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* FBI Lab (Quantico, Virginia)
* Drug enforcement administration
* Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives
* US Army crime investigation (Georgia)
* US Postal Inspection Service

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* British Home Office
- Metropolitan Police Lab       (London)
- 5 Other Regional Labs
* Canada
- RCMP Labs
- Centre of Forensic Sciences (Toronto)

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1923- Los Angeles PD Crime Lab (first)
1930- University of California at Berkeley department of criminalistics headed by Paul Kirk
1932- FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover opens the FBI Laboratory
1981- FBI opens forensic science Research and Training Center

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1. Forensic Science- application of science to the court of law
2. Criminalist- application of science techniques in collecting and analyzing physical evidence

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* Reexamining evidence is permissible
* Resolve differences of opinion before the case goes to trial
* Advising attorneys about testimony of another forensic scientist is permissible
* Inform colleagues about new methodology for analysis
* Report invalid or unreliable methodology
* Respect opinions and conclusions unless they can be proven wrong
* Don't misrepresent statements, results, reports and testimony's

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1. Forensic Science- science to law
2. Ethics- dealing with values and human conduct with respect of actions
3. Physical Evidence- any object that can establish a crime that is being committed
4. Chain of Custody- refers to the chronological documentation
5. Rules of Evidence- govern when, how, and for what purpose the case goes to court
6. Impartiality- not partial or biased
7. Testimony- statement or declaration of a witness under oath
8. Expert Witness- person who presents findings of a crime investigation in a court of law
9. American Academy of Forensic Science- largest forensics organization in the world
10. Preservation- keep possession or retain for safe keeping

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~ Significant elements in resolving civil and criminal matters
~ Link or exonerate suspects
~ Any distinction between civil and criminal is artificial
~  Principles and procedures of the forensic science investigation are the same for both

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- American Society of Crime Lab Directors-Lab Accreditation Board (ASCLD-LAB) accredits crime lab
- International Organization for Standardization (ISO) certifies crime lab
-American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) certifies testing materials used in analysis
-American Board of Criminalistics (ABC) certifies individual forensic scientists

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~AAFS: American Academy of Forensic Science
~ABC: American Board of Criminalistics
~AFTE: Association of Firearms and Tool Mark Examination

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- College Educations
-Internships
-In-house training
-External Training
-Workshops

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~Federal, State, and Local Crime Labs
~FBI: Federal Bureau Investigation
~DEA: Drug Enforcement   Administration
~ATF: Bureau of alcohol, tobacco, and firearms
~USPS: US Postal Services
~US Secret Services
~CIA: Central Intelligence Agency
~US Fish & Wildlife Services
~ Teaching at community colleges and universities

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-Trace evidence
-Latent prints
-Forensic biology
-Toxicology
-Controlled Substance
-Questioned documents
-Firearms

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~Forensic Scientist: Bachelor of Science, or higher in natural or physical science
~Criminologists: Bachelor of Science of higher in sociology or psychology
~Crime Scene Investigators: law enforcement officers with a certification
~Medical Examiners: licensed Pathologists possessing a doctor of medicine, that have completed several years of internship in pathology
~Coroner: equivalent to MEs in some jurisdictions; elected county officials who handle corpses and death investigations
~ Prosecutors: Doc. of Jurisprudence in criminal law