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A reasonable belief that a person has committed or will commit a crime. this can also apply to a warrant in which the elief must be based on factual evidence, not suspicion, in order for a police officer to get a warrant.

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Grants citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States. It forbids any state from denying any persons life, liberty, or property, without due process. this also indicates the equal protection to to any citizen under the any law

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Ruled that there would be no excessive bails or fines as well as no cruel or unusual punishments.

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Civil cases must use federal law not sate or local laws as well case value most exceed $20 ( $20 dollars was much more in the past)

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Protects the people's right to a speedy and fair trial, where he or she is informed of the charges, the right to attorney, and the right to a fair impartial jury.

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Protects the people's rights
to due process, eminent domain, no double  jeopardy, and no self incrimination.

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Protects the people's from any unlawful searches and seizures.

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Protects the individual citizens the right to bear arms.

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Protects the people's right to freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom of assembly, freedom of the press, and freedom of petition

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A case in which the National Socialist Party of America indicated that swastikas and wearing Nazi uniforms was protected by the first amendment, Freedom of speech and freedom of Assembly in which the supreme court agreed..

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A case in which the supreme court ruled that passing of any states laws that establish a religious body is a direct violation of the constitution.

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Racial segregation, like in public schools, that accord by fact rather than by legal requirements

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A speech directed at the overthrow of the government

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libel is a written or published defamatory statement, while slander is defamation that is spoken by the defendant.

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A false speech that damages a persons good name, reputation, or character.

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A government Restriction of speech prior to publication.

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A test courts may use to determine the constitutionality of a statue or ordinance.

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Judicial Review and Tests Created by the Courts

Judicial review is where a court determines whether or not the government violated the Constitution. The process typically begins with a person challenging a law (or government activity) in court. The person challenging the law must have standing, meaning he must be a person affected by the law.

Over the years, Justices of the Supreme Court created a number of tests to determine whether the government violated the Constitution or not. Lower federal courts follow the Supreme Court and apply the same tests when they conduct judicial review.

Different Tests for Different Laws

Courts apply different tests depending on the law and the Constitutional provision involved.

Rational Basis, Intermediate Scrutiny, and Strict Scrutiny Tests

Three common tests that courts apply when they conduct judicial review are the rational basis, intermediate scrutiny, and strict scrutiny tests. Each test considers two factors: what is the purpose of the law and how closely is the law related to that purpose.

The rational basis test is the easiest test for the government. The person objecting to the law must prove that the law does not have a rational relationship to a legitimate government purpose.

Intermediate scrutiny applies a more difficult test for the government because the government must prove that the law serves an important purpose and there is a substantial relationship between the law and the purpose.

Strict scrutiny is the most difficult test because the government must prove that the law serves a compelling purpose and that the law is narrowly tailored or the least restrictive way to achieve that purpose.

Here is a video on the three tests:

When do Courts Apply the Rational Basis, Intermediate Scrutiny, and Strict Scrutiny Tests?

As a general rule courts apply these tests under the following circumstances:

Rational Basis: No fundamental rights are involved, nor is there any discrimination based on race or gender.

Intermediate scrutiny: Certain cases involving discrimination based on gender and in some cases where the government compels a party to make disclosures .

Strict Scrutiny: Cases involving certain fundamental rights such as free speech or discrimination based on race.

Federal courts frequently deal with challenges to government activity based on the First Amendment right to religious freedom. This section briefly discusses these cases and applicable tests.

The Establishment Clause

The " Establishment Clause " of the First Amendment prohibits the government from establishing a national religion. Some cases arising under the Establishment Clause have included:

Prayer in public schools;

Prayer at government meetings; and

Religious imagery on government property.

Tests for Violations of the Establishment Clause

One of the oldest and most common tests applied by the federal courts is the so-called Lemon Test, first applied in Lemon v. Kurzman.

The test asks three questions:

Does the law have a secular purpose?

Does the primary effect of the law neither advance nor inhibit religion?

Does the law excessively entangle the government with religion?

But not all Supreme Court justices support the Lemon Test and not all federal courts apply it.

Justices have proposed alternatives to the Lemon Test, including the so-called " endorsement" and " coercion " tests. To date there is no uniform test to determine whether a government law or activity violated the First Amendment.

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The Courts and Tests for Constitutionality

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Judicial review is where a court determines whether or not the government violated the Constitution. The process typically begins with a person challenging a law (or government activity) in court. The person challenging the law must have standing, meaning he must be a person affected by the law.

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Protects religious opinions, expressions of options, and practice under the federal and state government.

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A case in which Fred Korematsu refused to enter a Japanese-American relocation center during World War ll in which the supreme denied his claim. After 50 years, the government indicated that Korematsu was right and cleared his name

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A case in which the court ruled that it was unconstitutional to deny a convict of a fair trial and a lawyer which accord after a judge in Panama City, Florida decided to denied Clarance Earl Gibeon a lawyer after he indicated that he couldn't pay for one.

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A case in which the court ruled that separate but equal was constitutional, in which later with Brown v. Board, the court changed it decision and indicated that separate but equal was unconstitutional.

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An enslaved African American who sued for his freedom and that of his family but failed.

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A case in which the supreme court allowed women the access of a safe and legal abortion

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Protects both employees and job applications in violation of hiring because of race, sex, color, religion, or national origin.

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This Prohibits the government from making laws "respecting an establishment of religion." It also prohibits the government from any action that favors one religion over another.

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A system of laws that legalized racial segregation towards African American.

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A policy favoring those tend to suffer from discrimination in cases like employment or education.

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A test in which that determined qualification of a voter based on his/her ability to read and write or the ability to read and understand any section of the state and federal constitution.

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A case in which the supreme court ruled that segregation in school was considered unconstitutional after Oliver Brown was denied access to Topeka's white Schools

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Indicated that freedom of speech could also included as symbolic or an action. Writing down someones own ideas or beliefs or showing how they feel or belief in a subject can also be considered freedom of speech

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This applied the Bill of Rights to every State instead of it just being indicated to the federal government

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Case in which the supreme court ruled that evidence obtained in violation of the fourth amendment is inadmissible in sate courts. This happened after Dollree Mapps' house was forcefully searched without a warrant.

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Indicates that states must treat individuals with the same manner as others in the same conditions and circumstances

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A case in which persons were in custody and were questioned by police officers without ever being
warned about their rights when being interrogated. This enforced the Miranda law .

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A case in which the Supreme Court ruled that it is unconstitutional to for state officials to compose an official school prayer because it went against the first constitution, freedom of religion.

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A legal separation of groups in society ( according to the law). Separation between racial groups.

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specifies that the government is prohibited from
denying a person of their right of liberty or property without due process. This means that federal and state government has to have fair standards to secure that the people's right are not violated.

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A form of expression in which behavior is used by itself or in coordination with written or spoken words to convey an idea or message.

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Case in which a California white man named Allen Bakke,  was being "reversed discriminated" by the medical School at the University of California. The supreme court ruled that affirmative action was constitutional but revoked the use of racial quotas

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Indicated that it was unconstitutional to trial someone of the same crime twice.

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A characteristic used in applying a law, which a court will review subject to a strict scrutiny standard. A classification is called the suspect because it is likely to be based on illegal discrimination. The clearest example of suspect classification is race

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Prevents the government from using most evidence gathered in violation of the United Sates Constitution.