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Scientist(s): Gottfried Von Leibniz and Emilie du Châtelet.

Nationality: Gottfried Von Leibniz is German and Emilie du Châtelet is French.

Concept: The Energy of an object is a function of the square of its speed.

Experiment: Emilie du Châtelet had analyzed experiments were brass balls dropped into clay. They measured their impacts and that shows that an object's energy is a function of its velocity squared. Du Châtelet explained  Leibniz’s original ideas about velocity.

Challenges Faced: Scientists did not agree with leibniz’s ideas and Emilie du Châtelet died during childbirth at the age of 43.

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Scientist(s): Antoine-Laurent  Lavoisier and Marie Anne Lavoisier

Nationality: French

Concept: Matter is always maintained in a chemical reaction no matter how its transformed.

Experiment: Lavoisier changed lots of substances. He also carefully measured all the of the outcomes of the reactions to show that matter in conserved.

Challenges Faced: The French revolution was a challenge and another was Antoine- Laurent Lavoisier ws caught and executed by the guillotine.

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Scientist(s): Michael Faraday

Nationality: English

Concept: There are invisible lines of force flowing around electricity and magnets. Also, electricity and magnetism are linked.

Experiment: Michael Faraday had placed a magnet next to a copper wire which was suspended in mercury and that causes an electric current to go through the wire. When it did, the wire spun around in a circle around the magnet. This demonstrated  the interaction of lines of electric and magnetic force.

Challenges Faced: Faraday was accused of plagiarism by Sir Humphry Davy.

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Scientist(s): Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell

Nationality: Faraday is English. Maxwell is Scottish.

Concept: Electromagnetism can be described mathematically. Maxwell’s equations had supported Faraday’s claim that light was one form of electromagnetism.

Experiment: Maxwell’s ideas were theoretical.

Challenges Faced: Many scientists didn't agree with Faraday's claim that light was an electromagnetic wave.

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Scientist(s): Albert Einstein

Nationality:  German, American and Swiss

Concept: Mass and Energy are the same and they can be converted to one another using the speed of light squared.

Experiment: Albert Einstein's ideas were theoretical.

Challenges faced: In the beginning no one had a response to Einstein’s idea but he answered letter patiently for four years. His genius was then recognized when his work had gained the endorsement of German physicist Max Planck.

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Scientist(s): Fritz Strassman, Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Otto Robert Frisch

Nationality: Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman are both German. Lise Meitner and Otto Robert Frisch are both Austrian.

Concept: The confirmation of E=mc2

Experiment: Both Hahn and Strassmann had bombarded uranium with neutrons and discovered barium as there resulting product. Meitner and Frisch both realize that the result shows that Hahn and Strassmann had split the uranium nucleus.

Challenges faced: Meitner was Jewish, and because of that she was forced to flee germany and they compelled to collaborate by mail with Hahn and Strassmann. Hahn also never acknowledged Meitner’s work.