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Nothernmost reaches of the continents in the Northern Hemisphere, such as Canada, Russia, Iceland, Greenland, and Scandinavian countries.

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They are toward the middle of the earth, usually surrounding the equator. Some countries include Brazil, parts of central America, and Indonesia.

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Usually bitterly cold, with summer temperatures ranging from 37-54 degrees Fahrenheit and winter temperatures averaging -30 degrees Fahrenheit. It is often plagued by frigid winds. The consistently cold temperatures result in permafrost, a perennially frozen layer of ground close beneath the surface which forms due to the water that freezes there.

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The ride line is the monthly on average temperature and the blue is the amount of rainfall there is each month

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The sparse precipitation mostly takes the form of snow, which leaves a layer of snow and ice on the ground for much of the year. The average precipitation is 15 to 25 cm (or 6 to 10 in).

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See picture above. As you can see, there is the largest amount of rain between January and April and the smallest between June and September

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There are no trees, but many low-growing plants such as grasses, mosses, an dwarf woody shrubs. Due to the constant cold and wind, tall plants and trees cannot grow. The growing season is only 6-8 weeks in the arctic summer, when there is almost constant sunshine,

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Most plants are broadleaf evergreen plants which keeps their leaves year round and have trees with shallow roots and broad bases. They need to capture the little sunlight that makes it through. Air plants get nutrients through humid air and rain, such as orchids

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The most permanent residents of the tundra are primarily small herbivores (including lemmings, hares, voles, and ground squirrels), small/medium predators (such as the lynx, arctic fox, snowy owl, and weasel), large herbivores (like the musk ox and caribou), and large predators (like the arctic wolf)

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As seen in the picture above, there's tons of biodiversity.

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Decomposition occurs slowly because of the extreme cold, which results in low populations of decomposers in the soil. Consequently, the soil is low in organic matter, nitrates, phosphates, and other minerals.

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Scarce soil nutrients, so get most of nutrients in decomposing organisms and higher level consumers get it through other animals.

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Hinterland Who's Who / Faune et flore du pays

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This video focuses on the ecology of this magnificent landscape, its biodiversity and the adaptations of its inhabitants, which include species at risk. Finding out about these amazing species is a great start to conserving them!