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A.  Grammar and sentence structure.  In the following exercise, use only the first paragraph of the text, i.e.,  from ‘The political partition’ (p. 1, l. 1) to ‘on its route…’ (p. 2, l. 10).

1. Rewrite the first paragraph so that verbs that are active become passive.  For example, ‘X causes Y’ becomes ‘Y was caused by X’.

One of the great human convulsions of history was caused by the political partition of India. Never before or since have so many people exchanged their homes and countries so quickly. In the space of a few months about twelve million people moved between the new, truncated India and the two wings, East and West, of the newly created Pakistan. By far the largest proportion of these refugees more than ten million of them crossed the western border which divided the historic state of Punjab, Muslims travelling west to Pakistan, Hindus and Sikhs east to India. Their movement was sometimes prompted and sometimes accompanied by slaughter; many others died from malnutrition and contagious disease. Estimates of the number of dead vary from 200,000 (the contemporary British figure) to two million (a later Indian speculation), but that somewhere around a million people died is now widely accepted. As always there was sexual savagery: about 75,000 women are thought to have been abducted and raped by men of religions different from their own. Thousands of families were divided, homes were destroyed, crops left to rot, villages abandoned. Astonishingly, the new governments of India and Pakistan were unprepared for this convulsion. They had not anticipated that the fear and uncertainty created by the drawing of borders based on headcounts of religious identity -so many Hindus and Sikhs versus so many Muslims would force people to flee to what they considered safer places, where they would be surrounded by their own kind. People travelled in buses, cars and trains, but mostly on foot in great columns, called kafilas, which could stretch for dozens of miles. The longest of them, said to comprise 800,000 refugees travelling east to India from western Punjab, took eight days to pass any given spot on its route.

Comment on the impact that this has on the text.

2. Remove all the adjectives from the text and rewrite it.

The partition of India caused one of the human convulsions of history. Never before or since have so people exchanged their homes and countries so quickly. In the space of a months about twelve million people moved between the India and the two wings, East and West, of the newly created Pakistan. By far the proportion of these refugees - more than ten million of them - crossed the border which divided the state of Punjab, Muslims travelling west to Pakistan, Hindus and Sikhs east to India. Slaughter sometimes prompted and sometimes accompanied their movement; others died from malnutrition and disease. Estimates of the number of dead vary from 200,000 (the British figure) to two million (a speculation), but that somewhere around a million people died is now widely accepted. As always, there were savagery: about 75,000 women are thought to have been abducted and raped by men of religions from their own. Thousands of families were divided, homes were destroyed, crops left to rot, villages abandoned. Astonishingly, the new governments of India and Pakistan were for this convulsion. They had not anticipated that the fear and uncertainty created by the drawing of borders based on headcounts of identity - so Hindus and Sikhs versus so Muslims - would force people to flee to what they considered places, where they would be surrounded by their own kind. People travelled in buses, cars and trains, but mostly on foot in columns, called kfilas, which could stretch for dozens of miles. The of them, said to comprise 800,000 refugees travelling east to India from Punjab, took eight days to pass any given spot in its route.

Comment on the impact that this has on the text.

The text now makes no sense because a lot of the major words disappear.

3. Rewrite the text from the past tense to the present.

The political partition of India causes one of the great human convulsions of history. Never before have so many people exchanged their homes and countries so quickly. In the space of a few months, about twelve million people are moving between the new, truncated India and the two wings, East and West, of the newly created Pakistan. By far the largest proportion of these refugees - more than ten million of them - cross the western border which divide the historic state of Punjab, Muslims are travelling west to Pakistan, Hindus and Sikhs east to India. Slaughter sometimes prompts and sometimes accompanies their movement; many others die from malnutrition og contagious disease. Estimates of the number of dead vary from 200.000 (the contemporary British figure) to two million (a later Indian speculation), but that somewhere around a million people die is now widely accepted. As always, there is sexual savagery, about 75.000 women are thought to be abducted and raped by men of religions different from their own. Thousands of families are divided, homes are destroyed, crops are left to rot, villages are abandoned. Astonishingly, the new governments of India and Pakistan are unprepared for this convulsion.  They have not anticipated that the fear and uncertainty created by the drawing of borders based on headcounts of religious identity - so many Hindus and Sikhs versus so many Muslims - will force people to flee to what they consider ‘safer’ places, where they will be surrounded by their own kind. People travel in buses, cars and trains, but mostly on foot in great columns, called kafilas, which can stretch for dozens of miles. The longest of them, is said to comprise 800.000 refugees travelling east to india from western Punjab, takes eight days to pass any given spot on its route....

Comment on the impact that this has on the text.

It gets more scary, because it is something that is happening right now eller noget

4. Remove all the adverbs from the text.  Comment on the impact that this has on the text.

5. Swap all the adjectives for their antonyms (great / tiny; lovely / hateful).  Comment on the impact that this has on the text.

The political partition of India caused one of the tiniest human convulsions of history. Never before or since have so few people exchanged their homes and countries so quickly. In the space of a few months about twelve million people moved between the new, truncated India and the two wings, East and West, of the newly created Pakistan. By far the smallest proportion of these refugees more than ten million of them crossed the eastern border which divided the new  state of Punjab, Muslims travelling west to Pakistan, Hindus and Sikhs east to India. Slaughter sometimes prompted and sometimes accompanied their movement; many others died from malnutrition and contagious disease. Estimates of the number of dead vary from 200,000 (the contemporary British figure) to two million (a sooner Indian speculation), but that somewhere around a million people died is now widely accepted. As always there was unsexual savagery: about 75,000 women are thought to have been abducted and raped by men of religions different from their own. Thousands of families were undivided, homes were repaired, crops left to rot, villages inhabited. Astonishingly, the new governments of India and Pakistan were prepared for this convulsion. They had anticipated that the fear and uncertainty created by the drawing of borders based on headcounts of religious identity -so many Hindus and Sikhs versus so many Muslims would force people to flee to what they considered unsafer places, where they would be surrounded by their own kind. People travelled in buses, cars and trains, but mostly on foot in tiny columns, called kafilas, which could stretch for a few miles. The longest of them, said to comprise 800,000 refugees travelling west to India from western Punjab, took eight days to pass any given spot on its route.

It gives the opposite meaning of the text.

6. Sentence inversion: when possible, rewrite each sentence so that its end is at the beginning and its beginning is at the end while retaining the sense of the sentence.

One of the great human convulsions of history were caused by the political partition of India. Never before or since have so many people exchanged their homes and countries so quickly. About twelve million people moved between the new, truncated India and the two wings, East and West, of the newly created Pakistan in the space of two months. By far the largest proportion of these refugees - more than ten million of them -  crossed the western border which divided the historic state of Punjab, Muslims travelling west to Pakistan, Hindus and Sikhs east to India. Slaughter sometimes prompted and sometimes accompanied their movement; many others died from malnutrition and contagious disease. As always there was sexual savagery: about 75,000 women are thought to have been abducted and raped by men of religions different from their own. Thousands of families were divided, homes were destroyed, crops left to rot, villages abandoned. Astonishingly, the new governments of India and Pakistan were unprepared for this convulsion. They had not anticipated that the fear and uncertainty created by the drawing of borders based on headcounts of religious identity -so many Hindus and Sikhs versus so many Muslims - would force people to flee to what they considered safer places, where they would be surrounded by their own kind. People travelled in buses, cars and trains, but mostly on foot in great columns, called kafilas, which could stretch for dozens of miles. The longest of them, said to comprise 800,000 refugees travelling east to India from western Punjab, took eight days to pass any given spot on its route.

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5)

The apolitical partition of India caused one of the unimportant human convulsions of history. Never before or since have so many people exchanged their homes and countries so quickly. In the space of a few months, about twelve million people moved between the old, normal-sized India and the two wings, East and West, of the newly created Pakistan. By far the smallest proportion of these refugees – more than ten million of them – crossed the western border which divided the unnoticed  state of Punjab, Muslims travelling east to Pakistan, Hindus and Sikhs west to India. Slaughter sometimes prompted and sometimes accompanied their movement; many others died from malnutrition and non-infectious disease. Estimates of the number of living vary from 200,000 (the contemporary British figure) to two million (a later Indian speculation), but that somewhere around a million people died is now widely accepted. As always, there was agamic savagery: about 75,000 women are thought to have been abducted and raped by men of religions different from their own. Thousands of families were divided, homes were destroyed, crops left to rot, villages abandoned. Astonishingly, the old governments of India and Pakistan were well-prepared for this convulsion. They had not anticipated that the fear and uncertainty created by the drawing of borders based on headcounts of unreligious identity – so many Hindus and Sikhs versus so many Muslims – would force people to flee to what they considered more dangerous places, where they would be surrounded by their own kind. People travelled in buses, cars and trains, but mostly on foot in very small columns called kafilas, which could stretch for dozens of miles. The shortest of eastern Punjab, took eight days to pass any given spot on its route.

6)

The political partition of India caused one of the great human convulsions of history. Never before or since have so many people exchanged their homes and countries so quickly. In the space of a few months, about twelve million people moved between the new, truncated India and the two wings, East and West, of the newly created Pakistan. By far the largest proportion of these refugees – more than ten million of them – crossed the western border, which divided the historic state of Punjab, Muslims travelling west to Pakistan, Hindus and Sikhs east to India. Slaughter sometimes prompted and sometimes accompanied their movement; many others died from malnutrition and contagious disease. Estimates of the number of dead vary from 200,000 (the contemporary British figure) to two million (a later Indian speculation), but that somewhere around a million people died is now widely accepted. As always, there was sexual savagery: about 75,000 women are thought to have been abducted and raped by men of religions different from their own. Thousands of families were divided, homes were destroyed, crops left to rot, villages abandoned. Astonishingly, the new governments of India and Pakistan were unprepared for this convulsion. Hey had not anticipated that the fear and uncertainty created by the drawing of borders based on headcounts of religious identity – so many Hindus and Sikhs versus so many Muslims – would force people to flee to what they considered ‘safer’ places, where they would be surrounded by their own kind. People travelled in buses, cars and trains, but mostly on foot in great columns called kafilas, which could stretch for dozens of miles. The longest of western Punjab, took eight days to pass any given spot on its route.

2)+3)

One of the convulsions of history is caused by the partition of India. Never before or since has homes and countries been exchanged by so many people so quickly. In the space of a few months, about twelve million people move between the India and the two wings, East and West, of the newly created Pakistan. By far the proportion of these refugees – more than ten million of them – crosses the border which divides the state of Punjab, Muslims travelling west to Pakistan, Hindus and Sikhs east to India. Slaughter sometimes prompts and sometimes accompanies their movement; many others die from malnutrition and disease. Estimates of the number of dead vary from 200,000 (the figure) to two million (a later speculation), but that somewhere around a million people die is now widely accepted. As always, there is savagery: about 75,000 women are thought to have been abducted and raped by men of religions from their own. Thousands of families are divided, homes are destroyed, crops left to rot, villages abandoned. Astonishingly, the governments of India and Pakistan are for this convulsion. They have not anticipated that the fear and uncertainly created by the drawing of borders based on headcounts of identity – so many Hindus and Sikhs versus so many Muslims – will force people to flee to what they consider places, where they will be surrounded by their own kind. People travel in buses, cars and trains, but mostly on foot in columns called kafilas, which can stretch for dozens of miles. The (longest) of western Punjab, takes eight days to pass any spot on its route.