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Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory 

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Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory 

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Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory describes how one develops due to biological, psychological, and societal factors. There are 8 stages he explains that range from birth to death. The two stages that relate to this age level is Stage 2: Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt and Stage 3: Initiative vs Guilt. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt deals with children ages 1-3 and how they learn to assert their independence and figure out their place in the world. If they do not get the opportunity to do so then they face feelings of shame and doubt. The next stage, Initiative vs Guilt is when children use their independence to interact with people and the world around them. If they do not get the opportunity to find their place then they experience guilt. Understanding this theory in accordance to the developmental milestones of this age can allow parents to know when to allow their children to be independent and free and also know when to be there to help.

Reference:
Nilsen, B. A. (2017) Week by week: Plans for documenting children’s development. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

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At age 3, children are not fully competent on explaining the emotions they are feeling, but they are beginning to be able to name some of them (Helping Your Three-Year-Old Understand and Manage Emotions, 2019). They also are starting to recognize other people have emotions (GreatSchools Staff, 2016).
At age 4, the understanding of cause-and-effect begins (Helping Your Four-Year-Old Understand and Manage Emotions, 2019). Emotions such as anger and jealousy are more apparent and children can express their feelings in words more than just through their impulsive actions (GreatSchools Staff, 2016).
At age 5, children can explain their emotions and the emotions of others. They can understand where the emotions came from as well (Helping Your Five-Year-Old Understand and Manage Emotions, 2019). This is where empathy can begin, due to that understanding.

References:
GreatSchools Staff (2016). Preschooler's developmental milestones. Retrieved from https://www.greatschools.org/gk/articles/developmental-milestones-ages-3-through-5/

Helping Your Five-Year-Old Understand and Manage Emotions. (2019). Retrieved from
https://www.pbs.org/parents/child-development/age-5-emotions-self-awareness/self-awareness

Helping Your Four-Year-Old Understand and Manage Emotions. (2019). Retrieved from  https://www.pbs.org/parents/child-development/age-4-emotions-self-awareness/self-awareness

Helping Your Three-Year-Old Understand and Manage Emotions. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.pbs.org/parents/child-development/age-3-emotions-self-awareness/self-awareness

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In this video, it shows how little prompting the teachers must give to have their students clean-up the classroom.
At this age, cleaning the classroom should be a task the children understand and perform.

Reference:
Drummond, T. (2017, March 22). Scene 1- Community Responsibility. Retrieved from https://vimeo.com/190651320

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One of four scenes to be used to interview prospective preschool teachers.

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This picture depicts the self-esteem and identity of preschool-aged children. Being a part of a group of friends can bring happiness and positive feelings of self-worth to children this age.

Retrieved from: https://www.shutterstock.com/pl/image-photo/group-happy-young-children-who-school-358546877

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Group of happy young children who are at school

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Przejrzyj Group Happy Young Children Who School obrazów stockowych i beztantiemowych zdjęć w rozdzielczości HD. Poznaj miliony zdjęć stockowych, obrazów, ilustracji i wektorów w kolekcji Shutterstock. Każdego dnia dodajemy tysiące nowych obrazów.

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Self-awareness of one's own emotions is where empathy stems from, which children under age 4 do not have much of. By age 5, children can understand they have their own emotions and so do the people around them. Once children reach age 4, they can understand how others show emotions and be able to help children in distress through telling a teacher or comforting through hugs or other physical touch(Poole, Miller, & Church, 2019).

Reference:
Poole, C., Miller, S. A., & Church, E. B. (2019). Ages & Stages: Empathy. Retrieved from https://www.scholastic.com/teachers/articles/teaching-content/ages-stages-empathy/

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Children this age will judge their self-worth on their abilities, so parents must encourage autonomy while being there for their child to help in any situation. Learning new things and making friends will boost a child's self-esteem.
Around age 5, they also may view being a part of the group as positive. Developing their own interests and identity comes later. At this point, being similar to friends is the most important factor for them (GreatSchools Staff, 2016).

References:
GreatSchools Staff (2016). Preschooler's developmental milestones. Retrieved from https://www.greatschools.org/gk/articles/developmental-milestones-ages-3-through-5/

Helping Your Five-Year-Old Develop Independence and Self-Confidence. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.pbs.org/parents/child-development/age-5-emotions-self-awareness/self-confidence

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At age 3, children can complete little tasks given by adults and they like to help around the house (GreatSchools Staff, 2016). They are also in the stage of Autonomy versus shame and doubt in Erikson's Theory, which means they are testing their limits of independence (Nilsen, 2017). Children ages 3-5 also enjoy making decisions for themselves and thrive when given choices (How to Teach Your Four-Year-Old Responsibility, 2019).

References:

GreatSchools Staff (2016). Preschooler's developmental milestones. Retrieved from https://www.greatschools.org/gk/articles/developmental-milestones-ages-3-through-5/

How to Teach Your Four-Year-Old Responsibility. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.pbs.org/parents/child-development/age-4-character/responsibility

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At age 3, children participate in parallel play, with difficulties sharing toys with other peers.
Around age 4, dramatic and fantasy play is a large portion of play and sharing and cooperative play becomes more common.
By age 5, playing cooperatively is a want, dramatic play dominates this age, and making friends is an important task. (GreatSchools Staff, 2016)

Reference:
GreatSchools Staff (2016). Preschooler's developmental milestones. Retrieved from https://www.greatschools.org/gk/articles/developmental-milestones-ages-3-through-5/

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In this video, children of various ages explain how friends are made. Many of them refer to how easily friends were made in preschool.

Reference:
Sesame Street. (2012). Sesame street: Kids talk: Making friends. Retrieved March 24, 2019, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ASdj7IGc8aQ

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Sesame Street: Kids Talk: Making Friends

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At this age, children are beginning to learn the differences between truth and lies. It is vital that parents show honesty in their daily lives because children are always watching and learning (Teaching Your Four-Year-Old the Importance of Honesty, 2019).

Reference:
Teaching Your Four-Year-Old the Importance of Honesty. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.pbs.org/parents/child-development/age-4-character/honesty

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Children begin to learn self-control and other’s point of view by the age of 3. (Self Control, 2019) As parents, encouraging children when they show self-control and do not react impulsively will also help them learn that they must act in accordance to the feelings of others, not just themselves.
At age 4 they begin to understand time better and how to spend time in other situations rather than wait impatiently for things such as toys(Self Control, 2019). By age 5 children can explain the difference between good and bad behavior(Self Control, 2019).

References:
Self-Control: How to Help Three-Year-Olds Make Good Choices. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.pbs.org/parents/child-development/age-3-emotions-self-awareness/self-control

Self-Control: How to Help Four-Year-Olds Make Good Choices. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.pbs.org/parents/child-development/age-4-emotions-self-awareness/self-control

Self-Control: How to Help Your Five-Year-Old Make Responsible Choices. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.pbs.org/parents/child-development/age-5-emotions-self-awareness/self-control