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Domestic Abuse is abuse that occurs between people in a relationship. Its a type of abuse that doesn't just include physical abuse but emotional, sexual, financial, psychological and physical (NSPCC, 2017). Around 1 in 5 children are exposed to domestic violence and domestic abuse is also a factor in over half of serious case reviews (NSPCC, 2016). Signs of abuse include aggressiveness, anti -social behaviour, depression or anxiety and withdrawal from social life and school. Domestic abuse can affect the child and can have serious impact on both the child's behaviour towards people and their overall wellbeing. In 50% of case studies there was still ongoing Domestic abuse  after the parents had separated which shows. The short term effects of abuse include anxiousness, consuming alcohol and drugs and skipping school. They would feel anxious when they are in a domestic abuse environment and feel they could be the next target. Once domestic abuse stops they could feel relieved and no longer feel as if they are constantly in fear. For older children they may use alcohol and drugs and a temporary escape from the troubles. The child may also concentrate less in school leading to poorer grades. Long term effects of abuse includes losing respect for the violent parent, it lowers the self esteem of the child and may affect their choices and ability to form healthy relationships. 4 out of 5 victims of abuse did not report abuse to the police (Office for National Statistics, 2016). England and Wales both have similar statistics on domestic abuse. Females in both England and Wales are more likely to come across domestic abuse through all ages compared to men. For example women between 16 to 19 had percentage of being targeted in England and Wales with 12% (Office for National Statistics). There was over 28000 incidents of abuse in Northern Ireland (The Irish News, 2016). https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/bulletins/domesticabuseinenglandandwales/yearendingmarch2016https:// www.nspcc.org.uk/preventing-abuse/child-abuse-and-neglect/domestic-abuse/domestic-abuse-facts-statistics/ 

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Domestic Abuse is abuse that occurs between people in a relationship. Its a type of abuse that doesn't just include physical abuse but emotional, sexual, financial, psychological and physical (NSPCC, 2017). Around 1 in 5 children are exposed to domestic violence and domestic abuse is also a factor in over half of serious case reviews (NSPCC, 2016). Signs of abuse include aggressiveness, anti -social behaviour, depression or anxiety and withdrawal from social life and school. Domestic abuse can affect the child and can have serious impact on both the child's behaviour towards people and their overall wellbeing. In 50% of case studies there was still ongoing Domestic abuse  after the parents had separated which shows. The short term effects of abuse include anxiousness, consuming alcohol and drugs and skipping school. They would feel anxious when they are in a domestic abuse environment and feel they could be the next target. Once domestic abuse stops they could feel relieved and no longer feel as if they are constantly in fear. For older children they may use alcohol and drugs and a temporary escape from the troubles. The child may also concentrate less in school leading to poorer grades. Long term effects of abuse includes losing respect for the violent parent, it lowers the self esteem of the child and may affect their choices and ability to form healthy relationships. 4 out of 5 victims of abuse did not report abuse to the police (Office for National Statistics, 2016). England and Wales both have similar statistics on domestic abuse. Females in both England and Wales are more likely to come across domestic abuse through all ages compared to men. For example women between 16 to 19 had percentage of being targeted in England and Wales with 12% (Office for National Statistics). There was over 28000 incidents of abuse in Northern Ireland (The Irish News, 2016). https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/bulletins/domesticabuseinenglandandwales/yearendingmarch2016https:// www.nspcc.org.uk/preventing-abuse/child-abuse-and-neglect/domestic-abuse/domestic-abuse-facts-statistics/ 

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http://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2016/11/25/news/domestic-abuse-in-northern-ireland-at-highest-rate-in-over-10-years-801762/

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Long term effects of physical abuse would be change in behaviours, i.e being withdrawn towards other people, being aggressive and sleep disruption. This can have an effect on the individual's holistic health as this would mean that the child will not socialise with others, meaning their social needs are not being met. This would also then may affect the child's education due to the fact that the child may not communicate with her/his teacher which means that the child cannot ask for an extra support, therefore, affecting the child's grade. Another long term effects of physical abuse would be: broken bones, drug and alcohol problems and maybe even criminal risk taking behaviour.

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Physical abuse is deliberately hurting a child causing injuries such as bruises, broken bones, burns or cuts. An example of this would be: kicking, punching and slapping. https://www.nspcc.org.uk/preventing-abuse/child-abuse-and-neglect/physical-abuse/

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Sexual abuse is when you receive undesired sexual behaviour from an individual. There are different types of sexual abuse: sexual abuse, molestation, rape, abuse of position of trust, sexual exploitation, sexual grooming. (Pandorasproject, no date)
"Child sexual abuse is when a child is forced or persuaded to take part in sexual activities."(NSPCC, 2017)

http://www.pandys.org/whatissexualabuse.html

https://www.nspcc.org.uk/preventing-abuse/child-abuse-and-neglect/child-sexual-abuse/

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"Any act including confinement, isolation, verbal assault, humiliation, intimidation, infantilization, or any other treatment which may diminish the sense of identity, dignity, and self-worth."
https://www.healthyplace.com/abuse/emotional-psychological-abuse/emotional-abuse-definitions-signs-symptoms-examples/

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There are over 54,000 sexual offences against children recorded by the police in the UK in 2015/16. Nearly 30,000 registered offenders have been convicted of offences against children. There were over 9000 counselling sessions with young people  who talked to childline about sexual abuse in 2016/17. There are over 2,900 children who were identified in needing protection against sexual abuse in 2015/16. (NSPCC, 2017)

https://www.nspcc.org.uk/preventing-abuse/child-abuse-and-neglect/child-sexual-abuse/sexual-abuse-facts-statistics/

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Child trafficking is a crime which involves illegally moving children where they will be used for forced labour or sexual exploitation. It's hard to exactly estimate how many children have been trafficked into or within the UK because this is a hidden crime. In 2016, there were over 1,200 children who were identified as potential victims of child trafficking (NSPCC, 2017). UK, Albania, Vietnam, Afghanistan and Eritrea have been identified as the most common countries where children are being trafficked from. It has also been stated that 1 in 3 potential victims of modern slavery referred to the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) in 2016 were children (NSPCC, 2017).

"New research by child trafficking NGO Ecpat UK and the charity Missing People has found that 167 of the 590 children suspected or identified as child trafficking victims in the year from September 2014 to 2015 vanished from foster and care homes across the country.

An additional 593 of the 4,744 unaccompanied children placed under the protection of local authorities also went missing at least once in the same time period. Of the 760 trafficked or unaccompanied children who disappeared from care, 207 have never been found." (The Guardian, 2016).

“Child victims of trafficking are some of the most vulnerable children in the country. Most of the trafficked children we’ve supported were sexually abused, used as slaves in nail bars, or forced to commit crimes.

“They need specialist foster parents who have the skills and knowledge to help them overcome their trauma and keep them safe from traffickers. It’s also vital that professionals working with children can spot the signs of trafficking to prevent children being subjected to this horrible crime.” (Independent, 2017).

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Review of findings from the report of emotional abuse

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Review of findings from the report of emotional abuse

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Although it is unknown as to how many exact children suffer from emotional abuse, official statistics from 2011 show that 1 in 14 children have experienced emotional abuse by their parent/guardian (Radford, L. et al 2011). In the year of 2016, nearly 20,000 children were in need of protection from emotional abuse which had made emotional abuse the 2nd most common reason as to why children were in need for protection in the UK (Child protection register and plan statistics for all UK nations for 2016). Moreover, it was found that 17% of contacts made to the NSPCC's helpline in 2016 were concerns about emotional abuse and the NSPCC's helpline had responded to over 10,000 contacts which were in regards to emotional abuse in 2016/17. From this, there were 3,000 childline counselling sessions about emotional abuse in the same year (Bentley, H. et al 2017).

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Girls trafficked into prostitution are unlikely to go to school, to study, or to develop other skills necessary to start a career. Some may be able to practice reading and writing, but majority do not have the resources or opportunity to do so. As a result of this, they have less opportunity due to their lack of education compared to those who have access to it. Besides being pressured in violent work conditions and punishment, due to their illegal status, the children may develop fear against strangers and authorities. They may experience later in life noisy atmosphere and being in large crowds of people. Some victims may end up afraid of men due to their experience of being raped and forced into prostitution. If victims have been raped or sexually abused, it is likely their abusers never used contraception and so the victim may have sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV. Child victims may experience feelings of low self esteem, unconfidence and worthlessness due to suffering abuse.

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The Long term effects of sexual abuse on a child are: Emotional difficulties such as anger, anxiety, sadness or low self-esteem, for example, they can start to feel withdrawn and not socialise with others and gets angry by someone talking to them or having physical contact. Another effect is mental health problems such as depression, eating disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), suicidal thoughts. They may have disturbing thoughts, emotions and memories that causes them distress or confusion. They may also develop poor physical health such as obesity, aches and pains. Have constant worry that their abuser is still a threat to themselves or others. Children and young people may also develop learning difficulties, lower educational attainment, and difficulties in communicating. Moreover, they may have behavioural problems including anti-social behaviour, or criminal behaviour.

https://www.nspcc.org.uk/preventing-abuse/child-abuse-and-neglect/child-sexual-abuse/signs-symptoms-effects/

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The short term effects from being emotionally abuse vary as they happen even from the person meant to protect them, 1 in 14 children being abused by their parent or guardian,
The effects consist of shame or guilt, as the child is being blamed or belittled to feel shame; anxiety or fear, when the child realises who harms them and think no one can help them when the closest one does it; helplessness and undesirable, making the child feel as they were not meant to be born and their life has no meaning. In 2016, 17% of the contacts towards NSPCC were regards to emotional abuse.

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A short term effect is injuries from abuse they have suffered. If it is sexual exploitation, they may experience soreness in their privates, sexually transmitted infections and harmful effects from multiple pregnancies/miscarriages. They are likely physically abused, and so may suffer with injuries such as bruising, burns and bites for example. (Seameo.org. (2017). Chapter 7 - Impact of Child Trafficking: http://www.seameo.org/vl/combat/7chap.htm)

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The short term effects are:
Having bruises all over the body especially around the genital areas of children and young people. They can also have difficulty in sleeping at night thinking about the abuse they experienced or are experiencing. They may continually miss school causing them to be behind in work. Misuse/overuse of substances such as alcohol or drugs. Withdrawal from people. Sudden changes in behaviour e.g. getting angry all of a sudden when accidentally touched. Physical effects such as: cuts/scratches on body, or vaginal dryness/soreness.

https://www.nspcc.org.uk/preventing-abuse/child-abuse-and-neglect/child-sexual-abuse/signs-symptoms-effects/

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The short term effects of physical abuse would be: bruises, cuts, bite marks and seizures. This will have an effect on the child's wellbeing as it will make them feel vulnerable and terrified to talk to other people. Moreover, another effects of the short term effects on the child is that he/she may have low-self esteem and may want to isolate themselves.

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Statistics of emotional abuse in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. 

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Statistics of emotional abuse in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. 

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Emotional abuse increased from 935 to 1,040 from the year 2012 to 2016 in Wales.
https://www.nspcc.org.uk/globalassets/documents/statistics-and-information/child-protection-register-statistics-wales.pdf

Emotional abuse decreased from 277 to 170 from the year 2012 to 2016 in Northern Ireland.
https://www.nspcc.org.uk/globalassets/documents/statistics-and-information/child-protection-register-statistics-northern-ireland.pdf

Emotional abuse increased from 12,330 to 17,770 from the year 2012 to 2016 in England.
https://www.nspcc.org.uk/globalassets/documents/statistics-and-information/child-protection-register-statistics-england.pdf

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According to the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children’s statistics, as much as 1 in every 14 children (1 in 15 according to National Coalition Against Domestic Violence) are victims of physical abuse. And among those, disabled children are three times more likely to be physically abused than non-disabled children. And 90% of those children are also witnesses to domestic violence.

Up to 60% of victims of physical abuse are at risk of losing their jobs due to reasons directly stemming from the domestic violence (NCADV) https://www.marriage.com/advice/domestic-violence-and-abuse/physical-abuse-facts-and-stats/

22% of the concerns that the NSPCC’s helpline referred to police or children’s services related to physical abuse

6.9% also said they had experienced physical violence at the hands of a parent or guardian (3.7% said severe physical violence). The definition of physical violence includes: being beaten, kicked, hit or physically hurt by a parent or guardian, or physically attacked with or without a weapon but not including “smacking”.

26·7% of disabled children experienced some type of violence

20·4% of disabled children experienced physical violence

13·7% of disabled children experienced sexual violence.

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Long-term effects of emotional abuse come in after the victim spent more time being abused. This comes as sleep disturbances, lowering the physical health of the child, affecting their mind as they will be tired constantly and not wanting to interact with people, becoming isolated. Most children start losing their self esteem and self worth, being manipulated to think they cannot do anything good and will always be wrong. This can have serious effects on their intellectual development, as they can be a bright child but act as a fool. It is said that 30% of abused children would abuse their own ones when having them. This is due the mentality of raised in abuse and thinking there is not a problem with it.

http://www.theboxofdaughter.com/Statistics_on_Emotional_Abuse.pdf

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Statistics for England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

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Statistics for England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

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England: In England there is a continuous rise of sexual abuse since 2004 to 2016, there are over 40,000 recorded cases of sexual abuse.
https://www.nspcc.org.uk/globalassets/for-go-live-images/how-safe/2017indicator04england.png

Wales:  In Wales, sexual abuse has risen a lot from 2004 to 2016. https://www.nspcc.org.uk/globalassets/for-go-live-images/how-safe/2017indicator04wales.png

Scotland: In Scotland, from 2004 to 2016 rates of sexual abuse have stayed similar and have only risen slightly compared to England and Wales.
https://www.nspcc.org.uk/globalassets/for-go-live-images/how-safe/2017indicator04scotland.png

Northern Ireland: In Northern Ireland from 2004 to 2016, the rates of sexual abuse have risen and fallen throughout the years.
https://www.nspcc.org.uk/globalassets/for-go-live-images/how-safe/2017indicator04northernireland.png

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Neglect is a forever growing concern in the UK , and it is among one of the most popular forms of abuse in the country. Hollistic needs are based on the definition that authorities and others need to ‘address a child’s development needs’ (forest school leader 2009). According to the NSPCC , ‘33% of contacts to the NSPCC’s helpline were concerns about neglect’ , in which , this may apply to teachers , childminders or other concerned individuals calling incase of child maltreatment or abuse’.

Some short term effects may consist of very poor hygiene. Children who are being neglected may appear to have poor hygiene skills. Some examples may include not knowing how to wash their hands properly , or developing an OCD issue with washing hands. This can be seen as a long term effect also. Another short term effect may be  unwashed clothing and or hair. Sometimes children's clothes may appear to be very dirty , and their hair may be unwashed or smelly. Often , neglected children will be hungry all the time or consume a limited amount of food. This can be seen as both short term and long term , as sometimes children or young people can develop eating disorders , based around their habits or past habits of eating. Infants may sometimes have a bad case of nappy rash often , and this can be seen as neglect. A child may have recurring infections or illnesses that have not been sorted out. Often , those who are being neglected , will not attend doctor’s appointments so that doctors are able to prescribe the child medication for illness. Neglected children may miss GP or Hospital appointments often due to lack of parental guidance or encouragement. Some examples of this may include missing jab or injection appointments or follow up appointments. Poor growth or poor weight may be a possible short term issue based on neglect also , as well as frequent tiredness and lack of social or speaking skills. Being left alone for a long time or looking after younger siblings may also be a short term issue.

Along with short term issues , it is also important to assess long term issues also. Sometimes , Children or young people may have vivid memories of their neglect when they were younger , and it may affect them mentally. Some people will develop mental disorders such as OCD and Anxiety. OCD and Anxiety are among some of the most popular mental disorders to arise from cases of neglect , as some people may find it difficult thinking about their past. OCD may include severe phobia of germs or dirt , or in extreme cases , anxiety or OCD towards people or social skills or situations. Most will develop low self esteem issues and this may affect them mentally for a long time , in which therapy may be needed to help the individual overcome their issue.  Some may carry out forms of Abuse themselves due to their past history of being neglected , and it may lead to thoughts of thinking Abuse is okay. Some will suffer with long term illnesses such as Anaemia , eating habits and issues or possibly digestive or IBS issues caused by stress. Substance Abuse may also become a big issue as individuals may turn to this as a sense of doubt or denial. Those who have been Neglected in the past may see neglect as a routine. Crime may become a big issue also , possibly for a ‘way out’ , or for an escape from their past. Self esteem issues is likely to occur , along with lack of social skills as mentioned above. Those who have been neglected may become withdrawn from society or their friends and family , and they may become isolated. Illnesses may occur from missed jab or infection appointments , such as Cervical Cancer or MMR. Sometimes , people may have issues due to sightings or witnessing neglect. People may seem withdrawn from others or be very wary of themselves and their hygiene. Babies or newborns who have suffered neglect may become impaired from not having touch with their parent.

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Over nine in ten 8-11 year olds and also 12-15 year olds who are actively online say that they would report something that was disturbing or wrong if they saw it online, most likely to a family member or someone that they trust like a teacher or someone else who has authority in their view. despite a lot of children being taught about staying safe online and what they should do if they feel as though something isn't right while they are online, a small amount of 12-15 year old are interacting in risky and potentially dangerous online activities.

There are a lot of online predators who look online for vulnerable children who they can take advantage of. Also around one in ten online 8-11 year olds (10%) and one of five 12-15 year olds (19%) say that they've seen something online within the past year that seemed worrying to them. And around (8%) of all of these 12-15 year olds admit that they've been contacted by someone who they dont know online. (childrens 2015 report ). There are a lot of different effects on a child who has been abused online. they could have been bullied or they could've been a victim of an online predator. The NSPCC digital day research found that social media accounts for a fifth of all media and communications time for 11-15s. Our media literacy tracker shows that for many social media is a regular activity, with a sizeable minority of both 8-11s (11%) and 12-15s (28%) saying they access their main social media account more than ten times a day. This takes place throughout the day, and by 9pm 15% of 11-15s are still communicating via social media, and 2% are still messaging at midnight. (NSPCC)

Both 8-11s (43%) and 12-15s (52%) are most likely to consider Facebook their main social media profile. This is unchanged since 2015 but has fallen considerably since 2013, when 87% of 12-15s considered Facebook their main site. The numbers of 12-15s using SnapChat have continued to grow (51%, up from 43% in 2015), while fewer say they use Twitter (20%, down from 27%). The children in the qualitative research were more likely than in 2015 to be using group chat services to chat with both family and friends, including SnapChat, WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger and Instagram. (NSPCC)

https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0034/93976/Children-Parents-Media-Use-Attitudes-Report-2016.pdf

Long term effects- if a person is being abused online it can cause them to become very depressed and feel as though they’re unable to get away from the abuse.For bully victims, being targeted can result in increased suicide risk, depression, poor school performance and low self-esteem. But most studies on the effects of bullying focus on the childhood period.

Short term effects- they could drop out of their school because the online abuse may have been shown to other people like her peris which could the  leas to another form of bullying. This would only be a short time effect because they could always join another school.

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statistics - children under protection by social services due to physical abuse

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statistics - children under protection by social services due to physical abuse

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In 2016 there amount of children who were physically abused was 691 compared to 2013 when there were about 534 children who were physically abused. (NSPCC,2017)
https://www.nspcc.org.uk/globalassets/documents/statistics-and-information/child-protection-register-statistics-northern-ireland.pdf

In Wales there were 325 children placed in government protection due to physical abuse while in 2013 there were 400 children that were in government protection due to physical abuse. 3,720 children had to be looked after due to physical abuse or neglect.
https://www.nspcc.org.uk/globalassets/documents/statistics-and-information/child-protection-register-statistics-wales.pdf

There were over 58,000 children identified as needing protection from abuse in the UK in 2016. Number of children in child protection programmes has increased in the past couple of years
https://www.nspcc.org.uk/services-and-resources/research-and-resources/statistics/

In England more than half of children are taken into care due to abuse. https://www.nspcc.org.uk/preventing-abuse/child-protection-system/england/statistics/

https://www.childhelp.org/child-abuse-statistics/

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Statistics between England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales

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Statistics between England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales

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The amount of claimed exploitation cases related to minors which were recorded by England was 437 in total. This is more than all of the cases from Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales combined.

Northern Ireland had the least cases of claimed exploitation related to minors. (NCA, 2017).

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England have over 1.1 million children.

Just under 400,000 children receive some sort of child support from child services.

Over 50,000 needed protection from a form of abuse

Moreso sexual abuse has increased over the years than any other type of abuse

Over 70,000 children are in care

More than half are taken in because of abuse and neglect and that 46% of children suffer ongoing neglect.

Northern Ireland have over 430,000 children.

40,000 receive some sort of child support from child services.

Almost 21,000 need protection from those abusing them

Just under 30,000 are in care.

Wales have over 62,000 children

Over 19,000 receive child support from child services

3,000 need protection from abuse

5,600 children in car

50% increase in sexual abuse since 2014/15

A substantial minority of children experience severe maltreatment and abuse at home, in school, in the community, from adults and from peers.

1 in 5 children have experienced severe maltreatment

Children abused by parents or carers are almost 3 times more likely to also witness family violence

1 in 3 children sexually abused by an adult didn’t tell anyone at the time

All types of abuse and neglect are associated with poorer mental health

Strong associations were found between maltreatment, sexual abuse, physical violence, and poorer emotional wellbeing, including self-harm and suicidal thoughts.

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The UK report with findings from the UK 2010 survey by EU kids online

This report findings from Net children go mobile regarding children's online access

In 2010, 16% of children reported being bullied face to face,the rates are changed, but it has transferred from face to face to online via mobile devices. In 2010,the incident of bullying overall was also 21% ,but there is a marked change for 13-14 years old girls who experiences more bullying in 2013.

physical abuse was defined children and young people  are hurtful by meeting someone on the internet.

From the short term physical abuse the incidents of bullying is higher among girls ,the most children who report such incidents found upsetting.From the long term effects of physical abuse in the past 12 months, these finding shows us the most common way of being cyberbullied was on SNS.

Child has received sexual messages online in the past 12 months. Sexting was defined in terms of sexual message or images, children and young people use internet talk about having sex or image of people naked or having sex.

UK children report receiving fewer sexual messages than the European average 11%

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What is Female Genital Mutilation?

Female Genital Mutilation, (FGM) is the partial or total removal of a female's genitalia for a non - medical reasons. These reasons can be social, cultural or religious.

FGM is child abuse and is now a criminal offence, which can lead to 14 years in prison. FGM is used to control female sexuality and can cause severe and long-lasting damage to physical and emotional health.

FGM can range from pricking the genital area to totally removal of the clitoris and narrowing the vaginal opening. The cutting is made using instruments such as a knife, pair of scissors, scalpel, glass or razor blade.

FGM is usually performed by someone with no medical training. Girls are given no anaesthetic treatment and are often forcibly restrained.

FGM affects girls that are living within the communities that practice FGM. According to (who, 2012) data shows that FGM is practiced in 27 countries in Africa and in Yemen. However it is still carried out in 42 African countries including Asia and the Middle East (House of Commons International Development Committee, 2013). According to (HM government, 2016) in the uk home office has identified girls from the Somali, Kenyan, Ethiopian, Sudanese, Sierra Leonean, Egyptian, Nigerian, Eritrean, Yemeni, Kurdish and Indonesian communities are at most risk of FGM.

There are an estimated 137,000 women and girls affected by FGM in England and Wales.

It is estimated that more than 200 million girls and women alive today have undergone female genital mutilation.

Furthermore, there are an estimated 3 million girls at risk of undergoing female genital mutilation every year. The majority of girls are cut before they turn 15 years old.

(https://www.nspcc.org.uk/preventing-abuse/child-abuse-and-neglect/female-genital-mutilation-fgm/fgm-facts-statistics/)

Video

https://www.nspcc.org.uk/preventing-abuse/child-abuse-and-neglect/female-genital-mutilation-fgm/

Short Term effects

Haemorrhage -  Haemorrhage is one of the most common complications of FGM, as excision of the clitoris involves cutting across the high pressure clitoral artery and attempts to stop bleeding may not be effective.

Pain - The majority of mutilation procedures are performed without anaesthetics and cause the girl severe pain. Even if a local anaesthetic is used, multiple insertions of the needle are often required.

Infection - Infection commonly occurs for a number of reasons; unhygienic conditions, the use of unsterilized instruments, applications of traditional herbs or ashes to the wound, contamination of the wound with urine and/or faeces.

Fractures - Fracture of the clavicle, femur, humerus or hip joint can occur if heavy pressure is applied to a struggling girl during the procedure - as often occurs when several adults holding her down. (http://fgm.co.nz/complications-of-fgm/)

The long term effects of FGM

Young girls who have experienced FGM may endure  long term effects such as problems with pregnancy ,vaginal infection, problem with their period , sexual dysfunction, cysts and anaemia, urinary tract infections, infertility, and an increased risk of HIV transmission. (http://fgm.co.nz/complications-of-fgm/)

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Sexual exploitation is a type of sexual abuse where the child is engaged in sex or sexual acts in exchanged for basic needs in life such as shelter, food, protection, drugs or money. Others may have the exchange of luxury goods such as gifts or even just affection and more money.

Over 2,400 were victims of sexual exploitation in gangs and other forms of groups during a 14 month period from august 2010 to october 2011. The most common reason for trafficking is sexual exploitation and labour exploitation where the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) received a total of 3,805 referrals of potential victims of trafficking where 37% (1,278) are children under the age of 18 and 28% of them are due sexual exploitation and the remaining 37% is due to labour exploitation.

https://www.nspcc.org.uk/preventing-abuse/child-abuse-and-neglect/child-sexual-exploitation/child-sexual-exploitation-facts-and-statistics/

Short term effects

Avoiding or staying away from certain people - they can become frighten of a person or avoid being alone when being around or near the person they are afraid of.

Showing sexual behaviour inappropriate for their age - become sexually active at a young age, become promiscuous, start using sexual language such as children talking about their private part, knowing how to kiss and hugging, and mostly touching, rubbing, and showing of their genital and even masturbating as a comforting habit.

They may even have physical signs such as vagoinal soreness, unsual discharge, having an STI (sexual transmitted infection), becoming pregnant.

Grooming - having new things such as luxury items or new pairs of clothing, jewellery, phone etc… access to drugs and alcohol, becoming secreting on what they get up to when going out and being on their phone or computer, or even start having a boyfriend/girlfriend way older beyond their age.

Long term effects

The long term effects usually has an impact on their life chances such as:

Isolation from friends and family not wanting to be in contact or being around them where they may start avoiding them.

Teenage parenthood where they have to bring up a child where their child will have no father therefore they will have difficulty in trying to support themselves and their child - this links with dropping out of school at an early age as well as failing exams due to their situation.

Criminal activity if they feel they have no choice and this can be stealing in order to feed themselves and their child and this is linked to unemployments as they have no choice but to resort in involving in criminal activity. If they already have a criminal record they may even be unable to get a job in the first place a reason for their unemployment so they are left with what they know which is getting what they can through the illegal way.

Mental health problems is another factor as they could have developed from the drugs they have taken and the other types of abuse taken when being sexually exploited which makes it difficult to come out of the trauma being unable to proceed in life to live a normal life.

Suicide attempts is another factor as they may feel that there is no reason to move on as feel that they cannot get help or there is no help available feeling hopeless so they resort to suicide to solve their problems.

Alcohol and drug addiction as this can cause them to have aggressive behaviour as another reason of long term effect as they feel that it is the only thing they know and what they are used to it where it has a psychological impact on their behaviour as they bottle up the abuse they have been through and do not know how to cope with the issues so they turn to having these types of addiction or even behave aggressive as they are used to being shown aggression by their abusers which they may find the only way of handling different kinds of situations.

https://www.nspcc.org.uk/preventing-abuse/child-abuse-and-neglect/child-sexual-exploitation/signs-symptoms-and-effects/

Comparison

Wales -

2005 Barnardo’s cymro undertook a study and found that 184 cases of children being sexually exploited or there were concerns where children could be but found that even so, 1894 of the cases is an under estimation of the actual prevalence rate.

They found that 16,500 children were at risk of sexual exploitation and that 9% of children in wales are at risk of CSE

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