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-Large ensembles
-Emotional vocal delivery
-Driving rhythm with drums and percussion giving a steady backbeat on beats 2 and 4
-Rhythmic, riff-based bass lines
-Rhythmic chordal parts on piano and guitar
-Typically brisk tempo around 120 bpm or faster, some slower ballads
-Strong use of vocal and instrumental hooks
-Call and response
-Short songs with simple structures
-Melodies often using a pentatonic scale with additional blues notes

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-Vocals and backing vocals
-Electric Guitar
-Piano / Electric Piano
-Electric Organ / Keyboards
-Bass
-Percussion
-Drum Kit
-Horn Section (Trumpet, Saxophones, and Trombone)
-String Section

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-Multi-track tape machines: 4, and then 8-track
-Live recordings of a complete band in a single room with acoustic screens to provide separation
-Use of DI guitars and basses
-Close mic recording of drums
-Vocal overdubbing
-Use of echo chambers
-Plate reverb such as EMT 140
-Use of classic compressors such as Teletronix LA2A, mixed fairly gently
-High-quality recordings with clear vocals
-Stereo mixes with extreme panning, unconventional by today’s standards e.g all drums and bass on the left all vocals and other instruments on the right
-Use of electric instruments

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Stax Records and Atlantic Records were independent labels that produced dance records that tended to have smaller ensembles, expressive gospel-tinged vocals, and brass and saxophones were also used extensively.

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Stax Records and Atlantic Records were independent labels that produced dance records that tended to have smaller ensembles, expressive gospel-tinged vocals, and brass and saxophones were also used extensively.

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Rhythm was emphasized by handclaps or tambourines. Smokey Robinson was another writer and producer who added lyrics to "The Tracks of My Tears" by his group The Miracles, which was one of the most important songs of the decade.

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Rhythm was emphasized by handclaps or tambourines. Smokey Robinson was another writer and producer who added lyrics to "The Tracks of My Tears" by his group The Miracles, which was one of the most important songs of the decade.

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Brian Holland, Lamont Dozier and Eddie Holland were rarely out of the charts for their work as songwriters and producers for The Supremes, the Four Tops and Martha and the Vandellas.

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Brian Holland, Lamont Dozier and Eddie Holland were rarely out of the charts for their work as songwriters and producers for The Supremes, the Four Tops and Martha and the Vandellas.

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The Tracks of My Tears - Smokey Robinson & The Miracles

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The term “Northern soul” was coined by music journalist Dave Godin in 1970 after a visit to the Twisted Wheel Club in Manchester. The term refers to rare soul music played by DJs at nightclubs in northern England. They were tracks of a higher BPM, that you could dance to. Breakdancing, and Hip-hop evolved from here. The songs originally consisted of obscure American soul recordings with an uptempo beat, similar to, and including those on Motown Records and more obscure labels such as Okeh. Modern soul was an updated version of the northern soul sound.

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The Supremes, The Temptations, The Miracles, the Four Tops, The Marvelettes, Mary Wells, Jr. Walker & The All-Stars, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, Tammi Terrell, Martha and the Vandellas, and The Jackson Five.

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Motown: a rhythmic music influenced by gospel
Deep and southern soul: energetic soul styles combining R&B with southern gospel music sounds;
Memphis soul: a shimmering, sultry style;
New Orleans soul, which came out of the rhythm and blues style; Chicago soul, a lighter gospel-influenced sound;
Philadelphia soul, a lush orchestral sound with doo-wop-inspired vocals;
Psychedelic soul, a blend of psychedelic rock and soul music; Blue-eyed soul performed by white artists;
British soul;
Northern soul: rare soul music played by DJs at nightclubs in Northern England.

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By the early 70s, soul had been influenced by psychedelic rock and other genres, leading to psychedelic soul. There are also other subgenres and of soul music.

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By the early 70s, soul had been influenced by psychedelic rock and other genres, leading to psychedelic soul. There are also other subgenres and of soul music.

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By 1968, some soul artists developed funk music, and slicker, more sophisticated, and in some cases more politically conscious genres.

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By 1968, some soul artists developed funk music, and slicker, more sophisticated, and in some cases more politically conscious genres.

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Many recordings crossed over into the pop charts in the U.S., Britain and elsewhere

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Many recordings crossed over into the pop charts in the U.S., Britain and elsewhere

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Dominated the U.S. R&B charts in the 1960s.

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Dominated the U.S. R&B charts in the 1960s.

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Catchy rhythms are an important feature of soul music

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Catchy rhythms are an important feature of soul music

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Earth, Wind & Fire - September (Official HD Video)

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It directly influenced rock music and the music of Africa.

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It directly influenced rock music and the music of Africa.

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Record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were influential during the Civil Rights Movement.

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Record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were influential during the Civil Rights Movement.

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Originated in the African American community in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s.

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Originated in the African American community in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s.