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Four Italians led by Count Felice Orsini attempted to assassinate Napoleon.The bomb failed to harm Napoleon but killed several and injured many more.

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Britain and France declared war of Russia and sent troops to fight in the Crimea.  At the congress of Paris neither Britain or France was prepared to alienate Austria by addressing any Piedmont request for a change in the status quo in the north of Italy.

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Divisions between revolutionaries and a big part of the revolution failing was Charles Albert who "waited for four days until he was satisfied that the war was likely to succeed and to be in Piedmontese interests." Charles was afraid of a republic in Lombardy and a republican revolt in Piedmont. Austria's military might and Radetsky's leadership were crucial factors. Radetsky was able to build his army up to 70'000 by the summer of '48 compared to Piedmont's 20-30'000.

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Italy went to war with the Ottoman empire, resulting in a success and gained land in Africa.

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Many Italians emigrating. The Triple Alliance is made. Italy made military alliances with Austria-Hungary and Germany, this alliance is called the Triple Alliance.

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Camillo Benso Di Cavour became prime minister of Sardinia and planned to overthrow the Austrian government, so the Italian states would become united. His plan worked because France supported Sardinia, after Sardinia had supported France in a war.

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Giuseppe Mazzini Formed Young Italy in 1831, a nationalist group that fought for the unification of Italy.

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The Congress of Vienna splits up the Italian states apart again.

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Pope Pius IX returns to Rome. The pro-papal forces had been successful in regaining Rome so after more than a year in Naples Pius IX returned to Rome.

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The new government granted religious freedom and sent troops to help fight Austria. Constitutional Government Surrenders and the French took over Rome.

Rome was left vulnerable to attack and the government had no source of funds.

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1848 began with 10,000 people presenting a petition for liberal reforms to the Austrian Governor general in Milan. A revolt broke out against the Austrians in Lombardy and Venezia. The flag became a rallying point for unification and nationalism.