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How can we establish better communication systems
Communication during and immediately after a disaster situation is a

important component of response and recovery, in that it connects affected people, families, and communities with first responders, support systems, and other family members. Reliable and accessible communication and information systems also are key to a community’s resilience1. The role of communication

Solution

Common sources of support included local police and fire departments, other ofirst responders, friends and family members, relief organizations such as the Red Cross, and charitable organizations such as the Salvation Army. Residents who needed to reach out for help were more likely to report using in-person communications during the storm. Almost eight in 10 (78 percent) of affec

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The no. Of people in Nigeria

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Problem-What way can we build sustainable houses in earthquake prone places like Bhuj?

Solution-build a structure which will be able to stand the worst of earthquakes.

What is it-This is a house which has high ground level hollow concrete bricks so if they fall they don’t do a lot of damage.Reinforced steel corner pillars providing strength and flexibility.Foundations made of stone largely from the remains of destroyed houses.Roof made from reinforced cement concrete.

How does it work-As I press a button it will generate an earthquake which will make the detector ring and bring the house safe

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There are many places in the world that are experiencing fast degradation of non-renewable sources in terms of fossil fuels. Soon there will be none left is appropriate measures are not take into consideration. This is a trend that has to be reversed if the world is to survive the degradation process that is going or happening at a much rapid pace. The main non-renewable energy sources are

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Flying cars area solution to traffic and noise pollution. Strong fans lift the and help it move around. Being a car, it can also move on the roads. Terrafugia, a Chinese company have aldready made a successful flying car.

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In the technological world of modern air travel, there’s a certain irony in the fact that the majority of aviation disasters are caused by human error. And one of the most common forms of error is miscommunication. Even if just one person makes a mistake, the repercussions can be catastrophic.

Air travel is arguably one of the safest forms of transportation, but when airplane crashes do happen, because of their nature, they can take a devastating toll on human life. Here’s our list of the 10 worst air crashes caused by miscommunication.

SOLUTION

It is important for public safety agencies (such as law enforcement, emergency medical services, and fire services) to be able to provide and maintain communications before, during, and after a disaster or emergency.

Disasters may require resources beyond what local and state authorities can manage. We provide disaster emergency communications through

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Efficient energy use, sometimes simply called energy efficiency, is the goal to reduce the amount of energy required to provide products and services. For example, insulating a home allows a building to use less heating and cooling energy to achieve and maintain a comfortable temperature. Installing fluorescent lights, LED lights or natural skylights reduces the amount of energy required to attain the same level of illumination compared with using traditional incandescent light bulbs. Managing temperature, lighting, shutters and solar power. Turning off the the tap when it is not in use and starting a compost piles are also ways to reduce energy consumption.

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Nigeria is endowed with oil and natural resources but the country Connot be said to have ever had adequate supply of electricity In the history of its electricity generation. This can get worst as the country's population increases.

So we have created a solar tower that gives electricity to the area

It is a tower that provides electricity to the whole area through the wires that is connected  to the houses  in the areas

So The energy goes through the wires and gives energy to all the ares in the town

The solar panel takes energy from the sun and passes it through the wires to all the houses in the area and the best part is that the wires are underground so no one can slip or fall in them

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Q1. How can we promote the use of vehicles that don’t use non renewable energy in Delhi ?

There are many places in the world that are experiencing fast degradation of non-renewable sources in terms of fossil fuel. Soon there will be none left is appropriate measures are not take into consideration. This is a trend that has to be reversed if the world is to survive the degradation process that is going or happening at a much rapid pace.

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A few companies are working on flying cars like:
Airbus
Aero mobile
Terrafugia
Zee.aero

A³ (an R and D arm of Airbus)

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Problem:How can we incorporate structures that absorb the pollutants in the air and process them,converting it into non-toxic resources in India?
Solution:There’s a massive vacuum cleaner in the middle of a Rotterdam park and it’s sucking all the smog out of the air. A decent portion of it, anyway. And it isn’t a vacuum, exactly. It looks nothing like a Dyson or a Hoover. It’s probably more accurate to describe it as the world’s largest air purifier.The smog free tower can purify up to 1 million cubic feet air every hour.

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Problem: In what way would you design and install a disaster recognition system for early recognition

There is an earthquake early warning in japan when p waves are detected

The readings of the p waves are read and anlyzed immediately and sent to mobile phones, broadcasting stations, companies before S waves hit (lower)

P-waves - primary waves
S-waves - secondary waves

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How can we establish better communication systems

PROMBLEM

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There are many people in the world who can’t communicate .So we need affordable ways of modern communication.If we try to give the people what we have then it will be too expensive.Instead we could provide them communication by using satellites . Every house could have a satellites dish eachor  they could all be connected to one big dish .

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Problem - Is it possible to run the world on renewable energy?

Solution-  electric appliances and machines  such as heat pumps , electric cars, LED lightbulbs, solar powered pumps and cars  are all available and competitively  priced. Many Countries such as USA    India ,Bangladesh, Denmark and Germany   have increased their development commitments to wind, water and solar and have set high goals for their contribution to overall energy supply

What is it  -

We can start using more of solar energy , and stop using more of fossil fuels ( non renewable resources ) . We can use energy for our basic needs such as infrastructure ( garbage can be turned into a strong material ) , transportation ( solar cars ) etc .

How does it work - For example Solar Cars -

Solar cars use photovoltaic cells to convert sunlight into energy. Photovoltaic cells are the components in solar panels that convert the sun's energy to electricity

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Problem: What contributions would you recommend to make India pollution free?

Solution: We can:

 drive and electrical or hybrid car or at least one that uses unleaded gasoline

 keep your car in good running conditions to avoid emissions

 Use sustainable, reclaimed or recycled building materials

 Use and buy products that are biodegradable materials

 Start composting leaves and clippings from your yard to reduce waste while improving your soil

 Don’t litter

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a aaaa

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How can we provide ways of modern communication?
Current problem

1. Almost 4 billion people on Earth live in areas which are inaccessible to communication.

2. Providing  internet connectivity to those 4 billion people is not only difficult but expensive.

3. A majority of these 4 billion people live in 3rd world countries in Asia and Africa whose per capita income is far less than what is desired.

4. Laying fibre optic cable and/or putting up microwave towers will work out to be expensive and difficult to implement.

Therefore the world requires an innovative and cost effective solution.

SOLUTION:

1. Best way to communicate from anywhere would be by using satellites.

2. There will not be any feasibility issue as all you need is a dish antenna looking up at the sky.

3. Orbital slots around the Earth is limited.

4. Unlike today when each of these slots can provide us limited capacity of spectrum for data/voice communication, we need to build high capacity satellites which can provide multiple times of spectrum as compared to today. This will help reduce the cost immensely.

5. In order to reduce the delay in transmission over satellite we need to build satellites which can be put up in the LEO stationary orbit as against satellites which today are mostly in GEO stationary orbit.

6. To be able to cover the entire surface of the Earth we would require a conglomerate of satellites the launch of which should cost multiple times less than today

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How to build a better infrastructure

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Problem: All species of bamboo cannot be used in construction. So only very few species of bamboo has the strength of steel and concrete to be used for building houses.
Solution: Building friendly bamboo has to be used to meet the demands in cities
and towns.
Indraayan Das

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question: 1. Can you predict whether it's possible to regrow the ozone layer ?

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question: 1. Can you predict whether it's possible to regrow the ozone layer ?

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problem: Everyday we are releasing loads of CFC’ s, carbon Dioxide And sulfur into the air by burning fossil fuels,This leads to global warming which leads to creating holes in the atmosphere.

Solution: we have created a car that runs on almost all renewable resources like wind energy, hydropower, and solar energy. It has detachable, changeable tops to change based on the climate. When it rains use the hydropower, when it’s sunny use solar energy, and when it’s and if it’s windy then use wind power.
The will play a huge role in making sustainability the biggest future and don’t we want to regrow the ozone layer. It might take millions of years but we’ll get there someday.

By Kabir Rao

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Question : What choices would you make to run houses completely on renewable resources.

Problem : We use a lot of non renewable resources in our daily lives which  can soon get over and even pollute the environment.

Solution : We have created a house that works only on renewable energy. It’s called Power House. It uses renewables sources.

What is it : It looks like a normal house but is not. This amazing house works like a charm we have tested it under different circumstances. The chimney is just a show piece. The house mainly works on hydropower, wind power, & of course solar power.  So it doesn’t pollute too.

How does it work : Simple. It has solar panels on the roof. And for places like Kashmir where there is less sunlight our wind turbines are the thing. The solar panels / wind turbines power up electricity. Hydropower energy used by water supplies. So here is how it works : water is taken from rivers, lakes & oceans through under water/ under ground  pipes. There are 3 pipes : drinking water , basin water . The pipes have filters according to their needs

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Mil Mi-26 (Russia)

| The Mil Mi-26 is the world's largest production helicopter. It is known in the West as the Halo. Currently this heavy-lift machine is in service with nearly 20 countries, including Russia and India.    Its development began in the early 1970s. Designers had a goal to produce a helicopter with a load capacity twice that of any contemporary machine. It became operational in 1983.    The Mi-26 has the load-carrying capability of a C-130 transport plane. Its cargo area, with the rear ramp closed, is 12 m long, and 3.2 m wide, with a minimum ceiling height of 2.9 m.    The interior can be configured to seat 80 combat-equipped troops or 60 stretchers. However there were cases when it flew with 150 troops. Alternatively this cargo helicopter can carry two combat vehicles weighting 10 000 kg each. The Mi-26 can also carry various loads externally.    Latest model, the Mi-26M can lift even more. It has a payload capacity of 25 000 kg.

| CH-53E Super Stallion (USA)
| The CH-53E heavylift transport helicopter has been developed by Sikorsky. It has been adopted by US  Marine Corps in 1981. Since then the Super Stallion was the largest and most powerful helicopter outside Russia. Currently the Super Stallion is the largest and heaviest helicopter used by the US military. A total of 227 machines were built for the US Marine Corps and US Navy.    The US Marines are using these helicopters to deliver troops, vehicles and supplies from ships to shore. The US Navy use a small number of these helicopters for shipboard resupply. Also the US Navy uses a dedicated minesweeping version.    This helicopter can carry 37 troops. With centerline seats installed the Super Stallion can carry 55 soldiers. Alternatively it can carry cargo with a maximum weight of 13.6 t internally or 14.5 t externally. It is capable of lifting LAV-25 armored vehicle or M198 155 mm field howitzer with crew and ammunition. It can recover aircraft up to its own size.    Recently a new CH-53K King Stallion helicopter was developed to meet requirements of the US Marine Corps. It has similar airframe, but notably improved performance. The CH-53K should reach initial operating capability in 2018.

CH-47F Chinook (USA)

| The ubiquitous CH-47 Chinook was developed to meet a US Army requirement. It first flew back in 1961.This utility helicopter became operational in 1962. Since then over 1 160 have been built, including models license-produced in Italy and Japan. It has been exported all over the world. Upgraded Chinooks are planned to remain operational with the US Army beyond 2060, or over 100 years after it first entered service.    The Chinook helicopter performs various transport missions. It transports troops, war supplies and battlefield equipment. This helicopter is also deployed in medical evacuation, search and rescue, aircraft recovery, parachute drop and other operations.    It accomodates up to 44 passengers. It can lift 10 300 kg of cargo internally and 11 300 kg externally. It has two external cargo hooks and can carry various loads, such as light vehicles or artillery pieces externally.    The CH-47F is a recent version. It can carry up to 55 passengers or up to 12 700 kg of cargo. Existing CH-47D helicopters can be upgraded to this standard, or these can be newly produced. By 2014 US Army and National Guard obtained 300 of these helicopters. The CH-47F has been exported to some countries.

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CC

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Question : What choices would you make to run houses completely on renewable resources.

Problem : We use a lot of non renewable resources in our daily lives which  can soon get over and even pollute the environment.

Solution : We have created a house that works only on renewable energy. It’s called Power House. It uses renewables sources.

What is it : It looks like a normal house but is not. This amazing house works like a charm we have tested it under different circumstances. The chimney is just a show piece. The house mainly works on hydropower, wind power, & of course solar power.  So it doesn’t pollute too.

How does it work : Simple. It has solar panels on the roof. And for places like Kashmir where there is less sunlight our wind turbines are the thing. The solar panels / wind turbines power up electricity. Hydropower energy used by water supplies. So here is how it works : water is taken from rivers, lakes & oceans through under water/ under ground  pipes. There are 3 pipes : drinking water , basin water and bathing water. Oh andThese pipes will filter water according to the 3 pipe’s requirements. It has not been created by anyone else.
Item is tested .

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Problem: How to set up low cost communication system in remote areas of India?

Solution: We can set up one dish for the whole village instead of buying netork for each home or area as it will be more affordable and effective. Two to three villages can share a tower to make it more affordable.

What is it?:  It will be a dish put in the middle of the village. Every area will have a dish and will supply network to it. Dish also works with solar panels. The only problem is that it won’t work at night as the government cannot afford electricity for all the villages at night.

How does it work:  We will connect it to all the dishes (by wire.) and show the solar panels to make everyone see that solar power can help some villages get network.

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Problem: We waste a lot but try as we might we still have to throw something away. Day by day your dustbin fills up now you will send it to the dump. Now after a while the dump is going to be bigger than our city, then what do we do? The only way is to use it……but how?

Solution: Well, one way is to use this waste and recycle it to form something productive and useful but what? Let’s go through the problems all of us in India are suffering: 1. It is very hot over here and……. That’s it we can utilise waste to make air conditioners but how do we make air conditioners out of waste, here’s how.

Adsorption chillers are a type of air conditioner that runs on waste heat, requiring very little electricity. In an adsorption chiller, hot water drives the cooling process instead of electricity. An evaporated refrigerant (in this case, water) binds to the surface of silica gel. The gel acts as a sponge for water vapor, and when the gel is heated, the water molecules are released, condensing into water droplets when the pressure rises.The nanostructured MOHCs are even better sponges, trapping three or four times more water by weight, which can reduce the size of the system.They are also more efficient at releasing the water molecules, further reducing the chiller's size.

Bibliography:https://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2011-03/new-organic-heat-carriers-could-help-future-air-conditioners-run-heat

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Abhinav Munshi                    Model Idea:we make a cardboard/paper elevator and when parents come to our stall we can switch on a artificial Fire using red and orange lights on the model and elaborate on the problems and solutions.

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Abhinav Munshi                    Model Idea:we make a cardboard/paper elevator and when parents come to our stall we can switch on a artificial Fire using red and orange lights on the model and elaborate on the problems and solutions.

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Question: Is it possible to run the world completely on renewable energy?

Problem: Non-renewable resources are getting over

Solution: Run the world completely on renewable energy. We can run it completely on renewable energy for example we can use solar power for electricity.

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We can make a model which makes waste material into bricks and cement

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Problem:Fire on Infrastructure

Solution: Fire proof houses,lifts,monuments,etc.

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International Evening Question &Answers:-

1.Explore and analyse the materials to build environmental friendly

infrastructure worldwide?

Materials used in building infrastructure are causing pollution.

Solution:  to use as many eco friendly materials as possible

1)Bamboo:

Bamboo is an incredibly eco-friendly building material that can be used for

a variety of building jobs. In China there are bamboo houses for a new

property

2)Reclaimed lumber:

If wood is a central aspect of your building plan, you should use reclaimed

lumber rather than choosing freshly felled wood from an environmentally

unfriendly source.

3)Recycled metal:

Mining has caused many terrible environmental impacts, such as        sinkholes, soil contamination and disturbance to natural habitat around

the world.Many metals can be easily recycled though, so there’s no need

to be against the Mining Industry.

4)Dimension stone:

Dimension stone is natural building material that can be sourced with

relative ease.

It is preferable over certain metals, glass and plastics that can pollute the environment, which often use a lot of resources to create. Dimension stone

can also be reclaimed, which could be an even better for your building.

5)Sheep’s wool:

When planning the insulation for your property, choosing an eco-friendly

option such as sheep’s wool is always preferable.

It’s completely sustainable and natural, and it has better insulating

properties than some man made options. For instance, it is usually

thicker than glass wool cellulose and mineral wool insulation, and uses

less energy to manufacture.

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Hunger, achieving food security and improved nutrition, and promoting sustainable agriculture is one problem

Poverty in all its forms everywhere and eradicating extreme poverty for all everywhere, now measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day is another problem

The third problem is not able to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all

Solution:Making human settlements like this one in Western Ghats inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable is one of the key goals in the post 2015 global development agenda.

bibliography:
http://www.indiatogether.org/challenges-to-sustainable-development-government

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Idea is to learn from the recent tragedies happened around us due to poor safety in modern infrastructures. For example we can build a elevator/safety room which can be fire proof and can shelter people in times of fire emergency.

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Problem:

Cities cannot reach villages easily because of the communication problem.

Because the villages do not have proper communication system , the marketers and traders will not know about their products and will be at loss.

People  adopt small villages or towns to fund and raise.

Solution:

Educated people and landlords from towns and cities should settle there and help the village improve their technology. As hydro power helps in making electricity, it is also believed that water can be used for making network towers.

This is a plan of what most scientists want to do to villages in India . There should be at least one network tower in each village. Companies like Airtel are working on this.

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Dhairya Gupta                     Problem - In 2012, nearly 25 percent of the population of all developing countries had no electricityAround the world, 1.3 billion people lack access to electricity. More than 600 million are in sub-Saharan Africa, and more than 300 million are in India alone. Providing electric power to these unserved populations will cause a significant jump in demand in the coming decades. India has promised to place an emphasis on renewable sources of energy; there are programs in Africa to create “mini-grids” using renewables. But as electricity-generating capacity inevitably grows ever larger, India and the other countries of the developing world will not be able to avoid the increased use of fossil fuels as well — and especially coal. New coal-burning power plants will emit less carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases than their predecessors, but the strain on the atmosphere will be substantial nonetheless  See image for energy distributionhttps://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/world/world-without-power/ Solution We need to find alternate sources of energy. How can we generate electricity from cars when they are moving? Click link: https://www.zmescience.com/ecology/renewable-energy-ecology/california-highway-electricity/ 

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Dhairya Gupta                     Problem - In 2012, nearly 25 percent of the population of all developing countries had no electricityAround the world, 1.3 billion people lack access to electricity. More than 600 million are in sub-Saharan Africa, and more than 300 million are in India alone. Providing electric power to these unserved populations will cause a significant jump in demand in the coming decades. India has promised to place an emphasis on renewable sources of energy; there are programs in Africa to create “mini-grids” using renewables. But as electricity-generating capacity inevitably grows ever larger, India and the other countries of the developing world will not be able to avoid the increased use of fossil fuels as well — and especially coal. New coal-burning power plants will emit less carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases than their predecessors, but the strain on the atmosphere will be substantial nonetheless  See image for energy distributionhttps://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/world/world-without-power/ Solution We need to find alternate sources of energy. How can we generate electricity from cars when they are moving? Click link: https://www.zmescience.com/ecology/renewable-energy-ecology/california-highway-electricity/ 

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Hey bro sup what do you want to make for international evening

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Abhinav

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Compilers Dirk E. Hebel, Marta H. Wisniewska and Felix Heise looked into the worlds of architecture, construction, and the delightfully named field of "garbology" to find new and exciting materials made out of stuff you'd normally find at a landfill site. Their book argues that, in future, we could end up re-using pretty much everything, as we did back when all waste was organic.

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How can we create a vehicle that runs on trash or garbage

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We can make a lift which is fireproof water proof and bullet proof

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Current problem

1.     Almost 4 billion people on Earth live in areas which are inaccessible to communication.

2.     Providing  internet connectivity to those 4 billion people is not only difficult but expensive.

3.     A majority of these 4 billion people live in 3rd world countries in Asia and Africa whose per capita income is far less than what is desired.

4.     Laying fibre optic cable and/or putting up microwave towers will work out to be expensive and difficult to implement.

Therefore the world requires an innovative and cost effective solution.

SOLUTION:

1.     Best way to communicate from anywhere would be by using satellites.

2.     There will not be any feasibility issue as all you need is a dish antenna looking up at the sky.

3.     Orbital slots around the Earth is limited.

4.      Unlike today when each of these slots can provide us limited capacity of spectrum for data/voice communication, we need to build high capacity satellites which can provide multiple times of spectrum as compared to today. This will help reduce the cost immensely.

5.     In order to reduce the delay in transmission over satellite we need to build satellites which can be put up in the LEO stationary orbit as against satellites which today are mostly in GEO stationary orbit.

6.     To be able to cover the entire surface of the Earth we would require a conglomerate of satellites the launch of which should cost multiple times less than today.

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We can make solar battery chargers as our models to save electricity

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We can have fire proof rooms and lifts.
We can relate this with Kamala mill compounds fire tradgety.

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Can we make a transport vehicle that does not use petrol or diesel ?
Check the website below.

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Ammonia has been proposed as a practical alternative to fossil fuel for internal combustion engines. The calorific value of ammonia is 22.5 MJ/kg (9690 BTU/lb), which is about half that of diesel. In a normal engine, in which the water vapour is not condensed, the calorific value of ammonia will be about 21% less than this figure.

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Despite steady improvements in manufacturing output and employment, renewed investment will be needed in the least developed countries to build needed infrastructure and ensure the doubling of industry’s share of GDP in those countries by 2030.

Efficient transportation services generate employment and wealth and drive economic development. In 2015, the estimated global economic impact (both direct and indirect) of air transport was $2.7 trillion, equivalent to 3.5 per cent of global GDP. The least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States represent far less air travel and freight volumes, with each country group accounting for only 1 per cent to 2.7 per cent of the global total.

Manufacturing is a principal driver of economic development, employment and social stability. Globally, manufacturing value added as a share of GDP increased from 15.3 per cent in 2005 to 16.2 per cent in 2016. In 2016, manufacturing value added per capita amounted to $4,621 in Europe and Northern America, compared to about $100 in the least developed countries.

As many countries move to more efficient and less energy-intensive industries, their emissions of carbon dioxide per unit of manufacturing value added are generally declining. From 2000 to 2014, Europe and Northern America reduced their emissions intensity by 36 per cent. All of the 10 largest manufacturing countries saw decreases in their emissions intensity. Such promising trends are not reflected in the global emissions intensity level, however, since a significant share of global manufacturing value added has moved to countries with generally higher intensity levels.

In 2014, investments in research and development stood at 1.7 per cent of global GDP, up from 1.5 per cent in 2000. Worldwide, there were 1,098 researchers per million inhabitants in 2014, ranging from 63 in the least developed countries to 3,500 in Europe and Northern America.

ODA for economic infrastructure in developing countries reached $57 billion in 2015, an increase of 32 per cent in real terms since 2010. The main recipient sectors were transport and energy ($19 billion each).

Manufacturing is increasingly shifting towards more technologically complex products. While medium- and high-tech products continue to dominate manufacturing production in industrialized economies (where they contribute about 80 per cent of total manufacturing output), the share has barely reached 10 per cent in least developed countries.

Mobile-cellular services have spread rapidly and have allowed people living in previously unconnected areas to join the global information society. In 2016, 95 per cent of the world’s population and 85 per cent of people in the least developed countries were covered by a mobile-cellular signal.

Source: Report of the Secretary-General, "Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals

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We really can run the world on renewable energy through a few ways :-

Firstly electric appliances and machines  such as heat pumps , electric cars, LED lightbulbs, induction furnaces, solar powered pumps and cars  are all available and competitively  priced. Many Countries such as usa  india ,Bangladesh, Denmark and germany   have increased their development commitments to wind, water and solar and have set high goals for their contribution to overall energy supply

Governments must introduce incentives for people to drive smaller cars using new, more efficient engines. transport use must be shifted to more efficient areas like rail, light rail and buses, especially in large cities. if this is achieved, there will be energy savings .

• plug-in hybrid and battery-electric power trains will bring about large efficiency gains and we can implement this in mumbai as this kind of public transport will reduce traffic and pollution too . solar powered cars and cars running on hydro will reduce global warming to an enormous extent as well as there will be more  Improved air quality to breathe .

•

we must charge our  phone using solar light and printed solar cells .

we can have floating homes in areas surrounded by water or islands . in terms of transport bridges such as the golden quadrilateral must be constructed in terms of infrastructure

thank you

deeyan parswani

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1. NewspaperWood

This design comes froom Norway, where over 1m tonnes of paper and cardboard are recycled every year. The wood is created by rolling up paper and solvent-free glue to create something not dissimilar to a log, then chopping it into usable planks. The wood can then be sealed so it's waterproof and flame-retardant, and used to build anything you would normally build with wood.

2. Nappy roofing

Good news: something can be salvaged from all those nappies and sanitary products we throw away, even though they're, well, really gross. Special recycling plants separate out the polymers from the, er, organic waste, and these polymers can then be used to ceate fibre-based construction materials like the tiles in the image above.

3. Recy blocks

These colourful bricks are made from old plastic bags, which are notoriously difficult to recycle in any other way. Recycled bags or plastic packaging are placed in a heat mold, and forced together to form the blocks. They're too lightweight to act as load-bearing walls, but can be used to divide up rooms or outdoor areas.

4. Blood Brick

This idea rests on the assumption that animal blood counts as a waste product. This, we realise, is a potentially offensive idea – but while carnivores are still munching away, they're still wasting loads of animal blood, especially in societies without industrialised food production systems. And, as it turns out, blood is one of the strongest bio-adhesives out there, as it contains high levels of protein.

British architecture student Jack Munro proposes using freeze-dried blood (which comes as a a powder), mixed with sand to form a paste; this can then be cast as bricks. This could be especially useful in remote communities, where blood from animal slaughter is plentiful, but strong construction materials are thin on the ground.