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Camera with an image sensor format that is the same size as 35 mm format film. Largest before medium format.

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Camera with an image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to Advanced Photo System film negative in its C format. 3:2 ratio and 25.1 x 16.7 mm

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Ratio of a camera sensor's size to a 35mm film frame. Calculate effective focal lengths

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Fixed focal length lens with a max aperture from f2.8 - f1.2

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Lens which the focal length can be varied.

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You create and manipulate your documents and files using various elements, such as panels, bars, and windows. Any arrangement of these elements is called a workspace.

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A toolbar is a set of icons or buttons that are part of a software program's interface or an open window. Typically on the left

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Groups of tools used to edit and manipulate the image

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The menu bar is used to open and save files, adjust the canvas size, access some of the editing tools, open and close various windows, and more.

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The Options Bar is the horizontal bar that runs underneath the Menu Bar in Photoshop. It is providing options and instructions for tool behavior.

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The Hue/Saturation command in Photoshop Elements enables you to adjust the colors in your image based on their hue, saturation, and lightness. Hue is the color in your image. Saturation is the intensity, or richness, of that color. And lightness controls the brightness value.

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In photography and image processing, color balanceis the global adjustment of the intensities of the colors(typically red, green, and blue primary colors).

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The move tool allows you to move a selection or entire layer by dragging it with your mouse or using your keyboard arrows keys. The move tool is located at the top right of the Photoshop Toolbox. When the move tool is selected, click and drag anywhere in the image.

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As you might imagine, the zoom tool allows you to zoomin on the image to get a better idea of the actual pixel makeup of a section you are working on.

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Hand tool helps you to move around in an image document quickly and works similarly to a scroll bar, enabling you to do your work more quickly. The Hand tool is more of a function than an actual tool because you rarely need to click the Hand tool to use it.

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The Crop Tool cuts out a defined area deleting or hiding the rest of an image: In the Toolbox, select the Crop Tool, click on the image and draw a rectangle holding mouse's button pressed. When you release the button a bounding box appears. You can move, resize and rotate it.

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The Pixel Aspect Ratio is simply a fancy way of saying what the length of one side of a pixel is in relation to the length of the other. If the ratio is 1:1 it means that each side of the pixel is the same length as the other, in other words the pixel is a square.

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Straighten tool, draw a reference line to straightenthe photo.

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The paint bucket toolfills an area of an image based on color similarity.

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The brush tool is an element of the painting tool that allows you to select a brush shape (square, circle, oval and so on) and also the the thickness in pixels you want to paint on your image with. As you move your cursor over the image it leaves a stroke of color.

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The Lasso tool is useful for drawing freeform segments of a selection border.

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The Magic Wand Tool, known simply as the Magic Wand, is one of the oldest selection tools in Photoshop. Unlike other selection tools that select pixels in an image based on shapes or by detecting object edges, the Magic Wand selects pixels based on tone and color.

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Photoshop's Polygonal Lasso Tool, another of its basic selections tools, is a bit like a cross between the Rectangular Marquee Tool and the standard Lasso Tool, both of which we looked at in previous tutorials. It allows us to easily draw freeform selection outlines based on straight-sided polygonal shapes.

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Quick Selection Tool goes far beyond the Magic Wand's limited abilities by also looking for similar textures in the image, which makes it great at detecting the edges of objects. And unlike the Magic Wand where we click on an area and hope for the best, the Quick Selection Tool works more like a brush, allowing us to select areas simply by "painting" over them!

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The Marquee tool is the most basic of selection tools and often the one most useful. This tool is used to draw selections based on geometric shapes. Specifically, the marquee tool allows you to draw rectangular and elliptical selections. To form the selection, simply click and drag the mouse.

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The spot healing brush is the default healing tool in Photoshop and can be used to clone areas from an image and blend the pixels from the sampled area seamlessly with the target area. The basic principle is that the texture from the sample area is blended with the color and luminosity surrounding wherever you paint.

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The Healing Brush tool allows you to fix image imperfections such as scratches, blemishes, etc. By sampling the surrounding area or using a predefined pattern you can blend the imperfections into the rest of the image.

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The Patch Tool is one of the best tools Photoshop has to offer. It can save you a ton of time when trying to make some adjustments to your image. You can use it to remove small or large areas from your photo. You can also use it to duplicate parts of your photo.

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Photoshop's clone stamp toolallows you to duplicate part of an image. The process involves setting a sampling point in the image which will be used as a reference to create a new cloned area. Select the Clone Stamp tool , then check the settings in the options bar.

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The move tool allows you to move a selection or entire layer by dragging it with your mouse or using your keyboard arrows keys. The move tool is located at the top right of the Photoshop Toolbox. When the move tool is selected, click and drag anywhere in the image.

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Photographers hold back light to lighten an area on the print (dodging)

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Increase the exposure to darken areas on a print (burning)

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The Sponge Tool saturates / desaturates image areas: In the Toolbox, select the Sponge Tool. Choose brush size and style*. Select mode (what do you want - saturate or desaturate). Set the tool's Flow (tool'sstrength).

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The Blur Tool is used to paint a blur effect. Each stroke made using the Blur Toolwill lower the contrast between affected pixels, making them appear blurred. ... A soft blur brush will alter pixels at varying strengths, stronger in the center turning weaker towards the edges.

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Sharpening enhances the definition of edges in an image. Whether your images come from a digital camera or a scanner, most images can benefit from sharpening. ... Sharpen your image multiple times in small amounts. Sharpen the first time to correct blur captured by a scanner or digital camera.

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The Smudge tool simulates the effect you see when you drag a finger through wet paint. The tool picks up color where the stroke begins and pushes it in the direction you drag. Select the Smudge tool . Choose a brush tip and options for the blending mode in the options bar.

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Removes Red Eyes. Click on the Spot Healing Brush Tool and go down to the bottom of the menu to select the red-eye Tool. This Tool works best when set to a 50% pupil Size and a 50% Darken amount. Click and drag around the eye, and let go.

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The Gradient tool creates a gradual blend between multiple colors. You can choose from preset gradientfills or create your own. Note: You cannot use the Gradient tool with bitmap or indexed-color images. To fill part of the image, select the desired area.

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Layer masks are a fundamental tool in image manipulations. They allow you to selectively modify the opacity (transparency) of the layer they belong to. This differs from the use of the layer Opacity slider as a mask has the ability to selectively modify the opacity of different areas across a single layer.

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The Adjustment Layers in Photoshop are a group of a super useful, non-destructive image editing tools that add color and tonal adjustments to your image without permanently changing its pixels. With the adjustment layers, you can edit and discard your adjustments or restore your original image at any time.

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A lens suitable for taking photographs unusually close to the subject.

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A very wide-angle lens with a field of vision covering up to 180°, the scale being reduced toward the edges.

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High-dynamic-range imaging is a high dynamic range technique used in imaging and photography to reproduce a greater dynamic range of luminosity than is possible with standard digital imaging or photographic techniques.

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In photography and optics, vignetting is a reduction of an image's brightness or saturation toward the periphery compared to the image center. Vignetting is often an unintended and undesired effect caused by camera settings or lens limitations.

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The Horizontal Type Tool creates and edits vector-based text in a separate layer. In the Toolbox, select the Horizontal Type Tool. On the Options bar, set the font options: family (style), size, color and anti-aliasing method. Click on your image and type.

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In photography, painting, and other visual arts, middle gray or middle grey is a tone that is perceptually about halfway between black and white on a lightness scale; in photography, and printing, it is typically defined as 18% reflectance in visible light. ... Therefore, the camera light meter assumes an 18% gray level.

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Spot metering is where the camera determines a proper exposure not on the average brightness levels of the whole frame, but just of one specific spot. This photographer, like me, is principally a landscape photographer.

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Partial metering is one of four modes found mostly on Canon cameras to help measure a subject's brightness. This enables the photographer to take a correct exposure depending on the lighting conditions at hand. Spot metering on Nikon cameras work very similar to partial metering on Canon cameras.

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Matrix / Evaluative Metering. Matrix Metering or Evaluative Metering mode is the default meteringmode on most DSLRs. It works similarly to the above example by dividing the entire frame into multiple “zones”, which are then all analyzed on individual basis for light and dark tones.

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this method gives weight to the overall exposure calculation. Meaning the circular area in the middle of the frame averages everything it finds there, giving that calculation a 75% weight in the overall computation for exposure. Brightnesses outside the circle are still considered however their influence is minor. The size of the circular reading can be changed depending on which Nikon Camera you have.