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-steep decline because europe was gaining a lot of their land
-liberals tried to reserve the ottoman empire
-effects on governmental systems, trade, and military
overall FAIL

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consequences of the taiping rebellion were leadership conflicts, the civil war, no issues resolved, and still a weak economy
consequences of the boxer rebellion was a weak society overall

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-fall of alliance between nationalists and communists
-caused the civil war
-communists win and China becomes a communism based country (still have a semi weak society)

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-caused by wars, week economy, weak defense, not much foreign trade, and not much public transportation
-leaders and class system were corrupt
-there was a COUP
-peasants ignores traditions which is what started the worshiping of an emperor
-MASSIVE MODERNIZATION

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causes were no respect for creoles, no free trade, spain was weak, and the latin amercians were forced to take action
outcomes were gaining independence

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ONLY SUCCESSFUL SLAVE REVOLT EVER!!!!!!
-france vs british and spanish
causes were slave labor, and a desire for freedom
effects were slavery was gone, haiti becomes own country, but the economy weakens

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France was in debt from  the american revolutionthe commoners were angry that the elite got more of a say in the country and paid less taxes than they did
-Commoners broke off into the national assembly and changed the rules (originally had the general assembly with everyone together)
--Eventually changed the overall social and political structure

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two main wars and two sides in civil war (communism vs monarchy)
-one in February
-one in October
a peace treaty was signed to end the wars
-women and men received equal rights
COMMUNISM IS WHAT WINS IN RUSSIA

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*when the colonies fought for freedom from British government
-the sugar act (taxed foreign goods,what they could receive, own, and sell), currency act (tax on all money), stamp act (taxed all printed items), and declaratory act (colonies boycotted british goods) made the colonies upset
-taxation was a huge issue because colonies had no say in what they were being taxed on
-boston massacre and boston tea party were two major events
-lexington and concord were the major battles
-treaty of paris ended some conflicts

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four waves
-first was fighting for political rights and voting rights
-second was fighting for civil rights
-third was fighting for gender equality rights
-fourth is happening rihgt now with the #metoo movement and pink tax

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overall cultural renewal (human thought and art based)
spread over long periods of time
many average people weren't aware that it was going on

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religious minority in France (catholics killed them)
30 years war refers to the struggle betweeen religions (15-30% of germans died)

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William Harvey - heart and blood

Adam Smith - capitalism (supply and demand)

Nicolaus Copernicus - sun is at the center of the universe (helio centric solar system model)
*****he started the scientific revolution and this discovery is HUGE to science

Andreas Vesalius - human anatomy

Francis Bacon - scientific method

Isaac Newton - gravitation, calculus, laws of motion (universe is controlled by science and evolution, not supernatural sources)

John Locke - wrote "the essay", influence to USA constitution (freedom of speech, etc)

Immanuel Kant - intelligence, understanding of your own thoughts, intelligence can get you far in life (not wealth and power)

Rene Descartes - mathematics, geometry, principles of philosophy, used reason to create these ideas

Johannes Kepler - three laws of planetary motion (planets have oval orbits, speed of an orbit is how far away they are from the sun, planets far away from sun were slower)

Galileo Galilei - astronomy and physics, telescope

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Enlightenment

Making people more aware of Christianity and science

Rebirth of ideas and ways of thinking

Used logic and reason to gain knowledge

Geared towards political thought (philosophical more than science)

Locke, Kant, and Smith are enlightenment thinkers (had a view on human roles on the world)

Conversations were with the elite people

Scientific revolution

New people changed mindsets of people and views of how the universe works (catholic church believed that these people were challenging them)

Copernicus sparked this revolution

Helio centric model of solar system

Took place in Europe and it is based on Muslim scholars

Not purposefully dissing the church (stating facts-very pro religion)

Reformation

Protestant and catholic churches split

Martin Luther sparked this with the 95 theses (stapled them to church doors)

1517

Martin Luther created the Protestants

FAITH ALONE

Only needed the bible (in readable language)

Simplicity in new church

Counter reformation

Catholics realized their values and practices were not as good as other religions, so they re-evaluated their morals and changed their religion around

Church fixes issues A LOT OF ISSUES (corruption, wants to make them whole again)

Martin Luther was never right in the catholic churches eyes

Jesuits

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catholic churches were very decorated and elaborate

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catholics work to create better morals for the good of the people
JESUITS WERE A VERY IMPORTANT GROUP that helped spread the new ideas of the catholic church through missionaries
-spanish america and Philippines were accepting because they believed that God was telling them to believe (deaths were killing people and they saw it as a call from God)

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-catholic religion was very strict (indulgences)
-Martin Luther hated the morals of the catholic church (FAITH ALONE)
**he created the 95 theses and nailed them to the church doors
****he also put the bible into a readable language due to the printing press
THE SPLIT WAS SPIRITUAL AND POLITICAL

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Chapter 15 - Cultural and Religious Transformations (1450-1750)

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Chapter 15 - Cultural and Religious Transformations (1450-1750)

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belief that there is a set amount of wealth in the world and you must get as much as possible before others do (you need to be the wealthiest)
**forces people to move around to find money (find source of raw materials and sell finished products)

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RAW  materials are from the environment that can be made into something new  (ex: cotton)
FINISHED materials are the items made from the raw product (ex: cotton t-shirt)
the materials are the same

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crops made way to Africa and helped supplement their diets
-potatoes made the population go up
slave trade causes population decrease because people are taken out of their countries
-in slavery: men were wanted for physical, women were wanted for sexual
-more men were taken out than women, so women take the forgotten leader roles
***African Diaspora is when africans spread around the world UNWILLINGLY
-they suffered the entire time from harsh conditions (some committed suicide to avoid it)
african kingdoms gain wealth from slave trade (they start wars to keep selling slaves for battle)
-weapons are demanded from europe (brings wealth)
-disease spread very rapidly on ships due to the close quarters

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countries involved were France, Britain, Netherlands, and Russia (native people get good items in return for helping people because they know the region very well)
EFFECTS were  that it protected Native people from enslavement and displacement
-there was lots of competition, dependence on europeans, and WARFARE
-major items traded were fur, guns, metal pots/pans, firearms, whiskey, and bourbon
-russia used fur as payment (forced people to expand and find more fur, and there was a punishment if they didn't pay the tax)
-this was simultaneously happened with the columbian exchange

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VERY BAD
mercury poisoning
-parents held funerals before children left to go work in them
HELL LIKE CONDITIONS
produced silver

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China had a MAJOR advantage
-they will only take silver and gold as tax and other charges
THEREFORE ALL SILVER ENDS UP IN CHINA
they originally become wealthy from silver, but then they use it to build the Great wall

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-Dutch and British overtook portuguese in Indian Ocean commerce and set up a colonial rule in parallel areas which often allowed violence to make the native population comply
-dutch had a large monopoly on the spice islands (only country that ran the spice islands so they moved up the prices and made a lot more money) so the english found commerce elsewhere
-english found commerce and trade in INDIA (take over and colonize) with secured approval of Mughal authorities

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-established the islands of the Philippines
-they set up their colonial rule in the Philippines over other areas because they were closer to China and the spice islands, these places had small and weak military societies, and there was a lack of competing powers
-they were determined to bring Catholicism to the islands which resulted in turmoil between Spanish and Chinese people
-therefore, over 20,000 are killed because of a resist of control due to these fights (occurred in 1603)

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-created the traded post empire which controlled commerce and trade by force
-tried to control the spice trade but weren't able to control more than half
-instead of selling european goods, they sold asian goods and their shipping services to people of India and Asia (would first gain control,  then get goods from Asia and move up prices to make more money)
-by 1600, the portuguese trading post empire was in steep decline meaning england, spain, and the netherlands would soon gain popularity

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Chapter 14 - Commerce and Trade (1450-1750)

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Chapter 14 - Commerce and Trade (1450-1750)

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important picture about colombian exchange 

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important picture about colombian exchange 

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-large, authoritative leaders and government
-picked up tactics for surrounding countries
-HUGE LAND and areas for growth
-Peter the Great was a leader and king who helped russia by taking over parts of Sweden and Norway to create St. Petersburg, changed the capital, made a navy and army, caught russia up with Europe
FUR was very popular in Russia and was a major TRADE item for them

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biologically singular/monoculture - world shares resources and items, some of which were never meant to be in other civilizations (this created a worldy connection with plants,  people, and animals)
the environment can NEVER go back

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old world is europe
new world is the americas

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europe to america
-smallpox which killed 90% of natives including authority, and that caused internal fights which allowed it to be easier for america to take over
america to europe
-syphilis which caused discomfort to Europeans
both countries brought over diseases that the other countries weren't immune to, so it caused death (GREAT DYING)

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europe to america
-horses, sheep, ox, cows, and pigs (pigs were good because they reproduced fast, were food, and would eat almost anything)
america to europe
-llama (no help for labor)
europe provided animals that helped with labor and america did not
DISEASE

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america to europe
-corn, beans, potatoes, peanuts, tobacco, chocolate (good products)
-better food for europe caused better diets which allowed longer lives, more children, and an overall population INCREASE (world pop. doubles)
europe to america
-sugar and fruits
-didn't help or improve diets
europe demanded sugar because of its many uses
-from Mediterranean
-lots of slaves to produce sugar (80% worked in harsh conditions and many died)
beginning of slave trade

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-europeans (BRITISH) went to the Americas (Columbus lead)

Caribbean people were gone for 50 years after Columbus and other people arrived

-natives we needed in the Americas for labor and food productions (many were dying from disease)

started getting slaves

african slave trade was started and spread world-wide
-women in many cultures were abused, taken advantage of, and sold for gain
-racial blending was prominent in North and South America (south was a LOT more blended than North)

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Columbian Exchange (involves these four major groups--food, people, animals, disease) 

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Columbian Exchange (involves these four major groups--food, people, animals, disease) 

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-largest empire (10 million people)
-Andes Mountains
-emperor ran government
-had some similarities to Aztecs

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-largest and most impressive maritime expeditions
-large amount of crew members (bigger than Columbus)
-Zheng He helped establish power for China in the Indian Ocean
-superior to other societies in this time

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-Igbo was an african tribe and was matriarchal
-Iroquois was from new york and had split roles for men and women

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-moved a lot in search for food and safe living spaces

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-mesoamercia (5-6 million people)
-huge on sacrifice
-can be seen as good or bad
-intelligent (calander system)

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Chapter 12 - The Worlds of the 15th Century (1345-1526)

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Chapter 12 - The Worlds of the 15th Century (1345-1526)

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Chapter 13 - Political Transformations (1450-1750)

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Chapter 13 - Political Transformations (1450-1750)