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Many types of bacteria (live cultures) are found in the lining of the intestinal tract. In the large intestine these bacteria enable the absorption of specific minerals and vitamins, and help the body utilize these nutrients. E. Coli is an example of bacteria living in the gut. E. coli helps synthesis vitamins B and K, which are important nutrients for the body to have.

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Prosecretin is an inactive hormone that the small intestine produces. When acids come into contact with prosecretin, it becomes activated, turning into secretin. For example, when the chyme, pepsin, and hydrochloric acid enter the small intestine from the stomach, prosecretin is converted into secretin. Secretin travels to the pancreas through the blood stream, where it stimulates the release of bicarbonate ions. The bicarbonate ions travel to the small intestine, where they neutralize the acidity of the chyme, ensuring that the small intestine has a high pH.

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CCK is secreted by the small intestine in response to the detection of fats. CCK travels through the blood stream to the gallbladder, where it triggers the release of bile. Bile contains bile salts, which break down the fat.

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Bile is a fluid produced in the liver, and it contains bile salts. Bile salts break down large globules of fat in the small intestine. This is an example of physical digestion in the small intestine, not chemical digestion.

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Maltase, an enzyme secreted in the small intestine, carries on from where pancreatic amylase left off. Maltase turns the maltose into glucose, which can be taken to cells through capillaries along the small intestine, and used and immediate energy.

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Pancreatic amylase is slightly different than the amylase released by the salivary glands in the mouth, but it has the same function. Pancreatic amylase continues breaking down carbohydrates, turning them into disaccharides (maltose to be specific).

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While trypsin and erepsin break down proteins, lipase's job is to break down lipids, or fats. Lipase is also released by the pancreas, and works on lipids in the small intestine. There are two types of lipase, pancreatic lipase and phosolipase.

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Erepsin is another enzyme released by the pancreases. Erepsin completes the chemical digestion of proteins by breaking the remaining bonds of polypeptide chains into individual amino acids.

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Trypsinogen is the inactive form of trypsin, and it is secreted by the pancreases. Trypsinogen travels from the pancreases to the duodenum, where enterokinase converts trypsinogen into trypsin. The trypsin then proceeds to break down the polypeptides already initially digested by the amylase into shorter chains.

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The liver is a larger organ found underneath the diaphragm, which produces bile. The liver can be divided into four lobes, and it is full of blood vessels, since it helps filter toxins from the blood. When the body does not need immediate energy, the liver converts glucose into glycogen, which is a form of energy/sugar which the body can store.

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The gallbladder is a small accessory organ that is attached to the underside of the liver. The gallbladder stores bile secreted by the pancreas when it is not being used to break down fats. When stimulated by CCK, the gallbladder released the bile back into the small intestine. The bile travels from the gallbladder to the small intestine through the bile duct, which, when blocked by gall-stones, can cause a great deal of pain.

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The pancreases is a small organ located behind the stomach. The pancreases secrets important enzymes that break down proteins, fats, and lipids in the small intestine. The pancreases secretes:
Trypsinogen
Erepsin
Lipase
Pancreatic Amylase
The pancreas also produces insulin, which regulates blood sugar.                                                                                                                                                                                                          ************FATS***********                                                                                                               ************************************************Carbohydrates***********************************************

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The ileum is the final section of the small intestine. The ileum is is specialized in absorbing vitamin B12 and bile acids. The ileum connects to the large intestine.

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The jejunum is the second section of the small intestine. All of the small intestine is lined with villi, which increase surface area. Villi are finger-like projections off the intestinal walls, and each villi is covered in microvilli, increasing the surface area even more. The villi and microvilli absorb nutrients from the chyme, and blood capillaries and lymph vessels carry the nutrients to cells or other organs.

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The duodenum is the fist segment (approximately the first 30 cm in an adult human) of the small intestine. Most of the chemical digestion occurs here. The duodenum, along with containing a large number of enzymes and hormones, also secretes mucous to help lubricate the chyme.

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The stomach secretes gastric juices which break down the food until it is a soupy liquid with nutrients easily accessible.
The three components of gastric acid secreted in the stomach are mucus, pepsin, and hydrochloric acid. Gastric acid secretion is stimulated by the hormone gastrne. This hormone stimulates more production of gastric acids to aid in digestion.

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The colon is the largest and longest part of the large intestine. The colon stores waste material before it is expelled from the body. The colon contains smooth muscles which, when stimulated, move the waste materials along the large intestine through peristalsis motions. In the colon water is reabsorbed into the body, and minerals, vitamins, and salts are also absorbed.

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The rectum is where waste is stored after it has the remaining fluid and vitamins absorbed. Fibre is an important part of a human's diet, and why it is important becomes apparent in the large intestine. Cellulose, the main component of plant cell walls, is unable to be digested in the human body, but it provides bulk. Once food reaches the rectum, it no longer has many absorbable nutrients left, and is known as feces. Fibre helps the feces (with contained toxins) to move through the large intestine faster, and be expelled quicker and in more comfortable manner.

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The anus is the final part of the large intestine. It is a muscular sphincter that, when relaxed, allows waste to pass from the body.

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The large intestine is much shorter than the small intestine, but a great deal thicker. The large intestine secretes mucous, which helps the food move along the digestive tract. All the chemical digestion has happened at this point. The main function of the large intestine is to absorb final vitamins (like K and D), and excess fluid.

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Colon

Rectum
Anus

Bacteria

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The small intestine is where the majority of nutrients are absorbed. A great deal of chemical digestion also takes place here, due to the many types of enzymes breaking down the nutrients. The small intestine is about 6 meters long, but very narrow, 2.5 cm around. The small intestine has a basic environment, with a pH of 8-9. The small intestine consist of three segments: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum.

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Duodenum

Jejunum

Ileum

Pancreas

Galbladder

Liver

Bile

Trypsin

Erepsin

Amylase

Lipase

Secretin

CCK

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Hydrochloric Acid is secreted from cells lining the stomach, and it is a strong acid. Hydrochloric acid kills harmful bacteria, germs, and other substances that enter the body along with the food. Besides providing protection for the body against invaders, hydrochloric acid also activates pepsinogen, turning it into pepsin.

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Two sphincters control the openings to the stomach. A sphincter is a ring of muscles that can relax and contract to enable flow of liquids or solids in and out. The top sphincter of the stomach is called the esophageal sphincter, since it connects the esophagus with the stomach. The bottom sphincter is called the pyloric sphincter, and it connects the stomach with the small intestine (duodenum to be specific).

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Pepsinogen is a inactive enzyme secreted in the stomach' lining. When pepsinogen interacts with hydrochloric acid it become pepsin, the active form. Pepsin is a enzyme specialized in breaking down proteins, being an important factor in chemical digestion. Proteins are made out of long chains of amino acids. Pepsin breaks these chains down into polypeptides.

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The stomach is an important organ located on the left side of the body. The stomach is where the bolus (a ball of food) is turned into chyme, and where some of the chemical digestion occurs. A mucous lining in the stomach protects the cells and muscles of the stomach wall from being burned by the extremely acidic environment in the stomach. The stomach has a pH between 1.5 and 2.5, very acidic.

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Sphincters
Gastric Acids
Pepsin
Hydrochloric Acid

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The esophagus is the long tube that connects the mouth with the stomach. The epiglottis, a small flap at the beginning of the esophagus, covers the trachea so that the bolus does not get into the lungs.

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Peristalsis is the involuntary movement of smooth muscles along the esophagus. These smooth muscles work in a coordinated, wavelike manner to move the bolus (the ball of food) from the mouth to the stomach. Peristalsis is also how materials are moved through the rest of the digestive system, including the small and large intestine.

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The pharynx is the section at the back of the throat leading to the esophagus. It is a small, muscular tube, and the bolus must go through the pharynx before entering the esophagus.

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Pharynx
Peristalsis

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A human adult has about 32 teeth. In digestion, teeth carry out the initial mechanical digestion. The incisors cut the food, canine teeth are for tearing, and molars are used for grinding and crushing food. The enamel that covers the teeth is the hardest substance in the body!

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Amylase is a enzyme produced in the salivary glands, and it works best in the neutral environment (7 pH) of the mouth. Amylase starts breaking down starches, (complex carbohydrates), into simple carbohydrates through hydrolysis (using water to break bonds).

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Salivary glands are found in the inside of the mouth, and they secrete saliva, which is a watery fluid that helps soften food for swallowing. It also beings the initial chemical reactions of digestion, with the help of amylase enzyme. Saliva consist of water, mucous, and amylase.

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The mouth is where food first enters the body and the digestive system. In the mouth digestion begins, with both mechanical and chemical digestion. Due to the saliva in the mouth, the pH is 7, which is neutral. The mouth contains teeth, salivary glands, the tongue, and taste buds.

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Salivary Glands

Amylase

Teeth

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1. Mouth

salivary glands

Amylase enzym

Teeth

2. Esophagus

pharynx

Peristalsis

3. Stomach

Sphincters

Gastric Acids

Pepsin

Hydrochloric Acid

4. Small Intestine

Duodenum

Jejunum

Ileum

Pancreas

Galbladder

Liver

Bile

Trypsin

Erepsin

Amylase

Lipase

Secretin

CCK

5. Large intestine

Colon

Rectum

Anus

Bacteria

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Elisabeth Bauman. November 5, 2016