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In this chapter, the authors reference a British critic in 1820 who said, “In the four quarters of the globe who reads an American book, or goes to an American play, or looks at an American picture or statue?” Yet, they also trace the development of uniquely American forms of art, architecture, and literature in the nineteenth century. As you read this chapter, can you explain the continuities and changes in American art, architecture, and literature from 1790 to 1860?

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In this chapter, the authors reference a British critic in 1820 who said, “In the four quarters of the globe who reads an American book, or goes to an American play, or looks at an American picture or statue?” Yet, they also trace the development of uniquely American forms of art, architecture, and literature in the nineteenth century. As you read this chapter, can you explain the continuities and changes in American art, architecture, and literature from 1790 to 1860?

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Art and literature at the time held links back to past events that happened in America. (past triumphs, hardships, etc.) All reflecting the past as the nation was undergoing the advances of the future. Progressing from being mainly centered about New Englanders, to putting focus on other groups, such as those with tough jobs (North and South), etc.

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After you have read “Contending Voices: The Role of Women”, can you analyze both excerpts’ intended audience, purpose, and point of view?

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After you have read “Contending Voices: The Role of Women”, can you analyze both excerpts’ intended audience, purpose, and point of view?

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The audience was intended to reach white males and the women whom were meeting and attempting to empower themselves with notions of equality. Seeking out the white men, so that the idea of dismissing women seeking equal rights or any form of authority would widely be accepted as a joke. And it also target the women rally behind the ideas of equal rights and organizing all these meetings, in hopes of rattling them.
The purpose being a public dismissal of the validity of women's rights. To affirm that men are superior to women in all instances.
The point of view being delivered by an assumed white male, home owner/ family man. (which would affirm his position because why he was at work, his wife was at home, yet with secret societies, that would lead to the implication that a wife would not be slaving away doing housework.)

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How does the Second Great Awakening of the nineteenth century compare to the Great Awakening of the eighteenth century? As you read this chapter and review the information about the Great Awakening in Chapter 5, how many relevant similarities and differences between these two events can you generate?

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How does the Second Great Awakening of the nineteenth century compare to the Great Awakening of the eighteenth century? As you read this chapter and review the information about the Great Awakening in Chapter 5, how many relevant similarities and differences between these two events can you generate?

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During the Second Great Awakening, man "camp meetings" were held. Which were essentially large conglomerations of people, listening to preaching and speeches given by religious officials, and converting religions based upon the spiritual events revealed to them during the events. Similarly to the Great Awakening, in which many of the speeches delivered scared the people into converting to a religion; for the benefit of not going to hell. The different between the two, is that with the second great awakening, people were called to a religion on their own volition. And in the great awakening, people were gathered out of fear.

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Why did America produce so many reform and utopian movements? What did they contribute to American culture?

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Why did America produce so many reform and utopian movements? What did they contribute to American culture?

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The need for change in American society was driven by slavery and the need for reform for many of the oppressed groups that existed; mentally ill, disabled, women, etc. (either wanting benefits/ equality for these groups, or more beneficial legislation in regards to these groups.) The movements pushing for reform also occurred based off of Americans' desire for better from out society.

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Was the “new family” a progressive reflection of American democratic ideals, or a restriction on them?

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Was the “new family” a progressive reflection of American democratic ideals, or a restriction on them?

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Personally feel it was a restriction upon them. But first the subject must be approached subjectively. the "new family" consisted of smaller families, in which each child could be attended to individually (versus caring for children in a generalized/ detached manner). Sought to shape the wills of children and lead them to make good decisions based upon moral judgement. Yet, also restricted the abilities of women; limiting to solely being able to be house-makers, and portrayed them as weak. Therefore, in the sense of producing more ethical/ educated children, it was effective. Buy, it was also degrading by putting down women and crushing the potential benefits that could come from them having equal say in society.

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Were the “cult of domesticity” and the rise of the child-centered family signs of an improvement or a restriction in women’s status and condition? 

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Were the “cult of domesticity” and the rise of the child-centered family signs of an improvement or a restriction in women’s status and condition? 

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Gave women more important roles in domestic society; in regards to what must be done in the household, etc. Men received statuses based upon the quality of the home and based upon their wife (characteristically and if she was a "good" wife.) However, in means of ways women benefited from this change, was that with the emphasis on children needing an education, there were more educational opportunities for women, so they could help the children in their homes. There was also the formation of societies for women. This change was negative to women in means of them being considered items and mere status boosters essentially to functions solely within the household. But, even despite the completely degrading connotation, it also served as a key catalyst for the increase of female empowerment.

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As you read this chapter, can you combine the information from the primary source excerpts, tables, figures, maps, and text to create a persuasive understanding of westward migration and demographic changes in the United States from 1790 to 1860?

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As you read this chapter, can you combine the information from the primary source excerpts, tables, figures, maps, and text to create a persuasive understanding of westward migration and demographic changes in the United States from 1790 to 1860?

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The demographic changes from 1790 to 1860 based upon the surge of people moving west varied from; French fur traders, American settlers, Mexican families, Black miners, and Chinese laborers. For the minority groups above listed, there presence was out West, because it was a chance for new opportunities and possibilities for their families, and the american settlers were beginning to head out that way for the same rationale.

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In this chapter, the authors maintain that “clearly the early factory system did not shower its benefits evenly on all.” What relevant historical evidence can you find in this chapter or the previous ones that supports, modifies, or refutes this assertion?

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In this chapter, the authors maintain that “clearly the early factory system did not shower its benefits evenly on all.” What relevant historical evidence can you find in this chapter or the previous ones that supports, modifies, or refutes this assertion?

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Affirm.
Factories did have widespread benefits; for laborers and households alike. Though while the households gain mass productions of goods, laborers gained more. They gained more opportunities for jobs, which in turn lead to better potentials for good lives, increased efficiency (increase in money brought in.) While they did benefit most groups in many ways, it benefited some groups more than others.

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What effects did the movement from a subsistence to a market economy have on American society, including farmers, laborers, and women? What were the advantages and disadvantages of the change?

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What effects did the movement from a subsistence to a market economy have on American society, including farmers, laborers, and women? What were the advantages and disadvantages of the change?

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Farmers- more inventions allowed for increases in production of crops and increased efficiency. (more crops= able to provide for greater populations of people).
Laborers- More innovations created more workplaces, like factories. And more factories resulted in an increase in job production. With the availability of more jobs, that resulted in more people wanted to immigrate over to America, and with an increase of immigration lead to an increase of availability of jobs.
Women- There was a decrease in the demand for "homemade" goods. Increase in familial bonds. And single women had the ability to support themselves financially.

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What effects did the movement from a subsistence to a market economy have on American society, including farmers, laborers, and women? What were the advantages and disadvantages of the change?

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What effects did the movement from a subsistence to a market economy have on American society, including farmers, laborers, and women? What were the advantages and disadvantages of the change?

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Steamboats- increased methods of trade. Encouraged trans- continental trade.
Reapers- Allowed faster harvesting of crops. Increased production of agricultural resources. Over harvesting of land, was a major effect.
Cotton Gins- Used for "cleaning" cotton, making it ready for use, faster than hand picking spurs out. Increase of slave labor due to this product, because plantation owners were more capable of mass production.

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Which technological innovation was most important for early-nineteenth-century economic development?

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Which technological innovation was most important for early-nineteenth-century economic development?

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The steamboat. Because it stimulated America's economy and allowed more methods for trade. Also, stimulated trans- continental trade, and made it more efficient. (increased revenue from other nations).

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Why was transportation—particularly the canals and the railroads—so important in the early stages of industrialization?

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Why was transportation—particularly the canals and the railroads—so important in the early stages of industrialization?

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Originally, trade routes were designed around the North and South; but with industrialization, transportation of items became more effective and trade was centered in the north. Leading to an increase of industrialization in the north (increased production = increases in methods of production = mass production).

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How does the image of the frontier compare with the reality of pioneer life as described in the chapter?

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How does the image of the frontier compare with the reality of pioneer life as described in the chapter?

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Reality of this lifestyle v. The "expectations".
Pioneer life, was depicted as moving out West, owning land, and essentially living an effective and beneficial life. When in reality, it was a poor situation, with many people contracting illnesses; leading to increases in early deaths, and increased loneliness.

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The Ferment of Reform and Culture (1790- 1860)

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Forging the National Economy (1790- 1860)