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Alcohol (ethanol or ethyl alcohol) is the ingredient found in beer, wine and spirits that causes drunkenness. Alcohol is formed when yeast ferments (breaks down without oxygen) the sugars in different food. ... Find out about energy (kilojoules/Calories) in alcoholic drinks.

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Alcohols are organic molecules assembled from carbon (C), oxygen (O), and hydrogen (H) atoms. When 2 carbons are present, the alcohol is called ethanol (also known as ethyl alcohol). ... The molecular formula of ethanol is C2H6O, indicating that ethanol contains two carbons and an oxygen.

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Each gram of alcohol has an average energy value of 29.3kJ (or 7 calories). This is more energy per gram than protein (16.7kJ/g) or carbohydrate (16.7kJ/g) but less than fat (37.7kJ/g) (National Health and Medical Research Council & Ministry of Health, 2016).

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To reduce the risk of harm from alcohol-related disease or injury, healthy men and women should drink no more than 10 standard drinks a week and no more than 4 standard drinks on any one day. The less you drink, the lower your risk of harm from alcohol.

Standard drink

Light beer (2.7% alc/vol) 425 mL

Mid strength beer (3.5% alc/vol) 375 mL

Full strength beer (4.9% alc/vol) 285 mL

Regular cider (4.9% alc/vol) 285 mL

Sparkling wine (13% alc/vol) 100 mL

Wine (13% alc/vol) 100 mL

Fortified wine e.g. sherry, port (20% alc/vol) 60 mL

Spirits e.g. vodka, gin, rum, whiskey (40% alc/vol) 30 mL

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Too much alcohol can affect your health

1. brain damage: loss of memory, hallucinations fits dementia
2. risk of chest infection
3. swollen liver, hepatitis, cirrhosis
4. tingling nerves, numbness, trembling hands
5. risk of STI and HIV/AIDS
6. poor control of diabetes
7. loss of muscle
8. enlarged heart, high blood pressure,  irregular pulse
9. ulcers, gastritis, vomiting blood
10. pancreatitis
11.impotence in men, infertility in women

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Guideline 1
The lifetime risk of harm from drinking alcohol increases with the amount consumed. For healthy men and women, drinking no more than 2 standard drinks on any day reduces the lifetime risk of harm from alcohol-related disease or injury.

Guideline 2:
On a single occasion of drinking ,the risk of alcohol-related injury increases with the amount consumed. For healthy men and women, drinking no more than 4 standard drinks on a single occasion reduces the risk of alcohol related injury arising from that occasion

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Guideline 3:
For children and  young people under 18 years of age, no drinking alcohol is the safest option. Parents and carers should be advised that children under 15 years of age at the greatest risk of harm from drinking and that for this age group, not drinking alcohol is especially important. For young people aged 15 to 17 years, the safest option is to delay the initiation  of drinking for as long as possible.

Guideline 4:
Maternal alcohol consumption can harm the developing foetus or breastfeeding baby. For women who are pregnant or planning a pregnancy or breastfeeding, not drinking is the safest option.

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Alcohol affects men and women differently. ...

Alcohol can lower blood sugar levels. ...

Moderate alcohol consumption could help protect against heart disease. ...

Many factors influence how people react to alcohol. ...

Drinking does not actually warm you up.

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Alcohol interferes with the brain's communication pathways, and can affect the way the brain looks and works. These disruptions can change mood and behavior, and make it harder to think clearly and move with coordination.

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Overconsumption of alcohol

lead to foetal alcohol spectrum disorder
. FAS
. partial FAS (pFAS)
. Alcohol related neuro developmental disorder (ARND)
.Alcohol related birth defects (ARBD)