2-Naphthyl Ether
	

# data[].attributes.body
The aim of present study was evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on the physical, thermal, and spectroscopic properties of MNE. The study was carried out in two groups i.e., control and treated.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
	
	
	Spectroscopic Characterization of Biofield Energy Treated Methyl-2-Naphthyl Ether
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
	
	
	Spectroscopic Characterization of Biofield Energy Treated Methyl-2-Naphthyl Ether
	

# data[].attributes.body
The current study was attempted to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on the physical, thermal, and spectroscopic properties of Methyl-2-Naphthyl Ether.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Physical, Thermal, and Spectroscopic Characterization of Biofield Energy Treated Methyl-2-Naphthyl Ether

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Methyl-2-naphthyl ether (MNE) is an organic compound and used as the primary moiety for the synthesis of several antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agents. This study was attempted to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on the physical,

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
	
	
	Mahendra Kumar Trivedi Biofield Energy Treated Methyl-2-Naphthyl Ether
	

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	Mahendra Kumar Trivedi Biofield Energy Treated Methyl-2-Naphthyl Ether
	

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Biofield is the scientifically preferred term for the biologically produced electromagnetic and subtle energy field that provides regulatory and communication functions within the organism. Read Mahendra Kumar Trivedi Biofield Energy Treated Methyl-2-Naphthyl Ether research on Google Scholar.

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	Biofield Energy Treated Methyl-2-Naphthyl Ether
	

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	Biofield Energy Treated Methyl-2-Naphthyl Ether
	

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Naphthalene described as new class of potent antimicrobials against wide range of human pathogens. Read this research of Mahendra Kumar Trivedi to know the impact of Biofield on Methyl-2-Naphthyl Ether.

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	 Open Access Journal | Biofield Energy Treated Methyl-2-Naphthyl Ether
	

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View an Open Access Journal of Biofield Energy Treated Methyl-2-Naphthyl Ether and also see the impact of biofield treatment on physical, thermal, and spectroscopic characterization of methyl-2-naphthyl ether.

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Mahendra Kumar Trivedi1, Alice Branton1, Dahryn Trivedi1, Gopal Nayak1, Khemraj Bairwa2 and Snehasis Jana2*

¹ Trivedi Global Inc., 10624 S Eastern Avenue Suite A-969, Henderson, NV 89052, USA

² Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd., Bhopal- 462026, Madhya Pradesh, India

*Corresponding Author:

Snehasis Jana
Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd.
Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City
Hoshangabad Rd., Bhopal-462026 Madhya Pradesh India
Tel: 91-755-6660006
E-mail: [email protected]

Received date: September 07, 2015; Accepted date: September 14, 2015; Published date: September 20, 2015

Citation: Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Bairwa K, et al. (2015) Physical, Thermal, and Spectroscopic Characterization of Biofield Energy Treated Methyl-2-Naphthyl Ether. J Environ Anal Chem 2:162. doi:10.4172/2380-2391.1000162

Copyright: © 2015 Trivedi MK, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Visit for more related articles at Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry

Abstract

Methyl-2-naphthyl ether (MNE) is an organic compound and used as the primary moiety for the synthesis of several antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agents. This study was attempted to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on the physical, thermal, and spectroscopic properties of MNE. The study was carried out in two groups i.e., control and treated. The treated group was subjected to Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment. Afterward, the control and treated samples of MNE were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area analyzer, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis-derivative thermogravimetric analysis (TGA-DTG), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The XRD study exhibited the decrease in average crystallite size by 30.70%. The surface area analysis showed 5.32% decrease in surface area of the treated sample with respect to the control. The DSC thermogram of treated MNE exhibited no significant change in the melting temperature; however, the latent heat of fusion was slightly increased (0.83%) after biofield treatment as compared to the control sample. The TGA analysis showed the onset temperature of thermal degradation at 158℃ in the control sample that was reduced to 124℃ after biofield treatment. The result showed about 21.52% decrease in onset temperature of thermal degradation of treated MNE as compared to the control. Similarly, the end-set temperature of thermal degradation was also reduced by 13.51% after biofield treatment with respect to the control. The FT-IR and UV spectroscopic studies did not show any changes in the wavenumber and wavelength, respectively in treated MNE with respect to the control. Overall, the XRD, surface area and thermal analysis suggest that biofield treatment has the impact on physical and thermal properties of the treated MNE as compared to the control.

Keywords

Methyl-2-naphthyl ether; Biofield energy; X-ray diffraction; Surface area analysis; Differential scanning calorimetry; Thermogravimetric analysis

Abbreviations

MNE: Methyl-2-Naphthyl Ether; NCCAM: National Center For Complementary And Alternative Medicine; XRD: X-Ray Diffraction; DSC: Differential Scanning Calorimetry; TGA: Thermogravimetric Analysis; DTA: Differential Thermal Analysis; DTG: Derivative Thermogravimetry; FT-IR: Fourier Transforms Infrared

Introduction

Naphthalene has been described as new class of potent antimicrobials against wide range of human pathogens. It occupies a central place among biologically active compounds owing to its varied and exciting antibiotic properties with less toxicity [ 1]. Numerous naphthalene containing antimicrobial drugs are existing like naftifine, nafacillin, terbinafine, tolnaftate, etc. that plays vital role against microbial infections [ 2, 3]. Further, the naphthalene derivatives like naproxen, nabumetone were also studied in depth as the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). They are mainly nonselective inhibitor of two cyclooxygenase (COX) isoform i.e., COX-1 and COX-2 [ 4, 5]. Moreover, the structurally relative naphthalene derivatives lower the parathyroid level by binding to calcium receptor on the parathyroid gland. Thus, it helps to regulate hyperparathyroidism especially in kidney disease or parathyroid gland neoplasm [ 6]. Based on the importance of naphthalene derivative as a main moiety for organic synthesis of several pharmaceutical drugs, it is advantageous to find out the alternate approach that can enhance the physicochemical and thermal properties of naphthalene derivative i.e., methyl-2-naphthyl ether (MNE). Recently, an alternate treatment approach i.e., healing therapy or therapeutic touch, known as the biofield energy treatment, which was reported in several fields. The National Institute of Health/ National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NIH/ NCCAM) conceived the biofield energy treatment in subcategory of energy therapies (putative energy fields) [ 7, 8]. The biofield treatment is being used in healing process to reduce pain, anxiety and to promote the overall health of human being [ 9, 10]. Biofield is an electromagnetic field that permeates and surrounds living organisms. This biologically produced electromagnetic and subtle energy field regulates the various physiological and communications functions within the human organism [ 11]. Researchers have attempted different biological studies and effects of on various biomolecules such as proteins, antibiotics [ 12], bacterial cultures [ 13], and conformational change in DNA [ 14]. Prakash et al. reported that various scientific instruments such as Kirlian photography, resonance field imaging (RFI) and polycontrast interference photography (PIP) could be extensively used to measure the biofield of human body [ 15]. Thus, the human has the ability to harness the energy from the environment or Universe and transmit it to any living or nonliving object on the Globe. The object(s) receive the energy and respond into the useful way; this process is termed as biofield treatment. Mr. Trivedi's unique biofield energy treatment is known as The Trivedi Effect®. Recently, biofield energy treatment has been described as an alternative method to alter the physicochemical and thermal properties of several metals and ceramics [ 16- 18]. It has also reported to alter the spectroscopic properties of various pharmaceutical drugs like paracetamol, piroxicam, metronidazole, and tinidazole [ 19, 20]. Moreover, the biofield treatment has been studied in several fields like agriculture research [ 21, 22], biotechnology research [ 23], and microbiology research [ 24, 25].

Based on the published literature and outstanding impact of biofield energy treatment on various living and nonliving things, the present study was aimed to evaluate the impact of Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment on physical, thermal and spectroscopic properties of MNE using several analytical techniques.

Materials and Methods
Study design
The Methyl-2-Naphthyl Ether was procured from Sisco Research Laboratories, India. The study was performed in two groups i.e., control and treated. The control sample was remained as untreated, and the treated group in sealed pack was handed over to Mr. Trivedi for biofield energy treatment under laboratory conditions. Mr. Trivedi provided the biofield energy treatment to the treated group through his unique energy transmission process without touching the sample. Subsequently, the control and treated samples of MNE were analyzed using several analytical techniques like X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy.
XRD study
The XRD analysis of the control and treated MNE was carried out on Phillips, Holland PW 1710 X-ray diffractometer with nickel filter and copper anode. The wavelength used in XRD system was 1.54056 Å. The XRD diffractograms were obtained in the form of a chart of 2θ vs. intensity. The crystallite size (G) and percent change in crystallite size of MNE were calculated using the following equations [ 26].

Crystallite size (G) = kλ/(bCosθ)

Percent change in crystallite size (G) = [(G t-G c)/G c] ×100

Where, G c and G t are average crystallite size of control and treated powder samples respectively.
Surface area analysis
The surface area of the control and treated MNE was measured using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analyzer, Smart SORB 90. Percent change in surface area was calculated using following equation:

Where, S Control and S Treated are the surface area of the control and treated samples, respectively.
DSC study
The control and treated samples of MNE were studied using a Pyris-6 Perkin Elmer differential scanning calorimeter on a heating rate of 10ºC/min under air atmosphere with air flow rate of 5 mL/ min. An empty pan sealed with cover was used as a reference pan. The melting temperature (T m) and latent heat of fusion (ΔH) were obtained from the DSC curve.
TGA-DTG analysis
TGA-DTG analysis was conducted to investigate the thermal stability of the control and treated MNE. The studies were carried out on Mettler Toledo simultaneous TGA-DTG system. Both the control and treated samples were heated from room temperature to 400ºC with a heating rate of 5ºC/min under air atmosphere. The onset temperature of thermal degradation and percent change in temperature at which maximum weight loss occur in samples were obtained from DTG thermogram.
Spectroscopic studies
For the purpose of FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopic characterization, the treated sample was divided into two groups i.e., T1 and T2. Both the treated groups were then analyzed for spectroscopic characteristics employing FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy and data were compared with the respective spectrum of control sample.
FT-IR spectroscopic characterization
The samples for FT-IR spectroscopy were prepared by crushing into fine powder and then mixing in spectroscopic grade KBr. Finally, the mixture was pressed into pellets with a hydraulic press and then used for analysis. The spectra were recorded from Shimadzu's Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (Japan) with the frequency range of 4000-500 cm⁻¹. The analysis was done to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment at the atomic levels like force constant, dipole moment, and bond strength in chemical structure [ 27].
Uv-Vis spectroscopic analysis
The samples solutions for UV spectroscopy were prepared in methanol. UV spectra of the control and treated samples of MNE were acquired from Shimadzu UV-2400 PC series spectrophotometer with quartz cuvette having slit widths of 2.0 nm. The wavelength was set between 200-400 nm for analysis. The study was carried out to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on the energy gap of highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO gap) [ 27].

Results and Discussion
XRD analysis
XRD diffractograms of both control and treated MNE are shown in Figure 1. The control sample exhibited the XRD peaks at 2θ equal to 10.27º, 15.44º, 19.07º, 20.57º, 21.21º, 24.76º, 25.33º, and 28.77º. Likewise, the XRD diffractogram of treated MNE showed the XRD peaks at 2θ equal to 10.25º, 15.30º, 19.01º, 20.55º, 21.17º, 24.67º, 25.25º, and 28.84º. The intensity of peak was also altered after biofield energy treatment as compared to the control. XRD diffractograms of both the control and treated MNE showed the intense peaks, which suggest the crystalline nature of MNE. The decrease of XRD peaks intensity in treated sample might be attributed to the reduction in crystallinity and decrease in long-range order of the molecules. The crystallite size was calculated using Scherrer formula and the results are shown in Figure 2. The average crystallite size of the control MNE was observed as 84.55 nm that was decreased up to 58.59 nm in the treated sample. The result indicated about 30.70% decrease in average crystallite size of treated sample with respect to the control.

The increase in internal micro strain leads to decrease the corresponding crystallite size of the material [ 28]. Moreover, Zhang et al. reported that presence of strain and increased atomic displacement from their ideal lattice positions lead to reduction in crystallite size [ 29]. Hence, it is assumed that biofield energy treatment probably induce the internal strain in treated MNE sample. This might be responsible for the decrease in crystallite size of the treated MNE as compared to the control.
Surface area analysis
The surface area of control and treated samples of MNE were determined using BET surface area analyzer and data are presented in Figure 3. The surface area of the control and treated sample was observed as 0.4904 m ²/g and 0.4643 m ²/g, respectively. The result showed a considerable decrease in surface area i.e., 5.32% in the treated MNE as compared to the control sample. It is assumed that biofield energy treatment possibly induced the disappearance of inter-particle boundaries that may lead to the aggregation of particles and thus increase in particle size [ 30]. Presumably, this increase in particle size might lead to decrease in surface area of the treated sample.
DSC analysis
DSC analysis was performed to determine the melting temperature and latent heat of fusion (ΔH) of the control and treated MNE. DSC thermograms ( Figure 4) of MNE showed the melting temperature at 73.72ºC in the control and 73.66ºC in the treated sample ( Table 1). The result depicted no significant change in melting temperature of treated sample as compared to the control. The melting temperature of control MNE was well supported by literature data [ 31]. DSC thermogram exhibited the ΔH of 147.49 J/g in control sample and 148.72 J/g in treated sample of MNE. The result showed about 0.83% increase in latent heat of fusion of treated sample as compared to the control. It is hypothesized that biofield energy treatment may cause absorption of energy during the phase transition from solid to liquid that might lead to increase the latent heat of fusion of treated sample with respect to the control. Previously, our group has reported that biofield energy treatment altered the value of latent heat of fusion in lead and tin powders [ 7].

T max: temperature at maximum weight loss occurs

Table 1: Thermal analysis of control and treated samples of methyl-2-naphthylether.
TGA-DTG analysis
The TGA and DTG thermograms of control and treated samples of MNE are shown in Figure 5 and data are reported in Table 1. The onset temperature of thermal degradation was observed at 158°C and 124°C for the control and treated samples, respectively. Whereas, the end-set temperature of thermal degradation was found at 201°C and 178°C in the control and treated sample, respectively. The result showed about 21.52% decrease in the onset temperature and 11.44% decrease in the end-set temperature in treated sample with respect to the control. The percent weight loss during thermal decomposition was 63.41% in the control and 59.18% in the treated sample. It showed the decrease in % weight loss during thermal decomposition after biofield treatment. Based on this, it is presumed that biofield treated MNE may be more stable as compared to the control. The DTG thermogram exhibited the T max (the temperature at which the sample lost its maximum weight) at 177.81°C in the control sample and at 153.78°C in the treated sample of MNE. The result revealed about 13.51% decrease in T max of treated sample with respect to the control. This decrease in T max in treated sample might be due to increase in vaporization or volatilization [ 32] of treated MNE molecules after biofield energy treatment. It might be correlated with the alteration in internal energy through biofield energy treatment that results into earlier vaporization in treated sample as compared to the control.
FT-IR spectroscopic analysis
FT-IR spectra of the control and treated samples of MNE ( Figure 6) were inferred using the theoretically predicted wavenumber. The aromatic =C-H stretching peak was assigned at 3007-3057 cm⁻¹ in all three samples i.e., the control and treated (T1 and T2). Likewise, the -C-H (methyl) stretching was attributed to peak at 2962 cm⁻¹ in all three samples i.e., the control and treated (T1 and T2). The aromatic C=C stretching of naphthyl moiety was appeared in the region of 1508- 1631 cm⁻¹ in all the control and treated samples. The C-H asymmetrical bending peaks were observed at 1462-1475 cm⁻¹ in the control and T1 sample; whereas, this peak was observed at 1452-1475 cm⁻¹ region in T2 sample. In addition, the C-H symmetrical bending peak was observed at 1350 cm⁻¹ in all three samples. The C-O stretching for ether linkage was observed at 1030 cm⁻¹ in the control and the T2 sample while 1031 cm⁻¹ in the T1 sample. The =C-H in-plane deformation peaks were observed at the frequency region of 1172-1259 cm⁻¹, whereas the C-H out of plane deformation peaks were observed at 742-837 cm⁻¹ in all three samples. The observed FT-IR spectra were well supported with the literature data [ 33].
Uv-Vis spectroscopy
The UV spectra of control and treated (T1 and T2) samples are shown in Figure 7. The UV spectrum of control MNE exhibited the three different absorption maxima (λ max) at 225.4, 270.4, and 327.2 nm. The Uv spectrum of T1 sample showed the similar pattern of λ max i.e., at 224.4, 270.4, and 327.2 nm. Whereas, the T2 sample sample exhibited the λ max at 233.0, 270.5, and 327.0 nm. The result indicated the shifting of λ max in T2 sample (233.0 nm) as compared to control (225.4 nm). Although, no change in λ max was observed in T1 sample of MNE. Overall, the UV-vis spectral analysis suggests that biofield energy treatment may not cause any significant alterations in the λ max of treated MNE samples with respect to the control.

Conclusion

In brief, the XRD diffractogram of biofield treated MNE exhibited the decrease in intensity of XRD peaks as well as the decrease in average crystallite size (30.70%) as compared to the control. The surface area analysis showed an increase (5.32%) in surface area of biofield treated MNE with respect to the control. The thermal analysis (DSC, TGA/ DTG) showed a decrease in T max by 13.51%. Moreover, the latent heat of fusion was slightly increased by 0.83% in treated sample as compared to the control.

Overall, it can be concluded that Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment has the impact onphysicochemical and thermal properties of treated MNE with respect to the control. Based on this, it is assumed that biofield treated MNE could be more useful chemical intermediate in the organic synthesis of various pharmaceutical drugs.

Acknowledgement

The authors like to acknowledge the Trivedi Science, Trivedi Master Wellness and Trivedi Testimonials for their steady support during the work. Authors would also like to thanks the whole team from the MGV pharmacy college, Nashik for providing the instrumental facility.

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# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
methyl-2-naphthyl ether; biofield energy; x-ray
diffraction; surface area analysis; differential scanning calorimetry;
thermogravimetric analysis

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Physical, Thermal, and Spectroscopic Characterization of Biofield Energy Treated Methyl-2-Naphthyl Ether

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi1 , Alice Branton1 , Dahryn Trivedi1 , Gopal Nayak1 , Khemraj Bairwa2 and Snehasis Jana2 * 1 Trivedi Global Inc., 10624 S Eastern Avenue Suite A-969, Henderson, NV 89052, USA 2 Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt.

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	 Biofield | Dose and Distance in a Model of Cancer Cell Death
	

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	 Biofield | Dose and Distance in a Model of Cancer Cell Death
	

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The present study assessed the potential influence of Mahendra Trivedi's biofield energy treatment on cultured human cancer cells. Study this research to know more!