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- Tariffs
- Quota: hạng ngạch thương mại
- Export restraint agreements
- "Buy national" legislation
-> notebook for details

#Economic community
- A set of countries that agrees to markedly reduce or eliminate trade barriers among member nations (a formalized market system)
EX: EU, NAFTA: notebook for details

#The role of the GATT and WTO
- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
Notebook for details
- World Trade Organization
Notebook for details

Three basis goals:
+ To promote trade flows by encouraging nations to adopt nondiscriminatory and predictable trade policies
+ To reduce maining trade barriers through multilateral negotiations
+ To establish impartial procedures for resolving trade disputes among its members

#Organizational culture
-> notebook for details

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THE INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF MANAGEMENT

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THE INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF MANAGEMENT

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The stage for today's international business environment was set at the end of WW2
- Business war-torn countries such as Germany and Japan had to rebuild from scratch
+ Although these countries took many years to recover, they eventually did so, and their economic systems were subsequently poised for growth

Levels of IB activity
- Exporting and Importing
ADV: Small cash outlay, Little risk, No adaptation necessary
DISAD: Tariffs and Taxes, High transportation costs, Government restrictions

- Licensing: an arrangement where by one company allows another company to use its brand name, trademark for a royalty based on scales.
ADV: Increased profitability; Extended profitability
DISAD: Inflexibility; Competition

- Strategic alliance: a cooperative arrangement between 2 or more firms for mutual gain
- Joint venture: a special type of strategic alliance in which the partners share in the ownership of an operation on an equity basic
ADV: Quick market entry, Access to materials and technology, Shared ownership (limits control and profits)

- Direct investment: when a firm builds or purchases operating facilities or subsidiaries in a different countries from the one where it has its heartquaters a limit on a number of value of goods that can be traded.
AVD: Enhanced control, Existing infrastructure
DISAD: Complexity, Greater economic and political risk, Greater uncertainty

The context of IB
- The culture environment
+ Culture: The values, symbols, beliefs, language that guide behavior; Difficulties can arise when there is little overlap between a manager's from culture and the culture in which business is to be conducted.

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- Begins with top management
+ Establishes the organization's culture and defines what will and will not be acceptable behavior
- Includes:
+ Training employees in how to cope with ethical dilemmas of the values and ethical standards that guide a firm's action

#Emerging ethical issues
- Ethical leadership
+ The basic premise behind ethical leadership is that because leaders serve are role models for others, their every action is subject to scrutiny.
+ Sarbanes-Oxley act of 2002: (notebook for details)
- Corporate governance: (notebook for details)
- Ethics and information technology:
+ Individual rights to privacy: privacy policy; review and correction of information that has been collected.

#Social responsibility in organizations
- Social responsibility: (notebook and read a book for details)
- Formal organizational dimensions: legal compliance; ethical compliance; philanthropic giving (notebook for details of each)
- Informal organizational dimensions: organization, leadership and culture, whistle-blowing

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THE ETHICAL AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT OF MANAGEMENT

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THE ETHICAL AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT OF MANAGEMENT

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#Individual ethics in organization
- Ethics: an individual's personal beliefs about whether a behavior, action, decision is right or wrong
- Ethical behavior: behavior that conforms to generally accepted social norms
- Unethical behavior: behavior that does not conform to generally accepted social norms
- Managerial ethics: standards of behavior that guide individual managers in their work.

#Important areas of managerial ethics
- The treatment of employees by the organization
+ Hiring and firing
+ Wages and working conditions
+ Employee privacy and respect
- The treatment of the organization by the employees
+ Conflict of interest: Occurs when an employee's decision potentially benefits the individual to the possible detriment of the organization.
+ Secrecy and confidentially
+ Honesty

- The relationship between the firm and its employees with other economic agents.
+ Advertising and promotions
+ Financial disclosures
+ Ordering and purchasing
+ Shipping and solicitation
+ Bargaining and negotiation
+ Other business relationships

- Financial reporting by various e-commerce firms.

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*External environment
- Everything outside an organization's boundaries that might affect it.
- Include the:
+ General: the set of broad dimensions and forces in an organizations surroundings that determine its overall context.
+ Task: specific organizations or group that affect the organization

*Internal environment
- The conditions and forces within an organization

#General environment
- Economic dimension: the overall health and vitality of the economic system in which the organization operates.
- Technology dimension: the methods available for converting resources into products or services
- The political-legal dimension: the government regulation of business and the relationship between business and government

#Task environment
- Competitors: an organization that competes with other organization for resources.
- Customers: whoever pays money to acquire an organization's produce or services.
- Supplier: an organization that provides resources for other organizations
- Regulators: a body that has the potential to control, legislate, otherwise influence the organization's policies and practices
+ Regulatory agencies: an agency create by the government to regulate business activities
+ Interest group: a group organized by its members to attempt to influence organizations
- Strategic partners ( strategic ally): an organization working together with one or more other organizations in a joint venture or similar arrangement

#Internal environment
- Owner: whoever can claim property rights to an organization
- Board of directors: Governing body that is elected by a corporation's stockholders and charged with overseeing the general management of the firm to ensure that it is being run in a way that best serves the stockholders' interests.
- Employees
- Physical work environment: Consist of the organization's actual physical environment and the work that people do.