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Cues of a genuine smile
- closed eyes, crows feet, lower teeth covered by lips
Standard smile
- open eyes, less pronounced crows feet, lower teeth exposed

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Theories of emotion
Opponent Process Theory: emotions are in pairs (fear/relief; pleasure/pain; depression/elation)
James-Lange Theory: the arousal comes before the emotion
stimulus->physical change-> emotion
Cannon-Bard Theory: the arousal comes the the same times as the emotion
stimulus-> emotion
-> physical change
Schachter-Singer Theory: arousal paired with a cognitive label, then the emotion
stimulus-> cognitive label-> emotion
-> physical change /^
Izard Theory: 10 basic emotions, cross-cultural, present at infancy, all other emotions are a combination of the original 10, 6 basic are joy, anger, disgust, surprise, sadness, fear

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Thirst Drive
1. Hypertonicity: cellular dehydration acts bc of osmoreceptor in hypothalamus
2. Hypotension: high-pressure baroreceptors in carotid sinus and aorta sense it, renin cna be released in renal hypotension
Sodium
a. inside cells, salt causes cells to lose water
b. outside cells, extracellular fluid detected through kidneys if low, increases thirst

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Hunger drive
1. Levels of glucose: pancreas senses glucose level

low glucose/high insulin encourages hunger

2. Hypothalamus

Lateral hypothalamus: when you are hungry, grumbling; triggers orexin

Ventromedial hypothalamus: full, no hunger; safety center

Mnemonic: eat till L, you are still hungry; by V, you are full

3. Stomach/Intestines

stomach receptors sense calories, amount of food, triggers grelin: increase food intake

small intestine stimulates satiety center; releases hormone leptin; decreases hunger

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Stress Responses
Adaptive-level Phenomenon: ability to form judgments of sounds, lights, based on prior experience; get used to a stressor, so you want to increase or decrease the stress again
Positive Psychology: study of optimal human functioning; aims to promote conditions that allow people to thrive
Learned Motives: the process of modeling and how that influences why we do what we do

aggression: intent to inflict harm, learned helplessness

achievement: need to excel, highly motivated, emotional&cognitive roots w/ future achievement, birth order, creativity

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Conflict motivation: sometimes what you want to do in situation is clear to you, but at other times you no doubt find yourself conflicted about what choice to make

Approach-approach conflict: occurs when you must choose between two desirable outcomes

ex: do I want a slice of cake or a donut, when my mom said I can only eat one

Avoidance-avoidance conflict: occurs when you must choose between two unattractive options

ex: do I want to do homework or college apps

Approach-avoidance conflict: exists when ONE event or goal has both attractive and unattractive features

Multiple approach-avoidance conflicts: here you must choose between two or more things, each of which has both desirable and undesirable features

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Am I being lied to? (correlation vs causation)
- establish a baseline by observing their physical movement (head, torso, feet) during different emotions, tones
- notice deviations from the baseline and cluster changes
Motivational Theories
Yerkes-Dodson Theory: optimum stress necessary for optimum performance

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Task vs Social
Task: focuses on goals, sets standards (dictator)
Social: mediates conflict builds teamwork (democratic)
Theory X vs Theory Y
Theory X: constant monitoring of workers, hovers
Theory Y: intrinsic motivation, share control
Attitude: dislike//can enjoy work
Direction: forced or coerced//direct ourselves toward target
Responsibility: avoid resp. and needs direction//thrive on resp.
Motivation: motivated by fear//desire of self-development and global contribution
Creativity: little creativity except when avoiding rules//more creative in work

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Need to belong: Harlow (developmental), we need people, we have a need for acceptance, we will change our actions to fit in with certain groups
Achievement Motivation: Desire for significant accomplishment

extrinsic: perform a behavior for reward or to avoid punishment

intrinsic: perform a behavior for your own sake

Needs PUSH, Incentives PULL

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Characteristics of Intrinsically Motivated People

problem centered (not self-centered

highly creative

take responsibility and work hard

have strong moral/ethical standards

are honest and avoid pretense

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: pyramid of human needs, each need must be met successfully to move up; ends up with self-actualization

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Motivation: a need or desire that directs behavior
Incentive Theory: positive or negative environmental stimuli that motivate behavior
Physiological vs Psychological factors
Phys: hunger -> eat// fatigue -> rest
Psych: act score -> college
Drive Reduction Theory: A physical need creates a drive to satisfy the need

money does not satisfy any biological or psychological need, but it reduces such drives by a paycheck

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The puzzle of motivation-Dan Pink
- Power of incentives: those who were told that they would get money for being faster took 3.5 minutes less on average than those who just did it for a study (incentivizing vs. norms)
- Rewards: rewards narrow the focus, concentrate the mind, dull creativity