# data[].attributes.body
dont trow rubbish at the river

# data[].attributes.body
jegen boy

# data[].attributes.body
jangan buang sampah di rata-rata tempat

# data[].attributes.body
jegen boy

# data[].attributes.body
jegen boy

# data[].attributes.body
jegen boy

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Water pollution (or aquatic pollution) is the contamination of water bodies, usually as a result of human activities, so that it negatively affects its uses.[1]: 6 Water bodies include lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers, reservoirs and groundwater. Water pollution results when contaminants mix with these water bodies. Contaminants can come from one of four main sources: sewage discharges, industrial activities, agricultural activities, and urban runoff including stormwater.[2] Water pollution is either surface water pollution or groundwater pollution. This form of pollution can lead to many problems, such as the degradation of aquatic ecosystems or spreading water-borne diseases when people use polluted water for drinking or irrigation.[3] Another problem is that water pollution reduces the ecosystem services (such as providing drinking water) that the water resource would otherwise provide.

# data[].attributes.body
jegen boy

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
by Chris Woodford. Last updated: October 1, 2023.

Over two thirds of Earth's surface is covered by water; less than a third is taken up by land. As Earth's population continues to grow, people are putting ever-increasing pressure on the planet's water resources. In a sense, our oceans, rivers, and other inland waters are being "squeezed" by human activities-not so they take up less room, but so their quality is reduced. Poorer water quality means water pollution.

We know that pollution is a human problem because it is a relatively recent development in the planet's history: before the 19th century Industrial Revolution, people lived more in harmony with their immediate environment. As industrialization has spread around the globe, so the problem of pollution has spread with it. When Earth's population was much smaller, no one believed pollution would ever present a serious problem. It was once popularly believed that the oceans were far too big to pollute. Today, with around 7 billion people on the planet, it has become apparent that there are limits. Pollution is one of the signs that humans have exceeded those limits.

How serious is the problem? According to the environmental campaign organization WWF: "Pollution from toxic chemicals threatens life on this planet. Every ocean and every continent, from the tropics to the once-pristine polar regions, is contaminated."

Photo: Stormwater pollution entering a river from a drain. Photo by Peter C Van Metre courtesy of US Geological Survey.

Sponsored links

What is water pollution?

Water pollution can be defined in many ways. Usually, it means one or more substances have built up in water to such an extent that they cause problems for animals or people. Oceans, lakes, rivers, and other inland waters can naturally clean up a certain amount of pollution by dispersing it harmlessly. If you poured a cup of black ink into a river, the ink would quickly disappear into the river's much larger volume of clean water. The ink would still be there in the river, but in such a low concentration that you would not be able to see it. At such low levels, the chemicals in the ink probably would not present any real problem. However, if you poured gallons of ink into a river every few seconds through a pipe, the river would quickly turn black. The chemicals in the ink could very quickly have an effect on the quality of the water. This, in turn, could affect the health of all the plants, animals, and humans whose lives depend on the river.

Photo: Pollution means adding substances to the environment that don't belong there-like the air pollution from this smokestack. Pollution is not always as obvious as this, however.

Thus, water pollution is all about quantities: how much of a polluting substance is released and how big a volume of water it is released into. A small quantity of a toxic chemical may have little impact if it is spilled into the ocean from a ship. But the same amount of the same chemical can have a much bigger impact pumped into a lake or river, where there is less clean water to disperse it.

Water pollution almost always means that some damage has been done to an ocean, river, lake, or other water source. A 1969 United Nations report defined ocean pollution as:

"The introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy into the marine environment (including estuaries) resulting in such deleterious effects as harm to living resources, hazards to human health, hindrance to marine activities, including fishing, impairment of quality for use of sea water and reduction of amenities." [1]

Fortunately, Earth is forgiving and damage from water pollution is often reversible.

What are the main types of water pollution?

When we think of Earth's water resources, we think of huge oceans, lakes, and rivers. Water resources like these are called surface waters. The most obvious type of water pollution affects surface waters. For example, a spill from an oil tanker creates an oil slick that can affect a vast area of the ocean.

Photo: Detergent pollution entering a river-an example of surface water pollution. Photo courtesy of US Fish & Wildlife Service Photo Library.

Not all of Earth's water sits on its surface, however. A great deal of water is held in underground rock structures known as aquifers, which we cannot see and seldom think about. Water stored underground in aquifers is known as groundwater. Aquifers feed our rivers and supply much of our drinking water. They too can become polluted, for example, when weed killers used in people's gardens drain into the ground. Groundwater pollution is much less obvious than surface-water pollution, but is no less of a problem. In 1996, a study in Iowa in the United States found that over half the state's groundwater wells were contaminated with weed killers. You might think things would have improved since then, but, two decades on, all that's really changed is the name of the chemicals we're using. Today, numerous scientific studies are still finding weed killers in groundwater in worrying quantities: a 2012 study discovered glyphosate in 41 percent of 140 groundwater samples from Catalonia, Spain; scientific opinion differs on whether this is safe or not.[2]

Surface waters and groundwater are the two types of water resources that pollution affects. There are also two different ways in which pollution can occur. If pollution comes from a single location, such as a discharge pipe attached to a factory, it is known as point-source pollution. Other examples of point source pollution include an oil spill from a tanker, a discharge from a smoke stack (factory chimney), or someone pouring oil from their car down a drain. A great deal of water pollution happens not from one single source but from many different scattered sources. This is called nonpoint-source pollution.

Photo: Above: Point-source pollution comes from a single, well-defined place such as this pipe. Below: Nonpoint-source pollution comes from many sources. All the industrial plants alongside a river and the ships that service them may be polluting the river collectively. Photos courtesy of US Fish & Wildlife Service Photo Library, with originals here and here.

When point-source pollution enters the environment, the place most affected is usually the area immediately around the source. For example, when a tanker accident occurs, the oil slick is concentrated around the tanker itself and, in the right ocean conditions, the pollution disperses the further away from the tanker you go. This is less likely to happen with nonpoint source pollution which, by definition, enters the environment from many different places at once.

Sometimes pollution that enters the environment in one place has an effect hundreds or even thousands of miles away. This is known as transboundary pollution. One example is the way radioactive waste travels through the oceans from nuclear reprocessing plants in England and France to nearby countries such as Ireland and Norway.

How do we know when water is polluted?

Some forms of water pollution are very obvious: everyone has seen TV news footage of oil slicks filmed from helicopters flying overhead. Water pollution is usually less obvious and much harder to detect than this. But how can we measure water pollution when we cannot see it? How do we even know it's there?

There are two main ways of measuring the quality of water. One is to take samples of the water and measure the concentrations of different chemicals that it contains. If the chemicals are dangerous or the concentrations are too great, we can regard the water as polluted. Measurements like this are known as chemical indicators of water quality. Another way to measure water quality involves examining the fish, insects, and other invertebrates that the water will support. If many different types of creatures can live in a river, the quality is likely to be very good; if the river supports no fish life at all, the quality is obviously much poorer. Measurements like this are called biological indicators of water quality.

Photo: Measuring pH (acidity) of water, with equipment like this, is one way to check if it's polluted or likely to become more so. Acidic water is more likely to dissolve other substances, such as toxic heavy metals, that cause pollution.[22] Photo by Eric Vance, US Environmental Protection Agency, courtesy of National Archives.

Sponsored links

What are the causes of water pollution?

Most water pollution doesn't begin in the water itself. Take the oceans: around 80 percent of ocean pollution enters our seas from the land. [16] Virtually any human activity can have an effect on the quality of our water environment. When farmers fertilize the fields, the chemicals they use are gradually washed by rain into the groundwater or surface waters nearby. Sometimes the causes of water pollution are quite surprising. Chemicals released by smokestacks (chimneys) can enter the atmosphere and then fall back to earth as rain, entering seas, rivers, and lakes and causing water pollution. That's called atmospheric deposition. Water pollution has many different causes and this is one of the reasons why it is such a difficult problem to solve.

Sewage

With billions of people on the planet, disposing of sewage waste is a major problem. According to 2017 figures from the World Health Organization, some 2 billion people (about a quarter of the world's population) don't have access to safe drinking water or the most basic sanitation, 3.4 billion (60 people of the population) lack"safely managed" sanitation (unshared, with waste properly treated). Although there have been great improvements in securing access to clean water, relatively little, genuine progress has been made on improving global sanitation in the last decade.[20] Sewage disposal affects people's immediate environments and leads to water-related illnesses such as diarrhea that kills 525,000 children under five each year.[3] (Back in 2002, the World Health Organization estimated that water-related diseases could kill as many as 135 million people by 2020; in 2019, the WHO was still estimating the annual death toll from poor water and sanitation at over 800,000 people a year.) In developed countries, most people have flush toilets that take sewage waste quickly and hygienically away from their homes.

Yet the problem of sewage disposal does not end there. When you flush the toilet, the waste has to go somewhere and, even after it leaves the sewage treatment works, there is still waste to dispose of. Sometimes sewage waste is pumped untreated into the sea. Until the early 1990s, around 5 million tons of sewage was dumped by barge from New York City each year. [4] According to 2002 figures from the UK government's Department for the Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), the sewers of Britain collect around 11 billion liters of waste water every day; there are still 31,000 sewage overflow pipes through which, in certain circumstances, such as heavy storms, raw sewage is pumped untreated into the sea.[5] The New River that crosses the border from Mexico into California once carried with it 20-25 million gallons (76-95 million liters) of raw sewage each day; a new waste water plant on the US-Mexico border, completed in 2007, substantially solved that problem.[6] Unfortunately, even in some of the richest nations, the practice of dumping sewage into the sea continues. In early 2012, it was reported that the tiny island of Guernsey (between Britain and France) has decided to continue dumping 16,000 tons of raw sewage into the sea each day.

In theory, sewage is a completely natural substance that should be broken down harmlessly in the environment: 90 percent of sewage is water. [7] In practice, sewage contains all kinds of other chemicals, from the pharmaceutical drugs people take to the paper, plastic, and other wastes they flush down their toilets. When people are sick with viruses, the sewage they produce carries those viruses into the environment. It is possible to catch illnesses such as hepatitis, typhoid, and cholera from river and sea water.

Photo: Nutrients make crops grow, but cause pollution when they seep into rivers and other watercourses. Photo courtesy of US Department of Agriculture (Flickr).

Nutrients

Suitably treated and used in moderate quantities, sewage can be a fertilizer: it returns important nutrients to the environment, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, which plants and animals need for growth. The trouble is, sewage is often released in much greater quantities than the natural environment can cope with. Chemical fertilizers used by farmers also add nutrients to the soil, which drain into rivers and seas and add to the fertilizing effect of the sewage. Together, sewage and fertilizers can cause a massive increase in the growth of algae or plankton that overwhelms huge areas of oceans, lakes, or rivers. This is known as a harmful algal bloom (also known as an HAB or red tide, because it can turn the water red). It is harmful because it removes oxygen from the water that kills other forms of life, leading to what is known as a dead zone. The Gulf of Mexico has one of the world's most spectacular dead zones. Each summer, according to studies by the NOAA, it typically grows to an area of around 5500-6500 square miles (14,000-16,800 square kilometers), which is about the same size as the state of Connecticut.[21]

Waste water

A few statistics illustrate the scale of the problem that waste water (chemicals washed down drains and discharged from factories) can cause. Around half of all ocean pollution is caused by sewage and waste water. Each year, the world generates perhaps 5-10 billion tons of industrial waste, much of which is pumped untreated into rivers, oceans, and other waterways. [8] In the United States alone, around 400,000 factories take clean water from rivers, and many pump polluted waters back in their place. However, there have been major improvements in waste water treatment recently. Since 1970, in the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has invested about $70 billion in improving water treatment plants that, as of 2021, serve around 90 percent of the US population (compared to just 69 percent in 1972). However, another $271 billion is still needed to update and upgrade the system.[15]

Factories are point sources of water pollution, but quite a lot of water is polluted by ordinary people from nonpoint sources; this is how ordinary water becomes waste water in the first place. Virtually everyone pours chemicals of one sort or another down their drains or toilets. Even detergents used in washing machines and dishwashers eventually end up in our rivers and oceans. So do the pesticides we use on our gardens. A lot of toxic pollution also enters waste water from highway runoff. Highways are typically covered with a cocktail of toxic chemicals-everything from spilled fuel and brake fluids to bits of worn tires (themselves made from chemical additives) and exhaust emissions. When it rains, these chemicals wash into drains and rivers. It is not unusual for heavy summer rainstorms to wash toxic chemicals into rivers in such concentrations that they kill large numbers of fish overnight. It has been estimated that, in one year, the highway runoff from a single large city leaks as much oil into our water environment as a typical tanker spill. Some highway runoff runs away into drains; others can pollute groundwater or accumulate in the land next to a road, making it increasingly toxic as the years go by.

Chemical waste

Detergents are relatively mild substances. At the opposite end of the spectrum are highly toxic chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). They were once widely used to manufacture electronic circuit boards, but their harmful effects have now been recognized and their use is highly restricted in many countries. Nevertheless, an estimated half million tons of PCBs were discharged into the environment during the 20th century.[9] In a classic example of transboundary pollution, traces of PCBs have even been found in birds and fish in the Arctic. They were carried there through the oceans, thousands of miles from where they originally entered the environment. Although PCBs are widely banned, their effects will be felt for many decades because they last a long time in the environment without breaking down.

Another kind of toxic pollution comes from heavy metals, such as lead, cadmium, and mercury. Lead was once commonly used in gasoline (petrol), though its use is now restricted in some countries. Mercury and cadmium are still used in batteries (though some brands now use other metals instead). Until recently, a highly toxic chemical called tributyltin (TBT) was used in paints to protect boats from the ravaging effects of the oceans. Ironically, however, TBT was gradually recognized as a pollutant: boats painted with it were doing as much damage to the oceans as the oceans were doing to the boats.

The best known example of heavy metal pollution in the oceans took place in 1938 when a Japanese factory discharged a significant amount of mercury metal into Minamata Bay, contaminating the fish stocks there. It took a decade for the problem to come to light. By that time, many local people had eaten the fish and around 2000 were poisoned. Hundreds of people were left dead or disabled. [10]

Radioactive waste

People view radioactive waste with great alarm-and for good reason. At high enough concentrations it can kill; in lower concentrations it can cause cancers and other illnesses. The biggest sources of radioactive pollution in Europe are two factories that reprocess waste fuel from nuclear power plants: Sellafield on the north-west coast of Britain and Cap La Hague on the north coast of France. Both discharge radioactive waste water into the sea, which ocean currents then carry around the world. Countries such as Norway, which lie downstream from Britain, receive significant doses of radioactive pollution from Sellafield.[19] The Norwegian government has repeatedly complained that Sellafield has increased radiation levels along its coast by 6-10 times. Both the Irish and Norwegian governments continue to press for the plant's closure.[11]

Oil pollution

Photo: Oil-tanker spills are the most spectacular forms of pollution and the ones that catch public attention, but only a fraction of all water pollution happens this way. Photo by Lamar Gore courtesy of US Fish & Wildlife Service Photo Library and US National Archive.

When we think of ocean pollution, huge black oil slicks often spring to mind, yet these spectacular accidents represent only a tiny fraction of all the pollution entering our oceans. Even considering oil by itself, tanker spills are not as significant as they might seem: only 12 percent of the oil that enters the oceans comes from tanker accidents; over 70 percent of oil pollution at sea comes from routine shipping and from the oil people pour down drains on land. [12] However, what makes tanker spills so destructive is the sheer quantity of oil they release at once - in other words, the concentration of oil they produce in one very localized part of the marine environment. The biggest oil spill in recent years (and the biggest ever spill in US waters) occurred when the tanker Exxon Valdez broke up in Prince William Sound in Alaska in 1989. Around 12 million gallons (44 million liters) of oil were released into the pristine wilderness-enough to fill your living room 800 times over! Estimates of the marine animals killed in the spill vary from approximately 1000 sea otters and 34,000 birds to as many as 2800 sea otters and 250,000 sea birds. Several billion salmon and herring eggs are also believed to have been destroyed.[13]

Plastics

If you've ever taken part in a community beach clean, you'll know that plastic is far and away the most common substance that washes up with the waves. There are three reasons for this: plastic is one of the most common materials, used for making virtually every kind of manufactured object from clothing to automobile parts; plastic is light and floats easily so it can travel enormous distances across the oceans; most plastics are not biodegradable (they do not break down naturally in the environment), which means that things like plastic bottle tops can survive in the marine environment for a long time. (A plastic bottle can survive an estimated 450 years in the ocean and plastic fishing line can last up to 600 years.)

While plastics are not toxic in quite the same way as poisonous chemicals, they nevertheless present a major hazard to seabirds, fish, and other marine creatures. For example, plastic fishing lines and other debris can strangle or choke fish. (This is sometimes called ghost fishing.) About half of all the world's seabird species are known to have eaten plastic residues. In one study of 450 shearwaters in the North Pacific, over 80 percent of the birds were found to contain plastic residues in their stomachs. In the early 1990s, marine scientist Tim Benton collected debris from a 2km (1.5 mile) length of beach in the remote Pitcairn islands in the South Pacific. His study recorded approximately a thousand pieces of garbage including 268 pieces of plastic, 71 plastic bottles, and two dolls heads. [14]

Photo: Collecting, sorting, and recycling plastic helps to keep it out of the oceans. Photo by John Gordinier courtesy of US Air Force.

Today, much media attention focuses on the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, a floating, oceanic graveyard of plastic junk roughly three times the size of France, discovered by sailor Charles J. Moore in 1997. But, as you'll know well enough if you've ever taken part in a community beach clean, persistent plastic litters every ocean on the planet: some 8 million tons of new plastic are dumped in the sea every single year.[17]

Alien species

Most people's idea of water pollution involves things like sewage, toxic metals, or oil slicks, but pollution can be biological as well as chemical. In some parts of the world, alien species are a major problem. Alien species (sometimes known as invasive species) are animals or plants from one region that have been introduced into a different ecosystem where they do not belong. Outside their normal environment, they have no natural predators, so they rapidly run wild, crowding out the usual animals or plants that thrive there. Common examples of alien species include zebra mussels in the Great Lakes of the USA, which were carried there from Europe by ballast water (waste water flushed from ships). The Mediterranean Sea has been invaded by a kind of alien algae called Caulerpa taxifolia. In the Black Sea, an alien jellyfish called Mnemiopsis leidyi reduced fish stocks by 90 percent after arriving in ballast water. In San Francisco Bay, Asian clams called Potamocorbula amurensis, also introduced by ballast water, have dramatically altered the ecosystem. In 1999, Cornell University's David Pimentel estimated that alien invaders like this cost the US economy $123 billion a year; in 2014, the European Commission put the cost to Europe at €12 billion a year and "growing all the time.[18]

Photo: Invasive species: Above: Water hyacinth crowding out a waterway around an old fence post. Photo by Steve Hillebrand. Below: Non-native zebra mussels clumped on a native mussel. Both photos courtesy of US Fish & Wildlife Service Photo Library (originals here and here).

Other forms of pollution

These are the most common forms of pollution-but by no means the only ones. Heat or thermal pollution from factories and power plants also causes problems in rivers. By raising the temperature, it reduces the amount of oxygen dissolved in the water, thus also reducing the level of aquatic life that the river can support.

Another type of pollution involves the disruption of sediments (fine-grained powders) that flow from rivers into the sea. Dams built for hydroelectric power or water reservoirs can reduce the sediment flow. This reduces the formation of beaches, increases coastal erosion (the natural destruction of cliffs by the sea), and reduces the flow of nutrients from rivers into seas (potentially reducing coastal fish stocks). Increased sediments can also present a problem. During construction work, soil, rock, and other fine powders sometimes enters nearby rivers in large quantities, causing it to become turbid (muddy or silted). The extra sediment can block the gills of fish, effectively suffocating them. Construction firms often now take precautions to prevent this kind of pollution from happening.

What are the effects of water pollution?

Some people believe pollution is an inescapable result of human activity: they argue that if we want to have factories, cities, ships, cars, oil, and coastal resorts, some degree of pollution is almost certain to result. In other words, pollution is a necessary evil that people must put up with if they want to make progress. Fortunately, not everyone agrees with this view. One reason people have woken up to the problem of pollution is that it brings costs of its own that undermine any economic benefits that come about by polluting.

Take oil spills, for example. They can happen if tankers are too poorly built to survive accidents at sea. But the economic benefit of compromising on tanker quality brings an economic cost when an oil spill occurs. The oil can wash up on nearby beaches, devastate the ecosystem, and severely affect tourism. The main problem is that the people who bear the cost of the spill (typically a small coastal community) are not the people who caused the problem in the first place (the people who operate the tanker). Yet, arguably, everyone who puts gasoline (petrol) into their car-or uses almost any kind of petroleum-fueled transport-contributes to the problem in some way. So oil spills are a problem for everyone, not just people who live by the coast and tanker operates.

Sewage is another good example of how pollution can affect us all. Sewage discharged into coastal waters can wash up on beaches and cause a health hazard. People who bathe or surf in the water can fall ill if they swallow polluted water-yet sewage can have other harmful effects too: it can poison shellfish (such as cockles and mussels) that grow near the shore. People who eat poisoned shellfish risk suffering from an acute-and sometimes fatal-illness called paralytic shellfish poisoning. Shellfish is no longer caught along many shores because it is simply too polluted with sewage or toxic chemical wastes that have discharged from the land nearby.

Pollution matters because it harms the environment on which people depend. The environment is not something distant and separate from our lives. It's not a pretty shoreline hundreds of miles from our homes or a wilderness landscape that we see only on TV. The environment is everything that surrounds us that gives us life and health. Destroying the environment ultimately reduces the quality of our own lives-and that, most selfishly, is why pollution should matter to all of us.

How can we stop water pollution?

There is no easy way to solve water pollution; if there were, it wouldn't be so much of a problem. Broadly speaking, there are three different things that can help to tackle the problem-education, laws, and economics-and they work together as a team.

Education

Making people aware of the problem is the first step to solving it. In the early 1990s, when surfers in Britain grew tired of catching illnesses from water polluted with sewage, they formed a group called Surfers Against Sewage to force governments and water companies to clean up their act. People who've grown tired of walking the world's polluted beaches often band together to organize community beach-cleaning sessions. Anglers who no longer catch so many fish have campaigned for tougher penalties against factories that pour pollution into our rivers. Greater public awareness can make a positive difference.

Laws

One of the biggest problems with water pollution is its transboundary nature. Many rivers cross countries, while seas span whole continents. Pollution discharged by factories in one country with poor environmental standards can cause problems in neighboring nations, even when they have tougher laws and higher standards. Environmental laws can make it tougher for people to pollute, but to be really effective they have to operate across national and international borders. This is why we have international laws governing the oceans, such as the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (signed by over 120 nations), the 1972 London (Dumping) Convention, the 1978 MARPOL International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, and the 1998 OSPAR Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North East Atlantic. The European Union has water-protection laws (known as directives) that apply to all of its member states. They include the 1976 Bathing Water Directive (updated 2006), which seeks to ensure the quality of the waters that people use for recreation. Most countries also have their own water pollution laws. In the United States, for example, there is the 1972 Clean Water Act and the 1974 Safe Drinking Water Act.

Economics

Most environmental experts agree that the best way to tackle pollution is through something called the polluter pays principle. This means that whoever causes pollution should have to pay to clean it up, one way or another. Polluter pays can operate in all kinds of ways. It could mean that tanker owners should have to take out insurance that covers the cost of oil spill cleanups, for example. It could also mean that shoppers should have to pay for their plastic grocery bags, as is now common in Ireland, to encourage recycling and minimize waste. Or it could mean that factories that use rivers must have their water inlet pipes downstream of their effluent outflow pipes, so if they cause pollution they themselves are the first people to suffer. Ultimately, the polluter pays principle is designed to deter people from polluting by making it less expensive for them to behave in an environmentally responsible way.

Our clean future

Life is ultimately about choices-and so is pollution. We can live with sewage-strewn beaches, dead rivers, and fish that are too poisonous to eat. Or we can work together to keep the environment clean so the plants, animals, and people who depend on it remain healthy. We can take individual action to help reduce water pollution, for example, by using environmentally friendly detergents, not pouring oil down drains, reducing pesticides, and so on. We can take community action too, by helping out on beach cleans or litter picks to keep our rivers and seas that little bit cleaner. And we can take action as countries and continents to pass laws that will make pollution harder and the world less polluted. Working together, we can make pollution less of a problem-and the world a better place.

Photo: A hopeful sign made out of plastic trash collected from Waimanalo Beach, Hawaii. Photo by Jonathan Sloan courtesy of US Marine Corps and DVIDS.

Sponsored links

Find out more

On this site

Books

For older readers

Understanding Environmental Pollution by Marquita K. Hill. Cambridge University Press, 2020. A clear, wide-ranging introduction that covers all types of pollution, recycling, energy use, and related issues.

Pollution: Causes, Effects, and Control by Roy Harrison (editor). Royal Society of Chemistry, 2001. Comprehensive (579-page) introduction to all forms of pollution.

An Introduction to Pollution Science by Roy Harrison (editor). Royal Society of Chemistry, 2006. Another good introductory text covering all types of pollution.

Managing Environmental Pollution by Andrew Farmer. Routledge, 2002. More emphasis on "pollution solutions" in this book.

Biology of Freshwater Pollution by Christopher Mason. Prentice Hall, 2001. This book is aimed at advanced undergraduates and water pollution professionals.

For younger readers

Pollution (Ecographics) by Izzi Howell. Franklin Watts, 2019. An illustrated introduction to air and water pollution for ages 9-11.

What a Waste: Rubbish, Recycling, and Protecting our Planet by Jess French. DK, 2019. A simple, colorful overview that puts pollution into a much broader context for, for younger readers aged 7-9.

Trash Vortex: How Plastic Pollution Is Choking the World's Oceans by Danielle Smith-Lera. Compass Point/Capstone, 2018. A 64-page introduction to the Great Pacific Garbage Patch and the issues it raises.

Pollution: What if we do nothing? by Christiane Dorion. Britannica, 2009/2015. A 49-page guide that summarizes the problem of pollution and the current state of our planet, and concludes with an optimistic section on what young readers can do.

Earth Matters by Lynn Dicks et al. Dorling Kindersley, 2008: A more general guide to problems Earth faces, with each major biome explored separately. In case you're interested, I contributed the polar regions chapter. The book is mostly a simple read and probably suitable for 7-10 (and maybe 9-12).

Selected news articles

Water pollution videos

NOAA: Humans impact the oceans: This short, 2.5-minute animation shows how various different human activities affect the oceans around our planet. Only the polar regions have relatively low impacts, so far.

EPA Ireland: Water pollution: A longer, 7-minute introduction describing how Ireland's Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is trying to tackle water pollution. Although filmed in Ireland, the issues are general and apply to most other countries.

Scripps Institution of Oceanography: Investigating Ocean Pollution: Scripps scientists research the effects of pollution on marine life in San Diego Bay, California. (6.5 minutes.)

Water pollution: Paul Andersen gives a nice summary of most of the topics I've introduced here, so you could watch this for a quick review. (10 minutes.)

Websites

Water pollution photos: From our friends at the UK Rivers Network, a collection of public-domain (copyright free) pollution photos you can use in school and college projects. You can find links to all the photos we've used on this page, in a much larger size, on there.

Notes and references

Wherever possible, I've referenced my sources with links; the following notes (indicated by bracketed numbers in the text) are mostly references to books, journals, and other "offline" reports that can't be linked the same way.

1. ↑ The original definition appeared in UN Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection, Report of the First Session, March 1969, p.5. It omitted the word "energy," which was added at the Stockholm Conference (the UN Conference on Human Development) in 1972.

2. ↑ For a summary, see "Agricultural Chemicals in Iowa's Ground Water, 1982-95." by Dana Koplin. US Geological Survey, 1997. More recent studies have found glyphosate (sold under brand names such as Roundup®) in groundwater samples inSpain,Canada,Sri Lanka,Argentina,Mexico, and elsewhere. For a review of the complex debate over glyphosate safety, see (for example)Vandenberg et al (2017), andTarazona et al (2017).

3. ↑ Estimates in different publications quote 4-5 million tons. See "Our World." New York Magazine, April 16, 1990, p.28.

4. ↑ Sewage Treatment in the UK: UK Implementation of the EC Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive. Report by DEFRA, London, 2002, p.1. The figure of 31,000 pipes comes fromSurfers Against Sewage.

5. ↑ Bitter Sea: The Human Cost of Minamata Disease by Akio Mishima. Kosei Pub, 1982.

6. ↑ See for example "Norway fury at UK nuclear waste flood." by Paul Brown, The Guardian, December 20, 1997. A recent (2017) study found that a major accident at Sellafield could pollute a significant proportion of Norway in as little as 12 hours. SeeWorst Case Meteorological Scenario for Norway in Case of an Accident in Sellafield Nuclear Site by Heiko Klein and Jerzy Bartnicki.

7. ↑ The impact on seabirds of marine debris is explored in The American Bird Conservancy Guide to Bird Conservation by Daniel J. Lebbin et al. University of Chicago Press, 2010, p.340. The shearwater study is quoted in Biological Oceanography: An Introduction by Carol Lalli et al. Elsevier, 1993. p.253. Tim Benton's studies of the Pitcairn Islands are thoroughly documented inThe Pitcairn Islands: Biogeography, Ecology and Prehistory: Proceedings of an International Discussion Meeting Held at the Linnean Society by T.G. Benton et al, Linnean Society of London, 1995.

Please do NOT copy our articles onto blogs and other websites

Articles from this website are registered at the US Copyright Office. Copying or otherwise using registered works without permission, removing this or other copyright notices, and/or infringing related rights could make you liable to severe civil or criminal penalties.

Text copyright © Chris Woodford 2006, 2022. All rights reserved. Full copyright notice and terms of use.

This article was originally written for the UK Rivers Network and first published on their website in April 2006. It is revised and updated every year.

More to explore on our website...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Water pollution: An introduction to causes, effects, solutions

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Information about the types, causes, and effects of water pollution and what we can do to solve the problem.

# data[].attributes.body
We must throwing the rubbish in the dustpen-by yoganesh

# data[].attributes.body
WE ARE  LOVE  TREES

# data[].attributes.body
super yoganesh

# data[].attributes.body
The water pollution. The water pollution happens because the people are throwing the rubbish in the sea.So,the fish dead.-by yoganesh

# data[].attributes.body
Raw sewage and industrial waste in the New Riveras it passes from Mexicali to Calexico, California

Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies, usually as a result of human activities. Water bodies include for example lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater. Water pollution results when contaminants are introduced into the natural environment. For example, releasing inadequately treated wastewater into natural water bodies can lead to degradation of aquatic ecosystems. In turn, this can lead to public health problems for people living downstream. They may use the same polluted river water for drinking or bathing or irrigation. Water pollution is the leading worldwide cause of death and disease, e.g. due to water-borne diseases.[1][2]_BY YOGANESH

# data[].attributes.body
A litter trap catches floating waste in the Yarra River, east-central Victoria, Australia

Air pollution control system, known as a Thermal oxidizer, decomposes hazard gases from industrial air streams at a factory in the United States of America.

A dust collector in Pristina, Kosovo

Gas nozzle with vapor recovery

A Mobile Pollution Check Vehicle in India.

# data[].attributes.body
<pravinash>

Society derives some indirect utility from pollution, otherwise there would be no incentive to pollute. This utility comes from the consumption of goods and services that create pollution. Therefore, it is important that policymakers attempt to balance these indirect benefits with the costs of pollution in order to achieve an efficient outcome.[30]

A visual comparison of the free market and socially optimal outcomes.

It is possible to use environmental economics to determine which level of pollution is deemed the social optimum. For economists, pollution is an “external cost and occurs only when one or more individuals suffer a loss of welfare,” however, there exists a socially optimal level of pollution at which welfare is maximized.[31] This is because consumers derive utility from the good or service manufactured, which will outweigh the social cost of pollution until a certain point. At this point the damage of one extra unit of pollution to society, the marginal cost of pollution, is exactly equal to the marginal benefit of consuming one more unit of the good or service.[32]

In markets with pollution, or other negative externalities in production, the free market equilibrium will not account for the costs of pollution on society. If the social costs of pollution are higher than the private costs incurred by the firm, then the true supply curve will be higher. The point at which the social marginal cost and market demand intersect gives the socially optimal level of pollution. At this point, the quantity will be lower and the price will be higher in comparison to the free market equilibrium.[32] Therefore, the free market outcome could be considered a market failure because it “does not maximize efficiency”.[26]

This model can be used as a basis to evaluate different methods of internalizing the externality. Some examples include tariffs, a carbon tax and cap and trade systems.

# data[].attributes.body
We must love the earth tree.-yoganesh

# data[].attributes.body
We must save the earth and tree.-by yoganesh

# data[].attributes.body
What can cause water pollution?

Human sewage or cattle excrement that is untreated also causes water pollution in the same way as fertilisers do. Human sewage also contains germs that causediseases such as hepatitis and cholera. ... The natural chemicals can cause apollution problem similar to that caused by fertilisers. <satshehwaran>

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=09oT47IAPW4 <satshehwaran>

# data[].attributes.body
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Pollution.ogv/220px--Pollution.ogv.jpg <satshehwaran>

# data[].attributes.body
[Pravinash]

The burning of coal and wood, and the presence of many horses in concentrated areas made the cities the primary sources of pollution. The Industrial Revolutionbrought an infusion of untreated chemicals and wastes into local streams that served as the water supply. King Edward I of England banned the burning of sea-coal by proclamation in London in 1272, after its smoke became a problem;[6][7] the fuel was so common in England that this earliest of names for it was acquired because it could be carted away from some shores by the wheelbarrow.

It was the industrial revolution that gave birth to environmental pollution as we know it today. London also recorded one of the earlier extreme cases of water qualityproblems with the Great Stink on the Thames of 1858, which led to construction of the London sewerage system soon afterward. Pollution issues escalated as population growth far exceeded viability of neighborhoods to handle their waste problem. Reformers began to demand sewer systems and clean water.[8]

In 1870, the sanitary conditions in Berlin were among the worst in Europe. August Bebel recalled conditions before a modern sewer system was built in the late 1870s:

"Waste-water from the houses collected in the gutters running alongside the curbs and emitted a truly fearsome smell. There were no public toilets in the streets or squares. Visitors, especially women, often became desperate when nature called. In the public buildings the sanitary facilities were unbelievably primitive....As a metropolis, Berlin did not emerge from a state of barbarism into civilization until after 1870."[9]

The primitive conditions were intolerable for a world national capital, and the Imperial German government brought in its scientists, engineers, and urban planners to not only solve the deficiencies, but to forge Berlin as the world's model city. A British expert in 1906 concluded that Berlin represented "the most complete application of science, order and method of public life," adding "it is a marvel of civic administration, the most modern and most perfectly organized city that there is."[10]

The emergence of great factories and consumption of immense quantities of coal gave rise to unprecedented air pollution and the large volume of industrial chemical discharges added to the growing load of untreated human waste. Chicago and Cincinnati were the first two American cities to enact laws ensuring cleaner air in 1881. Pollution became a major issue in the United States in the early twentieth century, as progressive reformers took issue with air pollution caused by coal burning, water pollution caused by bad sanitation, and street pollution caused by the 3 million horses who worked in American cities in 1900, generating large quantities of urine and manure. As historian Martin Melosi notes, The generation that first saw automobiles replacing the horses saw cars as "miracles of cleanliness.".[11] By the 1940s, however, automobile-caused smogwas a major issue in Los Angeles.[12]

Other cities followed around the country until early in the 20th century, when the short lived Office of Air Pollution was created under the Department of the Interior. Extreme smog events were experienced by the cities of Los Angeles and Donora, Pennsylvania in the late 1940s, serving as another public reminder.[13]

Air pollution would continue to be a problem in England, especially later during the industrial revolution, and extending into the recent past with the Great Smog of 1952. Awareness of atmospheric pollution spread widely after World War II, with fears triggered by reports of radioactive fallout from atomic warfare and testing.[14] Then a non-nuclear event—the Great Smog of 1952 in London—killed at least 4000 people.[15] This prompted some of the first major modern environmental legislation: the Clean Air Act of 1956.

Pollution began to draw major public attention in the United States between the mid-1950s and early 1970s, when Congress passed the Noise Control Act, the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and the National Environmental Policy Act.[16]

Smog Pollution in Taiwan

Severe incidents of pollution helped increase consciousness. PCB dumping in the Hudson River resulted in a ban by the EPA on consumption of its fish in 1974. National news stories in the late 1970s—especially the long-term dioxincontamination at Love Canal starting in 1947 and uncontrolled dumping in Valley of the Drums—led to the Superfund legislation of 1980.[17] The pollution of industrial land gave rise to the name brownfield, a term now common in city planning.

The development of nuclear science introduced radioactive contamination, which can remain lethally radioactive for hundreds of thousands of years. Lake Karachay—named by the Worldwatch Institute as the "most polluted spot" on earth—served as a disposal site for the Soviet Union throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Chelyabinsk, Russia, is considered the "Most polluted place on the planet".[18]

Nuclear weapons continued to be tested in the Cold War, especially in the earlier stages of their development. The toll on the worst-affected populations and the growth since then in understanding about the critical threat to human health posed by radioactivity has also been a prohibitive complication associated with nuclear power. Though extreme care is practiced in that industry, the potential for disaster suggested by incidents such as those at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl pose a lingering specter of public mistrust. Worldwide publicity has been intense on those disasters.[19] Widespread support for test ban treaties has ended almost all nuclear testing in the atmosphere.[20]

International catastrophes such as the wreck of the Amoco Cadiz oil tanker off the coast of Brittany in 1978 and the Bhopal disaster in 1984 have demonstrated the universality of such events and the scale on which efforts to address them needed to engage. The borderless nature of atmosphere and oceans inevitably resulted in the implication of pollution on a planetary level with the issue of global warming. Most recently the term persistent organic pollutant (POP) has come to describe a group of chemicals such as PBDEs and PFCs among others. Though their effects remain somewhat less well understood owing to a lack of experimental data, they have been detected in various ecological habitats far removed from industrial activity such as the Arctic, demonstrating diffusion and bioaccumulation after only a relatively brief period of widespread use.

A much more recently discovered problem is the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, a huge concentration of plastics, chemical sludge and other debris which has been collected into a large area of the Pacific Ocean by the North Pacific Gyre. This is a less well known pollution problem than the others described above, but nonetheless has multiple and serious consequences such as increasing wildlife mortality, the spread of invasive species and human ingestion of toxic chemicals. Organizations such as 5 Gyres have researched the pollution and, along with artists like Marina DeBris, are working toward publicizing the issue.

Pollution introduced by light at night is becoming a global problem, more severe in urban centres, but nonetheless contaminating also large territories, far away from towns.[21]

Growing evidence of local and global pollution and an increasingly informed public over time have given rise to environmentalism and the environmental movement, which generally seek to limit human impact on the environment.

# data[].attributes.body
CANCEL

upload

link

search_web

camera

more_horiz
POST

# data[].attributes.body
CANCEL

upload

link

search_web

camera

more_horiz
POST

# data[].attributes.body
The water pollution. The water pollution happens because many people throwing rubbish in the sea-by yoganesh

# data[].attributes.body
abandoned copper mine on Anglesey

One common path of entry by contaminants to the sea are rivers. An example is directly discharging sewage and industrial waste into the ocean. Pollution such as this occurs particularly in developing nations.

Large gyres (vortexes) in the oceans trap floating plastic debris. Plastic debris can absorb toxic chemicals from ocean pollution, potentially poisoning any creature that eats it.[12] Many of these long-lasting pieces end up in the stomachs of marine birds and animals. This results in obstruction of digestive pathways, which leads to reduced appetite or even starvation.

There are a variety of secondary effects stemming not from the original pollutant, but a derivative condition. An example is silt-bearing surface runoff, which can inhibit the penetration of sunlight through the water column, hampering photosynthesis in aquatic plants.

Groundwater pollution

Main article: Groundwater pollution

Interactions between groundwater and surface water are complex. Consequently, groundwater pollution, also referred to as groundwater contamination, is not as easily classified as surface water pollution.[13]By its very nature, groundwater aquifers are susceptible to contamination from sources that may not directly affect surface water bodies. The distinction of point vs. non-point source may be irrelevant.

Analysis of groundwater contamination may focus on soil characteristics and site geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, and the nature of the contaminants. Causes of groundwater pollution include: naturally-occurring (geogenic), on-site sanitationsystems, sewage, fertilizers and pesticide, commercial and industrial leaks, hydraulic fracturing, landfill leachate.

Categories of pollution sources

Surface water and groundwater have often been studied and managed as separate resources even though they are interrelated.[13] Surface water seeps through the soil and becomes groundwater. Conversely, groundwater can also feed surface water sources. Sources of surface water pollution are generally grouped into two categories based on their origin.
<satshehwaran>

# data[].attributes.body
upload

link

search_web

camera

more_horiz
POST

# data[].attributes.body
Raw sewage and industrial waste in the New Riveras it passes from Mexicali to Calexico, California

Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies, usually as a result of human activities. Water bodies include for example lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater. Water pollution results when contaminants are introduced into the natural environment. For example, releasing inadequately treated wastewater into natural water bodies can lead to degradation of aquatic ecosystems. In turn, this can lead to public health problems for people living downstream. They may use the same polluted river water for drinking or bathing or irrigation. Water pollution is the leading worldwide cause of death and disease, e.g. due to water-borne diseases.[1][2]

Water pollution can be grouped into surface water pollution. Marine pollution and nutrient pollution are subsets of water pollution. Sources o
<satshehwaran>

# data[].attributes.body
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies, usually as a result of human activities. Water bodies include for example lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater. Water pollution results when contaminants are introduced into the natural environment                           with,satshehwaran

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

# data[].attributes.body
SHALINI
Air pollution occurs when harmful or excessive quantities of substances including gases, particulates, and biological molecules are introduced into Earth's atmosphere. It may cause diseases, allergies and even death to humans; it may also cause harm to other living organisms such as animals and food crops, and may damage the natural or built environment. Both human activity and natural processes can generate air pollution.

Indoor air pollution and poor urban air quality are listed as two of the world's worst toxic pollution problems in the 2008 Blacksmith Institute World's Worst Polluted Places report.[1] According to the 2014 World Health Organizationreport, air pollution in 2012 caused the deaths of around 7 million people worldwide,[2] an estimate roughly echoed by one from the International Energy Agency.[3][4]

Part of the nature series
Weather
Calendar seasons
Winter Spring Summer Autumn
Tropical seasons
Dry season Wet season
Storms
Cloud Cumulonimbus cloud Arcus cloud Downburst Microburst Heat burst Dust storm Simoom Haboob Monsoon Gale Sirocco Firestorm Lightning Supercell Thunderstorm Severe thunderstorm Thundersnow Storm surge Tornado Cyclone Mesocyclone Anticyclone Tropical cyclone (Hurricane)Extratropical cyclone European windstorm Atlantic Hurricane Typhoon Derecho Landspout Dust devil Fire whirl Waterspout Winter storm Ice storm Blizzard Ground blizzard Snowsquall
Precipitation
Drizzle (Freezing drizzle)Graupel Hail Ice pellets (Diamond dust)Rain(Freezing rain)Cloudburst Snow Rain and snow mixed Snow grains Snow roller Slush
Topics
Air pollution Atmosphere Chemistry Convection Physics River Climate Cloud Physics Fog Cold wave Heat wave Jet stream Meteorology Severe weather List Extreme Weather forecasting
Glossaries
Glossary of meteorology
Weather portal
v t e

Contents

1Pollutants

1.1Sources

1.1.1Anthropogenic (man-made) sources

1.1.2Natural sources

1.2Emission factors

2Exposure

3Indoor air quality (IAQ)

4Health effects

4.1Mortality

4.2Cardiovascular disease

4.3Lung disease

4.4Cancer (lung cancer)

4.5Children

4.5.1Infants

4.6"Clean" areas

4.7Central nervous system

5Agricultural effects

6Economic effects

7Historical disasters

8Alternatives to pollution

9Reduction efforts

9.1Control devices

10Regulations

10.1Canada

10.2Germany

11Hotspots

12Cities

13Governing urban air pollution

14See also

15References

16Further reading

17External links

Pollutants

Main articles: Pollutant and Greenhouse gas

An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem. The substance can be solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases. A pollutant can be of natural origin or man-made. Pollutants are classified as primary or secondary. Primary pollutants are usually produced by processes such as ash from a volcanic eruption. Other examples include carbon monoxide gas from motor vehicle exhausts or sulphur dioxide released from the factories. Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact. Ground level ozone is a prominent example of secondary pollutants. Some pollutants may be both primary and secondary: they are both emitted directly and formed from other primary pollutants.

# data[].attributes.body
Wissenburg studied political science and philosophy at the Radboud University Nijmegen (RU), where he then read for a PhD, graduating in 1994. He was a junior researcher at RU in the Faculty of Management Sciences from 1990 to 1994, then a postdoctoral research fellow (funded by the Netherlands Foundation for Scientific Research) at the same institution from 1995 to 1998. He became a Lecturer of Political Theory and the Philosophy of the Policy Sciences in 1997, and held this title until 2005. During this time, he taught in the University of Leiden's Department of Political Science and, from 1999-2000, at the University of Groningen. Between 1999 and 2001, he was affiliated with the Nijmegen Centre for Business, Environment and Government.[1]

He was the Socrates Professor of Humanist Philosophy at the Wageningen University and Research Centre from 2004 to 2009. From 2006 to 2009, he was temporarily appointed as Professor of Political Theory in the political science department at RU, but this position became permanent in 2009. That same year, he was appointed Visiting Professor at the Research Institute for Law, Politics & Justice, Keele University, and, since 2011, he has been the chair of the RU Department of Public Affairs & Political Science.[1]
DANECH

# data[].attributes.body
SHAINI
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.[1] Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution. In 2015, pollution killed 9 million people in the world.[2][3]

Major forms of pollution include: Air pollution, light pollution, littering, noise pollution, plastic pollution, soil contamination, radioactive contamination, thermal pollution, visual pollution, water pollution.

Contents

1History

2Urban pollution

3Forms of pollution

4Pollutants

5Cost of pollution

6Socially optimal level of pollution

7Sources and causes

8Effects

8.1Human health

8.2Environment

8.3Environmental health information

8.4Worker productivity

9Regulation and monitoring

10Pollution control

10.1Practices

10.2Pollution control devices

11Perspectives

12Greenhouse gases and global warming

13Most polluting industries

14World’s worst polluted places

15See also

16References

17External links

History

Air pollution has always accompanied civilizations. Pollution started from prehistoric times, when man created the first fires. According to a 1983 article in the journal Science, "soot" found on ceilings of prehistoric caves provides ample evidence of the high levels of pollution that was associated with inadequate ventilation of open fires."[4] Metal forging appears to be a key turning point in the creation of significant air pollution levels outside the home. Core samples of glaciers in Greenland indicate increases in pollution associated with Greek, Roman, and Chinese metal production.[5]

# data[].attributes.body
SHALINI

# data[].attributes.body
Noise pollution, also known as environmental noise or sound pollution, is the propagation of noise with harmful impact on the activity of human or animal life. The source of outdoor noise worldwide is mainly caused by machines, transport and transportation systems.[1][2]Poor urban planning may give rise to noise pollution, side-by-side industrial and residential buildings can result in noise pollution in the residential areas. Some of the main sources of noise in residential areas include loud music, transportation noise, lawn care maintenance, nearby construction, or young people yelling (sports games). Noise pollution associated with household electricity generators is an emerging environmental degradation in many developing nations. SHALINI

# data[].attributes.body
cleaning the river

# data[].attributes.body
SHALINI PLEASE SAFE YOUR PLANET.................

# data[].attributes.body
<SATSHEHWARAN>

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Aathichudi Kadaigal Full Stories VOL 1 & VOL 2 in Tamil (HD) | Tamil Stories for Kids

# data[].attributes.body
<SATSHEHWARAN>

# data[].attributes.body
<SATSHEHWARAN>

# data[].attributes.body
by     satya

# data[].attributes.body
"TIDAK BUANG TEMPAT LAIN SAMPAH"                                                              <<YOGA>>

# data[].attributes.body
with<YOGA>

# data[].attributes.body
with<YOGA>

# data[].attributes.body
with<yoga>

# data[].attributes.body
SHALINI PLEASE PROTECT PLANET...............

# data[].attributes.body
Share Tweet Share

MELAKA: Dua insiden serupa berlaku dalam tempoh setahun. Ribuan bangkai ikan pelbagai spesies timbul di permukaan air di dua lokasi di Sungai Melaka di sini.

Selepas kali pertama berlaku pada 22 April tahun lalu berhampiran Taman Rempah, kejadian sama berulang pada akhir Disember lalu, sekali gus membingungkan penduduk di Taman Rumpun Bahagia, Bachang, Batu Berendam yang menetap berhampiran sungai berkenaan.

Apakah punca yang menyebabkan ribuan spesies ikan air tawar itu mati?

Pensyarah di Pusat Pengajian Sungai, Sains Kimia dan Teknologi Makanan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Prof Dr Md Pauzi Abdullah, tidak menolak faktor pertembungan air laut dan sungai, terutama di pintu air boleh menjadi penyebab kepada kematian beribu-ribu ikan itu.

Prof Dr Md Pauzi Abdullah. - Foto L Manimaran

SEBAHAGIAN bangkai ikan yang dikutip di Sungai Melaka. -Foto Rasul Azli Samad

"Kejadian ini berlaku akibat (air sungai) kekurangan oksigen yang berkemungkinan berlaku pencemaran organik tinggi, yang menyebabkan oksigen terlarut kurang.

"Faktor kemungkinan kedua pula adalah disebabkan air sungai yang tidak bergerak, sehingga kadar oksigen berkurangan menyebabkan ikan mati," katanya kepada BH, di sini, semalam.

BH sebelum ini melaporkan kebimbangan penduduk di kawasan berkenaan apabila mendapati ribuan ikan, termasuk spesies talapia mati secara tiba-tiba di Sungai Melaka.

Selain terpaksa menghidu bau busuk akibat ribuan bangkai ikan pelbagai spesies yang timbul dan mati di permukaan sungai itu, penduduk turut mendakwa kemungkinan berlaku tumpahan sisa toksik oleh pihak yang tidak bertanggungjawab.

PENDUDUK terpaksa menghidu bau busuk akibat ribuan bangkai ikan pelbagai spesies yang timbul dan mati di permukaan Sungai Melaka. - Foto Rasul Azli Samad

with,DANECH.

# data[].attributes.body
marine     dumping                                                                                                                  industrial    waste                                                                                                                     sewage,mainly  from    household        by     satya

# data[].attributes.body
25 Shocking Facts About Pollution

Every year, more than 14 billion pounds (6 billion kilograms) of garbage is dumped into the world's ocean. ...

Known as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, there even is a “continent” made from the plastic trash, floating in the Pacific Ocean. ...

Landfills are among the biggest contributors to soil pollution.

More items...

# data[].attributes.body
rubbish clean all places

# data[].attributes.body
SHALU THE WATER POLLUTION HAPPENS BECAUSE THE PEOPLES ARE THROWING THE RUBBISH INTO THE SEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.......................

# data[].attributes.body
give in

Caroline Lucas

Published:13 Oct 2018

629

Cuadrilla is to start fracking in Lancashire. But we will not give in

The defenders Indian activist dies during hunger strike over Ganges river pollution

Published:12 Oct 2018

Indian activist dies during hunger strike over Ganges river pollution

Huge reduction in meat-eating ‘essential’ to avoid climate breakdown

Published:10 Oct 20182,272

Huge reduction in meat-eating ‘essential’ to avoid climate breakdown

Air pollution linked to greater risk of mouth cancer, finds study

Published:9 Oct 2018

Air pollution linked to greater risk of mouth cancer, finds study

Environmental warnings should stop drivers taking the road to ruin

Published:9 Oct 2018

Environmental warnings should stop drivers taking the road to ruin

Plastic bottle washes up looking 'almost new' after nearly 50 years at sea

Published:9 Oct 2018

Plastic bottle washes up looking 'almost new' after nearly 50 years at sea

Florida red tide sweeps away Republican Rick Scott's Senate poll lead

Published:5 Oct 2018

Florida red tide sweeps away Republican Rick Scott's Senate poll lead

Advertisement

First commercial flight partly fuelled by recycled waste lands in UK

Published:3 Oct 2018

First commercial flight partly fuelled by recycled waste lands in UK

'Don't touch my Vespa!' Why Genoa is threatening to ban its icon of cool

Published:3 Oct 2018

'Don't touch my Vespa!' Why Genoa is threatening to ban its icon of cool

September 2018

Dumping 15m tonnes of salt at Queensland creek 'considerable' risk to water

Published:30 Sep 2018

Dumping 15m tonnes of salt at Queensland creek 'considerable' risk to water

Outdoor air purifiers and inside play: Delhi gears up for annual pollution fight

Published:29 Sep 2018

Outdoor air purifiers and inside play: Delhi gears up for annual pollution fight

UK's children denied basic human right to clean air, says Unicef

Published:28 Sep 2018

UK's children denied basic human right to clean air, says Unicef

PollutionwatchPollutionwatch: wood and peat burning brings return of air pollution to Dublin

Published:27 Sep 201837

Pollutionwatch: wood and peat burning brings return of air pollution to Dublin

Orca 'apocalypse': half of killer whales doomed to die from pollution

Published:27 Sep 2018

Orca 'apocalypse': half of killer whales doomed to die from pollution

UK's first air-filtering bus launches in Southampton

Published:27 Sep 2018

UK's first air-filtering bus launches in Southampton

Air pollution fears fuel fight against new London cruise ship terminal

Published:26 Sep 2018

Air pollution fears fuel fight against new London cruise ship terminal

Pollution pushes Mongolia's herders to reconsider city life

Published:24 Sep 2018

Pollution pushes Mongolia's herders to reconsider city life

Invisible killer: how one girl's tragic death could change the air pollution story

Published:22 Sep 2018<SATSHEHWARAN>

# data[].attributes.body
Above: The Lachine Canal in Montreal is Polluted.

The major forms of pollution are listed below along with the particular pollutants relevant to each of them:

•    Air pollution, the release of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere. Common gaseous air pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrogen oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles.
•    Light pollution, includes light trespass, over-illumination and astronomical interference.
•    Littering
•    Noise pollution, which encompasses roadway noise, aircraft noise, industrial noise as well as high-intensity sonar.
•    Soil contamination occurs when chemicals are released by spill or underground leakage. Among the most significant soil contaminants are hydrocarbons, heavy metals, MTBE, herbicides, pesticides and chlorinated hydrocarbons.
•    Radioactive contamination, resulting from 20th century activities in atomic physics, such as nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons research, manufacture and deployment.
•    Thermal pollution, is a temperature change in natural water bodies caused by human influence, such as use of water as coolant in a power plant.
•    Visual pollution, which can refer to the presence of overhead power lines, motorway billboards, scarred landforms (as from strip mining), open storage of trash or municipal solid waste.
•    Water pollution, by the release of waste products and contaminants into surface runoff into river drainage systems, leaching into groundwater, liquid spills, wastewater discharges, eutrophication and littering.

Water Pollution Sources.

Sources

Air pollution comes from both natural and manmade sources. Though globally man made pollutants from combustion, construction, mining, agriculture and warfare are increasingly significant in the air pollution equation.
Motor vehicle emissions are one of the leading causes of air pollution. China, United States, Russia, Mexico, and Japan are the world leaders in air pollution emissions. Principal stationary pollution sources include chemical plants, coal-fired power plants, oil refineries, petrochemical plants, nuclear waste disposal activity, incinerators, large livestock farms (dairy cows, pigs, poultry, etc.), PVC factories, metals production factories, plastics factories, and other heavy industry. Agricultural air pollution comes from contemporary practices which include clear felling and burning of natural vegetation as well as spraying of pesticides and herbicides
About 400 million metric tons of hazardous wastes are generated each year. The United States alone produces about 250 million metric tons. Americans constitute less than 5% of the world's population, but produce roughly 25% of the world’s CO2, and generate approximately 30% of world’s waste. In 2007, China has overtaken the United States as the world's biggest producer of CO2.

Human Health Effects:

Adverse air quality can kill many organisms including humans. Ozone pollution can cause respiratory disease,cardiovascular disease, throat inflammation, chest pain, and congestion. Water pollution causes approximately 14,000 deaths per day, mostly due to contamination of drinking water by untreated sewage in developing countries. An estimated 700 million Indians have no access to a proper toilet, and 1,000 Indian children die of diarrhoeal sickness every day. Nearly 500 million Chinese lack access to safe drinking water. 656,000 people die prematurely each year in China because of air pollution. In India, air pollution is believed to cause 527,700 fatalities a year. Studies have estimated that the number of people killed annually in the US could be over 50,000.
Oil spills can cause skin irritations and rashes. Noise pollution induces hearing loss, high blood pressure, stress, and sleep disturbance. Mercury has been linked to developmental deficits in children and neurologic symptoms. Older people are majorly exposed to diseases induced by air pollution. Those with heart or lung disorders are under additional risk. Children and infants are also at serious risk. Lead and other heavy metals have been shown to cause neurological problems. Chemical and radioactive substances can cause cancer and as well as birth defects.

Pollution in brief
Every year in the U.S. factories release over 3 million tons of toxic chemicals into the land, air and water. This hazardous waste causes us to lose over 15 million acres of land every year, it leads to respiratory complications and other health problems and it makes our rivers and lakes too polluted for us to swim in and drink.
But factories are only part of the problem of pollution. Pollution is caused by industrial and commercial waste, agriculture practices, everyday human activities and most notably, modes of transportation. No matter where you go and what you do, there are remnants of pollution.

What is pollution?
Pollution is the introduction of a contaminant into the environment. It is created mostly by human actions, but can also be a result of natural disasters. Pollution has a detrimental effect on any living organism in an environment, making it virtually impossible to sustain life.

Why are the different types of pollution?
Pollution harms the Earth’s environment and its inhabitants in many ways. The three main types of pollution are:

Land Pollution
Land pollution is pollution of the Earth’s natural land surface by industrial, commercial, domestic and agricultural activities.

What are the sources of land pollution?
Some of the main contributors to land pollution are:
•    Chemical and nuclear plants
•    Industrial factories
•    Oil refineries
•    Human sewage
•    Oil and antifreeze leaking from cars
•    Mining
•    Littering
•    Overcrowded landfills
•    Deforestation
•    Construction debris

Facts about Land Pollution
Here are a few facts about land pollution:

•    Every year one American produces over 3285 pounds of hazardous waste
•    Land pollution causes us to lose 24 billion tons of top soil every year
•    Americans generate 30 billion foam cups, 220 million tires and 1.8 billion disposable diapers every year
•    We throw away enough trash every day to fill 63,000 garbage trucks
•    Every day Americans throw away 1 million bushels of litter out their car window
•    Over 80% of items in landfills can be recycled, but they’re not

How to Prevent Land Pollution
The best way to prevent land pollution is to recycle. Here are a few other ways you can reduce land pollution:
•    Reuse any items that you can
•    Buy biodegradable products
•    Store all liquid chemicals and waste in spill-proof containers
•    Eat organic foods that are grown without pesticides
•    Don’t use pesticides
•    Use a drip tray to collect engine oil
•    Buy products that have little packaging
•    Don’t dump motor oil on the ground

Air Pollution
Air pollution is the accumulation of hazardous substances into the atmosphere that danger human life and other living matter.

What are the sources of air pollution?
Some of the main contributors to air pollution are:
•    Automobile emissions
•    Tobacco smoke
•    Combustion of coal
•    Acid rain
•    Noise pollution from cars and construction
•    Power plants
•    Manufacturing buildings
•    Large ships
•    Paint fumes
•    Aerosol sprays
•    Wildfires
•    Nuclear weapons

Facts about Air Pollution
Here are a few facts about air pollution:
•    Almost 232 million different types of vehicles are driven by U.S. citizens every day, adding greenhouse gases into the air
•    U.S. vehicle emissions contribute 45% to global warming
•    The average adult consumes 3,000 gallons of polluted air every day
•    Vehicle exhaust contributes to 60% of carbon monoxide emissions in the U.S. and up to 95% in large cities
•    Every year 335,000 Americans die of lung cancer, which is a direct result of air pollution

How to Prevent Air Pollution
The number one way to prevent air pollution is to walk or bike more and drive less. This will prevent fossil fuels from polluting the air. Here are some other ways to prevent air pollution:
•    Carpool or join a ride share with friends and coworkers
•    Don’t smoke
•    Keep your car maintenance up-to-date
•    If you have to drive, do your errands at one time
•    Don’t buy products that come in aerosol spray cans
•    Avoid using lighter fluid when barbecuing outside
•    When you drive accelerate slowly and use cruise control
•    Always replace your car’s air filter
•    Use a push or electric lawnmower rather than a gas-powered one
•    Don’t use harsh chemical cleaners that can emit fumes
•    Inspect your gas appliances and heaters regularly

Information Provided by Rachel Segal

<SATSHEHWARAN>

# data[].attributes.body
<SATSHEHWARAN>

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The environment can get contaminated in a number of different ways.

# data[].attributes.body
Thak you

# data[].attributes.body
with<yoga>

# data[].attributes.body
BY     SATYA

# data[].attributes.body
l.jegen boy

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Examples of a secondary pollutant include ozone, which is formed when hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) combine in the presence of sunlight; NO2, which is formed as NO combines with oxygen in the air; and acid rain, which is formed when sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxides react with water.

# data[].attributes.body
<yoga>

# data[].attributes.body
What can cause water pollution?

What is water pollution Short answer?

What is water pollution in simple language?

What is sea pollution for kids?

fast your answer post

# data[].attributes.body
with,yoga

# data[].attributes.body
BY     SATYA

# data[].attributes.body
l.jegen boy

# data[].attributes.body
Water pollution occur when pollutants (particles, chemicals or substances that make water contaminated) are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without enough treatment to get rid of harmful compounds.Pollutants get into water mainly by human causes or human factors.

# data[].attributes.body
Thermal oxidizers purify industrialair flows.

The litter problem on the coast of Guyana, 2010

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.[1] Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution. In 2015, pollution killed 9 million people in the world.[2][3]

Major forms of pollution include: Air pollution, light pollution, littering, noise pollution, plastic pollution, soil contamination, radioactive contamination, thermal pollution, visual pollution, water pollution.

Contents

1History

2Urban pollution

3Forms of pollution

4Pollutants

5Cost of pollution

6Socially optimal level of pollution

7Sources and causes

8Effects

8.1Human health

8.2Environment

8.3Environmental health information

8.4Worker productivity

9Regulation and monitoring

10Pollution control

10.1Practices

10.2Pollution control devices

11Perspectives

12Greenhouse gases and global warming

13Most polluting industries

14World’s worst polluted places

15See also

16References

17External links

History

Air pollution has always accompanied civilizations. Pollution started from prehistoric times, when man created the first fires. According to a 1983 article in the journal Science, "soot" found on ceilings of prehistoric caves provides ample evidence of the high levels of pollution that was associated with inadequate ventilation of open fires."[4] Metal forging appears to be a key turning point in the creation of significant air pollution levels outside the home. Core samples of glaciers in Greenland indicate increases in pollution associated with Greek, Roman, and Chinese metal production.[5]

Urban pollution

Air pollution in the US, 1973

The burning of coal and wood, and the presence of many horses in concentrated areas made the cities the primary sources of pollution. The Industrial Revolutionbrought an infusion of untreated chemicals and wastes into local streams that served as the water supply. King Edward I of England banned the burning of sea-coal by proclamation in London in 1272, after its smoke became a problem;[6][7] the fuel was so common in England that this earliest of names for it was acquired because it could be carted away from some shores by the wheelbarrow.

It was the industrial revolution that gave birth to environmental pollution as we know it today. London also recorded one of the earlier extreme cases of water qualityproblems with the Great Stink on the Thames of 1858, which led to construction of the London sewerage system soon afterward. Pollution issues escalated as population growth far exceeded viability of neighborhoods to handle their waste problem. Reformers began to demand sewer systems and clean water.[8]

In 1870, the sanitary conditions in Berlin were among the worst in Europe. August Bebel recalled conditions before a modern sewer system was built in the late 1870s:

"Waste-water from the houses collected in the gutters running alongside the curbs and emitted a truly fearsome smell. There were no public toilets in the streets or squares. Visitors, especially women, often became desperate when nature called. In the public buildings the sanitary facilities were unbelievably primitive....As a metropolis, Berlin did not emerge from a state of barbarism into civilization until after 1870."[9]

The primitive conditions were intolerable for a world national capital, and the Imperial German government brought in its scientists, engineers, and urban planners to not only solve the deficiencies, but to forge Berlin as the world's model city. A British expert in 1906 concluded that Berlin represented "the most complete application of science, order and method of public life," adding "it is a marvel of civic administration, the most modern and most perfectly organized city that there is."[10]

The emergence of great factories and consumption of immense quantities of coal gave rise to unprecedented air pollution and the large volume of industrial chemical discharges added to the growing load of untreated human waste. Chicago and Cincinnati were the first two American cities to enact laws ensuring cleaner air in 1881. Pollution became a major issue in the United States in the early twentieth century, as progressive reformers took issue with air pollution caused by coal burning, water pollution caused by bad sanitation, and street pollution caused by the 3 million horses who worked in American cities in 1900, generating large quantities of urine and manure. As historian Martin Melosi notes, The generation that first saw automobiles replacing the horses saw cars as "miracles of cleanliness.".[11] By the 1940s, however, automobile-caused smogwas a major issue in Los Angeles.[12]

Other cities followed around the country until early in the 20th century, when the short lived Office of Air Pollution was created under the Department of the Interior. Extreme smog events were experienced by the cities of Los Angeles and Donora, Pennsylvania in the late 1940s, serving as another public reminder.[13]

Air pollution would continue to be a problem in England, especially later during the industrial revolution, and extending into the recent past with the Great Smog of 1952. Awareness of atmospheric pollution spread widely after World War II, with fears triggered by reports of radioactive fallout from atomic warfare and testing.[14] Then a non-nuclear event—the Great Smog of 1952 in London—killed at least 4000 people.[15] This prompted some of the first major modern environmental legislation: the Clean Air Act of 1956.

Pollution began to draw major public attention in the United States between the mid-1950s and early 1970s, when Congress passed the Noise Control Act, the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and the National Environmental Policy Act.[16]

Smog Pollution in Taiwan

Severe incidents of pollution helped increase consciousness. PCB dumping in the Hudson River resulted in a ban by the EPA on consumption of its fish in 1974. National news stories in the late 1970s—especially the long-term dioxincontamination at Love Canal starting in 1947 and uncontrolled dumping in Valley of the Drums—led to the Superfund legislation of 1980.[17] The pollution of industrial land gave rise to the name brownfield, a term now common in city planning.

The development of nuclear science introduced radioactive contamination, which can remain lethally radioactive for hundreds of thousands of years. Lake Karachay—named by the Worldwatch Institute as the "most polluted spot" on earth—served as a disposal site for the Soviet Union throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Chelyabinsk, Russia, is considered the "Most polluted place on the planet".[18]

Nuclear weapons continued to be tested in the Cold War, especially in the earlier stages of their development. The toll on the worst-affected populations and the growth since then in understanding about the critical threat to human health posed by radioactivity has also been a prohibitive complication associated with nuclear power. Though extreme care is practiced in that industry, the potential for disaster suggested by incidents such as those at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl pose a lingering specter of public mistrust. Worldwide publicity has been intense on those disaster
kh

# data[].attributes.body
Water pollution occur when pollutants (particles, chemicals or substances that make water contaminated) are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without enough treatment to get rid of harmful compounds.Pollutants get into water mainly by human causes or human factors. <yoga>

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=93BqLewm3bA yoga

# data[].attributes.body
with<yoga>

# data[].attributes.body
l.jagenboy

# data[].attributes.body
KHIRTANAWE ARE SAVE AIR POLLUTION AND LOVE EARTH

# data[].attributes.body
What are the effects of water pollution?

What are the effects of pollution on human health?

Why is water pollution bad for your health?

How dangerous is water pollution?

fast post your answer

# data[].attributes.body
THE    PEOPLE   ARE    PUT    CHEMICALS     INTO     THE      FOOD      HE       FRESH      BY      SATYA

# data[].attributes.body
www.indiacelebrating.com

Effect of Polluted Water on Humans. ... Infectious diseases can be spread through contaminated water. Some of these water-borne diseases are Typhoid, Cholera, Paratyphoid Fever, Dysentery, Jaundice, Amoebiasis and Malaria. Chemicals in the water also have negative effects on our health.Apr 15, 2014

How Does Water Pollution Affect Humans? - The World Countswww.theworldcounts.com/stories/how-does-water-pollution-affect-humans                                                               with,<yoga>

# data[].attributes.body
prevention   of   oil  spills   in  oceans   and  other   water    bodies   can     reduce      water    pollution      by      satya

# data[].attributes.body
everyday cleaning plaaces <yoga>

# data[].attributes.body
MINING HAVE BAD EFFECTS ON SURRONDING SURFACE AND GROUND WATER IF PROTECTIVE MEANSURES ARE NOT TAKEN.THE RESULT CAN BE UNNATURALLY HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF SOME CHEMICALS SUCH AS ARSENIC SULFURIC ACID AND MERCURY.[PRAVINASH]

# data[].attributes.body
HI

# data[].attributes.body
[PRAVINASH]

# data[].attributes.body
Building huge air-capture plants to reabsorb the carbon dioxide produced by burning fossil fuels would be a perverse outcome. For one thing, the fossil fuels will run out eventually. But air capture could provide an ingenious alternative. If the CO2 extracted from the atmosphere were combined with hydrogen (extracted from water using electrolysis), it could make synthetic hydrocarbon fuels. This would allow the use of existing fossil-fuel vehicles and fuel-distribution systems, but with much-reduced environmental impact. Dr. Keith calls this approach “carbon- neutral hydrocarbons.”

Unfortunately, making synthetic hydrocarbons is very energy intensive, and it would make sense only if they were powered by renewable energy sources. “Fundamentally the biggest cost of making fuel from CO2 is the cost of getting the energy for it,” says Dr. Eisaman. He estimates that synthetic fuel would cost $4-5 per gallon once all is said and done. So the oil price would have to be much higher than it is today for this to make sense. And using renewable energy to make fuel might seem like an odd thing to do, given that it could power electric cars directly.

One way in which air capture and renewable energy might fit together, however, would be to divert excess power from wind farms to air-capture systems. Wind farms sometimes produce more power than utilities can use, particularly if it gets windy at night, when electricity demand is low. Some utilities turn off their wind turbines to avoid overloading their grids. Dr. Lackner suggests diverting it instead to air-capture systems. In theory, air-capture systems could then operate at a profit by generating carbon offsets that could be sold on carbon-trading markets. Dr. Lackner even suggests selling such offsets at petrol stations, along with fuel.

Air capture appears to be technically feasible, but the economics are still unclear, and the politics murkiest of all. Will developing countries build enormous air-capture plants, powered by coal, to offset the emissions associated with industrialization? Will the technology discourage efforts to improve energy efficiency, or might it be a valuable tool in the fight against climate change? At the moment, air capture is merely experimental, but a sudden breakthrough could pose some tricky questions.                                                                                                                                                    DANECH

# data[].attributes.body
BY PRAVINASH

# data[].attributes.body
Blueair’s HEPASilent™ filtration technology captures 99.97% of airborne particles down to 0.1 micron in size. HEPASilent technology unites the best in electrostatic and mechanical filtration. Its revolutionary combination of advanced filter media and particle charging ensures that your Blueair purifier delivers results far superior than either mechanical or electrostatic technology alone.                                                                                                                                                                                   DANECH

# data[].attributes.body
WATER POLUTION                                                                                                                   MINNING HAVE BAD EFFECTS ON SURRONDING,SURFACE AND GROUND WATER IF PROTECTIVE MEASURES ARE NOT TAKEN. THE RESULTS CAN BE UNNATURALLY HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF SOME CHEMICALS.SUCH AS ARSENIC,SULFURIC ACID AND MERCURY.  WRITE BY JAGEN BOY

# data[].attributes.body
கடல் மாசுபாடு - தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியா DANECH

# data[].attributes.body
https://padlet.com/kaarteekaanbarasan/wo1w2efnijy1

# data[].attributes.body
How does air capture actually work? Several designs are being developed, but they involve variations on the same theme. In each case air is brought into contact with a “sorbent” material, which binds chemically with the carbon dioxide. The efficiency of this process depends on the surface area of the sorbent, and an easy way to increase the surface area is to spray a liquid sorbent into the air as a fine mist. At PARC, researchers propose building towers several meters high, through which the air would be wafted, coming into contact with a sorbent mist. Having absorbed CO2 from the air, the liquid would drain into a chamber where the gas would be extracted from the sorbent by a series of chemical reactions, or by applying an electric current, depending on the system's design. The sorbent can then be recycled, and the CO2 compressed into liquid form for removal. A group at the University of Calgary, led by David Keith, has already demonstrated an air-capture prototype based on a spray tower.

Klaus Lackner, professor of geophysics at Columbia University and a pioneer in the field, has devised another approach that uses a solid sorbent, consisting of thin sheets of material coated with proprietary chemicals. Carbon dioxide is trapped as the air wafts over these sheets, and is then absorbed by liquid chemicals that are washed over the sheets. The CO2 is extracted from the liquid by applying heat. A cupboard-sized prototype (pictured) has already shown that the concept will work, and Dr. Lackner is a member of a company, Global Research Technologies (GRT), that hopes to commercialize the technology. A machine the size of a standard shipping container, he estimates, could capture one ton of CO2 a day.

But given that air-capture machines are electrically powered, and generating electricity usually produces carbon-dioxide emissions, do the sums add up? Dr Keith's prototype captured a ton of CO2 using 100 kilowatt-hours of electricity. To generate this much power, a coal-fired power station would add around 35kg of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, or 3.5% of the amount removed by the air-capture machine. Using a cleaner source of power, and anything is cleaner than coal,would make the machine come out even further ahead. Similarly, GRT estimates that when its technology is scaled up, the emissions associated with operating each machine will be less than 5% of the CO2 captured over its lifetime. So there seems little doubt that air capture would indeed be carbon-negative overall.

At the moment, air capture is merely experimental. A breakthrough could pose some tricky questions, but that is no good if the process is prohibitively expensive. One big cost, at least for some designs, is the sorbent material, which cannot be recycled indefinitely. Dr. Lackner believes, however, that air-capture technology could have near-term, small-scale commercial uses that will enable it to pay its way as it is perfected and scaled up. He thinks GRT could start off by selling small air-capture devices to produce CO2 in places that need the stuff, but currently have to pay high prices to have it trucked in. By mass, carbon dioxide is in fact the 19th most important commodity chemical in America, according to the Department of Energy. It can be piped into greenhouses to improve plant yields and is used in food processing, water treatment and fire extinguishers, among other things. Forcing CO2 into oil fields can also increase the amount of oil recovered. Air capture could, says Dr. Lackner, be a viable way to supply carbon dioxide for industrial uses, even at a cost of $200 per ton, the current cost of the technology.

That is far higher than the cost per ton of carbon dioxide on emissions-trading markets, where the price of permits that entitle their holders to emit a ton of carbon dioxide recently fell below $10. Only if the cost of air capture falls below the cost of an emissions permit will it be economically attractive; otherwise emitters will find it cheaper to buy the right to pollute. But, environmentalists expect emissions-trading markets eventually to price the gas at about $50 a ton, and Dr. Lackner hopes to get the cost of his process down to $30 per ton in the long run.

DANECH

# data[].attributes.body
https://padlet.com/kaarteekaanbarasan/wo1w2efnijy1

# data[].attributes.body
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants.

# data[].attributes.body
PRAVINASH
Air pollution comes from both natural and human-made (anthropogenic) sources. However, globally human-made pollutants from combustion, construction, mining, agriculture and warfare are increasingly significant in the air pollution equation.[33]

Motor vehicle emissions are one of the leading causes of air pollution.[34][35][36] China, United States, Russia, India[37] Mexico, and Japan are the world leaders in air pollution emissions. Principal stationary pollution sources include chemical plants, coal-fired power plants, oil refineries,[38] petrochemical plants, nuclear waste disposal activity, incinerators, large livestock farms (dairy cows, pigs, poultry, etc.), PVCfactories, metals production factories, plastics factories, and other heavy industry. Agricultural air pollution comes from contemporary practices which include clear felling and burning of natural vegetation as well as spraying of pesticides and herbicides[39]

About 400 million metric tons of hazardous wastes are generated each year.[40] The United States alone produces about 250 million metric tons.[41] Americans constitute less than 5% of the world's population, but produce roughly 25% of the world’s CO₂,[42] and generate approximately 30% of world’s waste.[43][44] In 2007, China has overtaken the United States as the world's biggest producer of CO₂,[45] while still far behind based on per capita pollution - ranked 78th among the world's nations.[46]

An industrial area, with a power plant, south of Yangzhou's downtown, China

In February 2007, a report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), representing the work of 2,500 scientists, economists, and policymakers from more than 120 countries, said that humans have been the primary cause of global warming since 1950. Humans have ways to cut greenhouse gas emissions and avoid the consequences of global warming, a major climate report concluded. But to change the climate, the transition from fossil fuels like coal and oil needs to occur within decades, according to the final report this year from the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).[47]

Some of the more common soil contaminants are chlorinated hydrocarbons (CFH), heavy metals (such as chromium, cadmium–found in rechargeable batteries, and lead–found in lead paint, aviation fuel and still in some countries, gasoline), MTBE, zinc, arsenic and benzene. In 2001 a series of press reports culminating in a book called Fateful Harvest unveiled a widespread practice of recycling industrial byproducts into fertilizer, resulting in the contamination of the soil with various metals. Ordinary municipal landfills are the source of many chemical substances entering the soil environment (and often groundwater), emanating from the wide variety of refuse accepted, especially substances illegally discarded there, or from pre-1970 landfills that may have been subject to little control in the U.S. or EU. There have also been some unusual releases of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, commonly called dioxins for simplicity, such as TCDD.[48]

Pollution can also be the consequence of a natural disaster. For example, hurricanes often involve water contamination from sewage, and petrochemical spills from ruptured boats or automobiles. Larger scale and environmental damage is not uncommon when coastal oil rigs or refineries are involved. Some sources of pollution, such as nuclear power plants or oil tankers, can produce widespread and potentially hazardous releases when accidents occur.

In the case of noise pollution the dominant source class is the motor vehicle, producing about ninety percent of all unwanted noise worldwide.

Effects

Human health

Further information: Soil pollution § Health effects, Toxic hotspots, and List of pollution-related diseases

Overview of main health effects on humans from some common types of pollution.[49][50][51]

Adverse air quality can kill many organisms including humans. Ozone pollution can cause respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, throat inflammation, chest pain, and congestion. Water pollution causes approximately 14,000 deaths per day, mostly due to contamination of drinking water by untreated sewage in developing countries. An estimated 500 million Indians have no access to a proper toilet,[52][53] Over ten million people in India fell ill with waterborne illnesses in 2013, and 1,535 people died, most of them children.[54] Nearly 500 million Chinese lack access to safe drinking water.[55] A 2010 analysis estimated that 1.2 million people died prematurely each year in China because of air pollution.[56] The high smog levels China has been facing for a long time can do damage to civilians bodies and generate different diseases [57] The WHO estimated in 2007 that air pollution causes half a million deaths per year in India.[58]Studies have estimated that the number of people killed annually in the United States could be over 50,000.[59]

Oil spills can cause skin irritations and rashes. Noise pollution induces hearing loss, high blood pressure, stress, and sleep disturbance. Mercury has been linked to developmental deficits in children and neurologic symptoms. Older people are majorly exposed to diseases induced by air pollution. Those with heart or lung disorders are at additional risk. Children and infants are also at serious risk. Lead and other heavy metals have been shown to cause neurological problems. Chemical and radioactive substances can cause cancer and as well as birth defects.

An October 2017 study by the Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health found that global pollution, specifically toxic air, water, soils and workplaces, kill nine million people annually, which is triple the number of deaths caused by AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria combined, and 15 times higher than deaths caused by wars and other forms of human violence.[60]The study concluded that "pollution is one of the great existential challenges of the Anthropocene era. Pollution endangers the stability of the Earth’s support systems and threatens the continuing survival of human societies."[3]

Environment

Pollution has been found to be present widely in the environment. There are a number of effects of this:

Biomagnification describes situations where toxins (such as heavy metals) may pass through trophic levels, becoming exponentially more concentrated in the process.

Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO₂becomes dissolved.

The emission of greenhouse gases leads to global warming which affects ecosystems in many ways.

Invasive species can out compete native species and reduce biodiversity. Invasive plants can contribute debris and biomolecules (allelopathy) that can alter soil and chemical compositions of an environment, often reducing native species competitiveness.

Nitrogen oxides are removed from the air by rain and fertilise land which can change the species composition of ecosystems.

Smog and haze can reduce the amount of sunlight received by plants to carry out photosynthesis and leads to the production of tropospheric ozone which damages plants.

Soil can become infertile and unsuitable for plants. This will affect other organisms in the food web.

Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides can cause acid rain which lowers the pH value of soil.

Organic pollution of watercourses can deplete oxygen levels and reduce species diversity.

Environmental health information

The Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Program (TEHIP)[61] at the United States National Library of Medicine(NLM) maintains a comprehensive toxicology and environmental health web site that includes access to resources produced by TEHIP and by other government agencies and organizations. This web site includes links to databases, bibliographies, tutorials, and other scientific and consumer-oriented resources. TEHIP also is responsible for the Toxicology Data Network (TOXNET)[62] an integrated system of toxicology and environmental health databases that are available free of charge on the web.

TOXMAP is a Geographic Information System (GIS) that is part of TOXNET. TOXMAP uses maps of the United States to help users visually explore data from the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Toxics Release Inventory and Superfund Basic Research Programs.

Worker productivity

A number of studies show that pollution has an adverse effect on the productivity of both indoor and outdoor workers.[63][64][65]

Regulation and monitoring

Main article: Regulation and monitoring of pollution

To protect the environment from the adverse effects of pollution, many nations worldwide have enacted legislation to regulate various types of pollution as well as to mitigate the adverse effects of pollution.

Pollution control

A litter trap catches floating waste in the Yarra River, east-central Victoria, Australia

# data[].attributes.body
SETHU

# data[].attributes.body
Not only has that but also affected plants and living organisms, the health of the population and the economy. This study reviews the state of river water quality and sources of river water pollution in Malaysia. ... The number of the polluted river is declined over the period of time.<sethu>