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The amygdala is an almond shaped structure that is located in the temporal lobe. There is one on each hemisphere of the brain.
It is related to many things such as how we react to stimuli, processing emotions, fear, pleasure, and anger. The amygdala is also responsible for determining what memories are stored and where the memories are stored in the brain.
There have been studies that show that people with damage to the amygdala are more likely to take bigger risks with small potential gains.

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The main functions of the basal ganglia are to facilitate voluntary movement such as grabbing something.

Disorders of the brain that are connected to the basal ganglia include: Dystonia, Huntington disease, multiple system atrophy, parkinson disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, and wilson disease.

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The cerebellum is located in the posterior area of the brain and contains about half of all the brain's neurons. It is in charge of voluntary movements, posture, and linking sensory information from the eyes, ears, and muscles.
People who have a damaged cerebellum usually suffer from problems with tremors, keeping balance, and muscle coordination.

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The hippocampus controls which memories are stored and where they are stored in the brain.

The hippocampus is linked to alzheimers disease.

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The hypothalamus is in control of emotions. It also regulates your body's temperature and urges — such as the need to hunger and being tired. Another function of the hypothalamus is to maintain homeostasis.

And finally, it connects the nervous system with the endocrine system

The way that the hypothalamus functions is that when parts of the body send signals the brain that they're missing something, such as the stomach with hunger, it sends hormones to the bloodstream to correct the problem.

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Helped to discover what the prefrontal cortex of the brain does.

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This short video explains what the different lobes of the brain do and where they are located.

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2-Minute Neuroscience: Lobes and Landmarks of the Brain Surface (Lateral View)

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The Prefrontal cortex is involved with behavior, speech, and reason.
*Phineas Gage*
The Motor Cortex is involved with movement. Damage to the motor cortex leads to spontaneous, involuntary movement.
The Sensory Cortex is involved with gathering sensory information (sight, touch, smell, taste, and hearing). Damage to the sensory cortex could possibly result in decreased ability to process sensory information.

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The reticular formation are nuclei in the brainstem that controls autonomic processes.

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it's function is similar to one of a "gatekeeper" for messages that need to be transmitted from the spinal cord to the brain and vice versa.

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The brainstem is made up of the medulla, pons, and the midbrain.

The medulla and the pons are in charge of involuntary functions such as heart rate and digestion.

Apart from that, the pons also receives sensory information.

Damage to these parts of the brainstem could lead to trouble breathing, maintaining a heart rate, or even death.