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A farmer characterized by Communists as having excessive wealth (rich peasants).

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Dominated by commercial and industrial interests; Capitalistic.

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The class of industrial workers who lack their own means of production and hence sell their labor to live.

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A member of a wing of the Russian Social Democratic party before and during the Russian Revolution believing in the gradual achievement of socialism by parliamentary methods in opposition to the Bolsheviks.

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A member of the extremist wing of the Russian Social Democratic party that seized power in Russia by the Revolution of November 1917.

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A loose confederation of Anti-Communist forces that fought the Bolsheviks, also known as the Reds, in the Russian Civil War (1917–1923) and, to a lesser extent, continued operating as militarized associations both outside and within Russian borders until roughly World War II.

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The army and the air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, and after 1922 the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The army was established immediately after the 1917 October Revolution.

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These troops policed labor camps; ran the Gulag system; conducted requisitions of food; subjected political opponents to secret arrest, detention, torture, and summary execution; and put down rebellions and riots by workers or peasants, and mutinies in the desertion-plagued Red Army.

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One of a group of small private traders and merchants appearing briefly in Russia during the third decade of the 20th century as a result of a temporary relaxation by the Communist government of its ban on private enterprise.

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The principal policy making committee of the Communist Party.

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Collectivisation was initially established in the Soviet Union from 1928-1940. The policy was used to intergrate individuals owned land and labour to collectively-control or state-control the farms. These demands were set by Stalin, and would communicate with the individuals observing the kolkhoz.

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Rapid industrialisation was needed as Russia was considered a 'backwards' nation.

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First 5 Year Plan (1928-1932)

Unrealistic targets (industrial production was supposed to rise to 180%)

Achievements: Heavy industry increased, Steel and electricity production increased

1500 state-run enterprises sprang up throughout Russia

Prestige Projects: Large building projects designed to show off the USSR’s industrial prowess (Dnieper Dam, Moscow Metro, Moscow Volga Canal)

Impacts: Plan was introduced at a rapid speed leaving the labour and working force largely untrained and unskilled.

As the main focus was heavy industry, consumer goods were disregarded and living conditions deteriorated.

Second 5 Year Plan (1933-1937)

Period of consolidation

Achievements: Focus on Heavy industry, increased growth of transport, machinery & chemical industry (4500 enterprises opened), small growth in consumer industries.

Impacts: ‘Golden Age of industrialisation in the USSR’

Specific working culture developed around hard work, productivity and loyalty to the communist party.

Eg. Stakhanovite Movement (1935, Alexey Stakhanov mined 102 tonnes of coal in 6 hours leading Stalin to create a propaganda storm centered around hard work and its importance to the Communist Party. Created an unrealistic quota monitored by strict factory managers (poor working conditions and long hours.))

Third 5 Year Plan (1938-1941)

Cut short as USSR entered into WWII in 1941

Focus: Shifted from heavy industry to armaments for use in the war.

Impacts: Consumer industries once again decreased and high demand of factories led to workers not meeting their targets.

The labour force decreased due to the Terror and the Purges