# data[].attributes.body
1. X-rays come from natural sources such as, radon gas, radioactive elements in the earth, and cosmic waves that hit the earth from outer space. X-rays can also be man-made.
2. X-Ray are defined as weightless packages of pure energy that are without electrical charge and that travel in waves of a straight line with a specific frequency and speed
3. When they are interacting with matter, they are energetic enough to cause neutral atoms to eject electrons
4. X-rays show particle-like properties and they can be described as a flow of photons carrying discrete amounts of energy and momentum
5. X-ray Properties:
-are highly penetrating, invisible rays which are a form of electromagnetic radiation
-are electrically neutral and not affected by either electric or magnetic fields
-can be produced by a wide variety of energies and wavelengths
-release very small amount of heat upon passing through matter
-can ionize matter
-x-rays belong to a family of electromagnetic radiations having a wavelength between 10A and 0.01A
-travel at the same speed as visible light
-they can't be detected by human senses
-x-rays are pure energy, no mass and they transfer energy from place to place in the form of quanta (photons)
6. X-rays are produced by the collision of electrons with tungsten atoms
7. Most of the kinetic energy of the electron striking the target is converted into heat, less than 1 percent being converted into x-rays
Fun Fact: The two variations of X-rays are "soft" and "hard". The hard X-rays are used in the imaging of humans and solid objects because they carry more energy and soft X-rays are so easily absorbed they won't span more than a millionth of a meter of water.

https://youtu.be/T1WwHh4b__M

# data[].attributes.body
*AKA y-ray*
-They are produced by the hottest and most energetic objects in the universe, such as neutron stars and pulsars, supernova explosions, and regions around black holes.
-On Earth, gamma waves are generated by nuclear explosions, lightning, and the less dramatic activity of radioactive decay.

Gamma Ray properties:
1. They are not deflected by electric and magnetic fields. It shows that they do not have any charge.
2. They are electromagnetic waves like X-rays. The wavelength of gamma ray photon is smaller than that of X-rays.
3. The rest mass of a Gamma ray photon is zero.
4. They travel with the speed of light.
5. They have very large penetrating power. They can pass through several centimeter of iron and lead.
6. They can produce fluorescence effect on a photographic plate.
7. They affect a photographic plate more than B-particles.
8. They can knock out electrons from the surface of a metal, on which they may fall.
9. They can produce nuclear reactions.
10. They have small ionizing power.
11. They have the smallest wavelengths and the most energy of any other wave in the electromagnetic spectrum.

-Cool fact: Gamma rays can kill living cells, a fact which medicine uses to its advantage, using gamma rays to kill cancerous cells.

# data[].attributes.body
Ultraviolet or UV light - The fraction of the electromagnetic spectrum between the visible region and the x-ray region. UV light is invisible to the human eye.

* The Sun is a source of full spectrum UV radiation (about 10% of total light output of the sun.)

* Subdivide into UV-A , UV-B and UV-C

* UV-C most harmful and almost completely absorbed by the atmosphere

* UV-B rays are the most harmful that cause sun burns

* UV light is sandwiched between X-rays and visible light in the electromagnetic spectrum.

* Wavelength(m)-1 x 10-8 - 4 x 10-7

* Frequency (Hz)-7.5 x 1014 - 3 x 1016

* Not as energetic as gamma-ray photons but still carry enough energy to damage biological molecules.

* Excessive exposer can cause wrinkling of the skin ,skin cancer and cataracts.

* UV rays have slightly shorter wavelengths and slightly higher frequencies than visible light

* Can cause chemical reactions and  cause many substance to glow or fluoresce.

* Also responsible for formation of bone strengthening vitamin D

Uv light can be used to disinfect surfaces.

*Hospitals use them to disinfect rooms

* Labs in schools use them to disinfect the goggles.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KWQitt-kDFE

https://science.nasa.gov/ems/10_ultravioletwaves

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V9K6gjR07Po

Fun fact : UV light can be seen by bees – it reflects off flower petals and the bees use it to direct themselves to the pollen.

# data[].attributes.headline
Infrared Waves (also known as Infrared light)-Natalie Randolph

# data[].attributes.subject
Infrared Waves (also known as Infrared light)-Natalie Randolph

# data[].attributes.body
Infrared light is a part of the electromagnetic spectrum. It is radiation that is emitted or absorbed by molecules (particularly in spread out states) when they change and go through rotational vibrated movements. We encounter infrared light on an everyday basis, even though we cannot see it through our eyes we can feel it through heat.
We are able to see infrared light through special cameras that show us how hot things are and how cool some things are, but these special cameras show us heat. Our bodies give off heat and in the camera it will show a yellow or orange color to show that we have warmth. In the case of a cooler object like ice or a frozen pizza, the  image through the camera will give off a blue or purple hue.
How do we know where infrared light comes from? We know that is comes from heat from an object, the warmer the object, the more infrared light it will emit!
Infrared radiation has lower photon energies than visible light and is unable to alter and adjust its atoms and molecules.
One cool fact is that infrared light is used in the military and law enforcement through the use of night vision, surveillance, target acquisition, and tracking without the target even knowing by the use of thermal body temperature wavelengths.
Another cool fact is that infrared light can be used for therapy to manage pain for diseases for jaundice, eczema, and even help prevent wrinkles.

Here is a video for more info on infrared light:
https://youtu.be/wIZozabAMO8

Here is a picture to help visualize light we can and cannot see:

# data[].attributes.body
--Microwaves are a portion or bands found at the higher frequency end of the radio spectrum. Different wavelengths of microwaves (grouped into "sub-bands") provide different information to scientists. Medium-length (C-band) microwaves penetrate through clouds, dust, smoke, snow, and rain to reveal the Earth's surface. L-band microwaves, like those used by a GPS receiver. It can also penetrate the canopy cover of forests to measure the soil moisture of rain forests.
--Microwaves that penetrate haze, light rain and snow, clouds, and smoke are beneficial for satellite communication and studying the Earth from space. The SeaWinds instrument onboard the Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) satellite uses radar pulses in the Ku-band of the microwave spectrum. This scatterometer measures changes in the energy of the microwave pulses and can determine speed and direction of wind near the ocean surface. The ability of microwaves to pass through clouds enables scientists to monitor conditions underneath a hurricane.
--

# data[].attributes.body
Tessa Guentensperger (part of cool fact)

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pj_ya0e20vE

--Visible light is the only electromagnetic radiation we can see with our eyes. It ranges from 400nm to 700nm in wavelength.
--Visible light is not harmful to organic life.
--When we see an object of a specific color, we are actually seeing that object absorb all colors of light except for the color we see.
--It originates from the sun or hot objects that emit white light.
--White light is a combination of all visible light colors.
--Most of the light coming from the sun is visible light.
--To memorize the order of visible light with respect to energy, frequency and wavelength use the acronym ROYGBIV

# data[].attributes.body
--A radio wave is created when an electric field and magnetic field join. Radio waves travel very fast - at the speed of light.
--A radio wave is broadcast in different frequencies which can include FM radio waves that broadcast between 88 MHz and 108 MHz, and AM radio waves that broadcast between 550 kHz and 1600 kHz.
--Wi-fi uses radio waves that are routed through a wireless internet router.
--It is believed that radio waves will travel forever unless something absorbs the waves. If this is true and if there are other life forms in other places of the universe it is possible that radio waves from earth have been heard on other planets.
--A text message being sent from a cell phone to another cell phone is a radio wave. The radio wave leaves the sender's cell phone and is sent to a tower that sends the wave to the recipient of the text. These are all unique radio waves being sent which makes it possible to reach the right person.
--A radio wave wavelengths can reach 62 miles.
In 1932 it was discovered that astronomical objects emit radio waves, and a system has been developed that makes it possible to create pictures from the radio waves. Astronomers use radio telescopes to study the radio waves being emitted from planets, dust, stars, gas clouds, comets, and other galaxies.

# data[].attributes.body
Gamma Rays
-the sources of gamma rays are generated from nuclear explosions, less activity of radioactive decay, and lighting.
-they are generated in nuclear explosions and radioactive atoms.

Properties of Gamma Rays:
-this ray has the smallest wavelengths and it has the most energy of any other wave.
-only produced in the hottest regions in the universe.
-it cannot be captured and reflected by mirrors. Reason being is because of its short wavelengths, it can easily pass through the space. Gamma ray detectors are the best at capturing gamma rays.
-supernova explosions, neutron stars, pulsars, and black holes are sources of gamma rays
-gamma photons have no mass or electrical charge
-gamma rays travel at the speed of light and can cover hundreds to thousands of meters in air before using its energy
-gamma rays are similar to X-rays but its photon is smaller
-its y-ray mass is zero
-it has small ionizing power (radiation that carries enough energy to detach electrons from atoms or molecules)

Fun facts about Gamma Rays:
-If we could see gamma rays with our eyes, these rays would be the brightest objects in the sky
-gamma rays has the capability of killing living cells, so in the realm of medicine, its utilized to kill off cancerous cells.

https://science.nasa.gov/ems/12_gammarays

https://www.univie.ac.at/geographie/fachdidaktik/FD/site/external_htmls/imagers.gsfc.nasa.gov/ems/gamma.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PPlrtgilgK8

# data[].attributes.body
X-rays were first observed and documented in 1895 by German scientist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen. He discovered that firing streams of x-rays through arms and hands created detailed images of the bones inside. When you get an x-ray taken, x-ray sensitive film is put on one side of your body, and x-rays are shot through you. Because bones are dense and absorb more x-rays than skin does, shadows of the bones are left on the x-ray film while the skin appears transparent.
The physical temperature of an object determines the wavelength of the radiation it emits. The hotter the object, the shorter the wavelength of peak emission. X-rays come from objects that are millions of degrees Celsius—such as pulsars, galactic supernovae remnants, and the accretion disk of black holes.
From space, x-ray telescopes collect photons from a given region of the sky. The photons are directed onto the detector where they are absorbed, and the energy, time, and direction of individual photons are recorded. Such measurements can provide clues about the composition, temperature, and density of distant celestial environments. Due to the high energy and penetrating nature of x-rays, x-rays would not be reflected if they hit the mirror head on (much the same way that bullets slam into a wall). X-ray telescopes focus x-rays onto a detector using grazing incidence mirrors just as bullets ricochet when they hit a wall at a grazing angle.
NASA's Mars Exploration Rover, Spirit, used x-rays to detect the spectral signatures of zinc and nickel in Martian rocks. The Alpha Proton X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) instrument uses two techniques, one to determine structure and another to determine composition. Both of these techniques work best for heavier elements such as metals.
X-rays Defined Is : X-rays are types of electromagnetic radiation probably most well-known for their ability to see through a person's skin and reveal images of the bones beneath it. Advances in technology have led to more powerful and focused X-ray beams as well as ever greater applications of these light waves, from imaging teensy biological cells and structural components of materials like cement to killing cancer cells.
X-rays Sources & Effects Are :  X-rays can be produced on Earth by sending a high-energy beam of electrons smashing into an atom like copper or gallium, according to Kelly Gaffney, director of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource. When the beam hits the atom, the electrons in the inner shell, called the s-shell, get jostled, and sometimes flung out of their orbit. Without that electron, or electrons, the atom becomes unstable, and so for the atom to "relax" or go back to equilibrium, Gaffney said, an electron in the so-called 1p shell drops in to fill the gap.
Synchrotron radiation was seen for the first time at General Electric in the United States in 1947, according to the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. This radiation was considered a nuisance because it caused the particles to lose energy, but it was later recognized in the 1960s as light with exceptional properties that overcame the shortcomings of X-ray tubes. One interesting feature of synchrotron radiation is that it is polarized; that is, the electric and magnetic fields of the photons all oscillate in the same direction, which can be either linear or circular.
Interesting X-Ray Facts: Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays by accident. He was experimenting with some vacuum tubes when he made the discovery. Wilhelm Roentgen was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention in 1901.

https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/nibib-60/60-seconds-of-science-how-do-x-rays-work/

# data[].attributes.body
1) Microwaves are in simpler terms energy bursts and are generated from a device called a magnetron.

2) These electromagnetic waves/radiation known as Microwaves can range from as low 1mm to 1m in wavelength as well as from 300 megahertz to 300 gigahertz.

3) Microwaves fall between radio and infrared light in the electromagnetic spectrum.

4) Microwaves are very commonly used for their ability to heat objects including food as most of us know but also in manufacturing to heat metal parts, seal seams, and treat chemical reactions with heat.

FACT: As we all know, the most common use of Microwaves that we know are Microwave ovens in our kitchen, however there are many other uses for Microwaves such as radar guns, communication through antennas and towers, as well as in manufacturing.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YgQQb1BVnu8

https://www.hunker.com/12444493/sources-of-microwaves

https://www.livescience.com/50259-microwaves.html

# data[].attributes.body
1. X-Rays permit medical technicians to analyze the state of patient's internal bones via massless photon-based evaluation.

2. There are four different properties for X-Rays: Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Physiochemical.
-Physical Properties:
* They have the property of attenuation, absorption, and scattering.
* X-Rays can penetrate the three states of matter such as solids, liquids, and gasses.
* It is absorbed by matter and the absorption depends on the anatomic structure of the matter and the wavelength of the X-Ray beam.
* X-Rays interact with materials they penetrate and cause ionization.
-Chemical Properties:
* X-Rays bring about chemical changes in solution because they produce highly active radical OH ions in water, which react with the solutes.

3. Due to their unknown nature, they were given the name “X-rays”.

4. Scientists used X-ray to verify the theory of ‘crystallography’(the experimental science of determining the arrangement of atoms in the crystalline solids).

More information on X-Rays:

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=49IQTu5ocWo

# data[].attributes.body
1. UV light waves are in between X-ray and Visible light on the electromagnetic spectrum. it has shorter wavelength than visible light but some insects are able to see them light Bumble-Bee

2.there are three types of UV light UV-a, UV-b, and UV-c. all three are released by the sun and reach the earth.

3.UV-a is the one closest to visible light and doesn't cause harm

4.UV-b can cause sun burns and with a lot of exposure to the is type of UV light can cause damage to DNA and Cellular structure. But 95% of UV-b light is absorbed by the atmosphere.

5.UV-c has the longest wave length and is the most dangerous of the three. but this one doesn't get passed our atmosphere.

6.Even though UV light doesn't have the same energy as gamma rays it can cause damage to a living things and cells

7.But it is used by both NASA and hospitals. NASA use it to see other stars and study the UV absorption in the Ozone layer. While hospitals use it to disinfect tools and rooms because it able to kill cells and bacteria that are there.

Source:
https://science.nasa.gov/ems/10_ultravioletwaves

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5824029/

# data[].attributes.body
MICROWAVES

Microwaves are in the part of the electromagnetic spectrum  between the infrared region and the radio wave region.
Microwaves are efficiently absorbed by water molecules and can therefore be used to heat water-containing substances like food.

---------------------

THE BIG BANG AND THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND

Cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) is a major piece of evidence supporting the Big Bang discovered in 1964.
The CMB is the left over heat of the Big Bang itself.
When the CMB was initially emitted it was not in the form of microwaves, but mostly visible and ultraviolet light. Over the past few billion years, the expansion of the universe has redshifted this radiation toward longer and longer wavelengths, until today it appears in the microwave band.
If light is moving away from you, it shifts towards the red side of the electromagnetic spectrum, known as the Doppler shift.

# data[].attributes.body
1) Ultraviolet light is a type of electromagnetic radiation that is responsible for summer tans, sunburns and it also makes black light posters glow. Sunlight is the greatest source of UV radiation.

2) UV light falls in the range between visible light and X-rays on the electromagnetic spectrum.

3) UV is divided into three sub-bands: UVA, UVB, UBC. Each one has a different wave length. UV wavelengths range from 40-400 nano meters (nm).

4) UV radiation can also break chemical bonds. Due to their high energy, the UV photons can cause ionization in which electrons break away from atoms.

5) Some examples of artificial sources that produce UV radiation include tanning booths, black lights, curling lamps, etc.

# data[].attributes.body
Alyssa Guerrero
Sources- UV Rays come from the sun and other  astronomical objects in space. UV light sources from specialized lights, such as mercury-vapor lamps, tanning lamps, and black lights. They have a wavelength of wavelength from 10 nm to 400 nm and are shorter than visible light but are longer then X-rays.

Properties-  They are invisible hence why it is called black light.
Can emit a light in the visible spectrum called fluorescence when shining on certain dyes

Types- The UV spectrum has several types of UV: vacuum UV (40-190 nm), far UV (190-220 nm), UVC (220-290 nm), UVB (290-320 nm), and UVA (320-400 nm). The highest energy forms of UV light include Vacuum UV, Far UV, and UVC and are almost completely absorbed by the ozone layer. UVB and UVA rays penetrate the ozone layer. UVB is the most destructive form of UV radiation because it has enough energy to damage cellular DNA but not enough to be completely absorbed by the atmosphere. UVB rays can benefit humans by helping us produce vitamin D. Too much can cause sunburn, cataracts, and eventually lead to the development of skin cancer.

Interesting Fact- Scorpions have a fluorescent chemical on them that causes them to glow green or blue under UV light.

# data[].attributes.body
Airy Matus

Microwaves are bursts of energy created by a device called a magnetron. They have electromagnetic wavs which range from 1 mm to 1 m. Microwaves are able to heat materials by making their atoms or molecules vibrate which result in microwave radiation.

interesting fact: The first microwave was about 6 ft tall and weighed around 750 pounds.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Magnetron_section_transverse_to_axis.JPG