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The foremost experts in the field of media violence research present a broad range of approaches and findings to confirm what has long been suspected: media violence has profoundly negative effects on children.

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https://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/apr/27/drama2

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https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2007/apr/23/an18forthisisenglandthis

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http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0480025/

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How might we play the part of an active audience when viewing This is England

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Apply the uses and gratification theory to This is England:

- informative?
- cultural?
- entertainment?
- viewer identification?
- topic of conversation?
- escapism?

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apply the hypodermic needle model in relation to This is England:

-  target audience?
- negative affect ?
- your opinion?

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This Is England '83-'90… watch the story so far

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In the run up to This Is England '90, director Shane Meadows invites viewers to look back at the characters first introduced in 1983 with a 5-minute recap ahead of the new series. This Is England '90 starts Sunday 13th September 9pm on Channel 4.

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An episode/clips of Shane Meadow's This is England

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https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/502083/Scandal-of-Shameless-estates-riddled-with-crime-and-violence

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https://www.commonsensemedia.org/tv-reviews/shameless/user-reviews/adult#

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concluded that media violence has a disinhibition effect – it convinces children that in some social situations, the ‘normal’ rules that govern conflict and difference can be suspended, i.e. discussion and negotiation can be replaced with violence with no repercussions.

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Can you find some online information concerning the explicit content of Shameless? Upload below:

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How might we play the part of an active audience when viewing Shameless?

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Apply the uses and gratification theory to Shameless:

- informative?
- cultural?
- entertainment?
- viewer identification?
- topic of conversation?
- escapism?

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apply the hypodermic needle model in relation to Shameless :

-  target audience?
- negative affect ?
- your opinion?

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My favorite scene from shameless, Not MY PROPERTY. Created by Paul Abbott

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The Maguire clan is thrown into crisis when Paddy beats Shane half to death. Also, Ian and Mandy are both sad and lonely -- but THAT lonely? 1 of 3. (Corrected because there was 4 minutes of footage that appeared twice in the original version.)

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Watch an episode/the following clips of Channel 4's Shameless, Paul Abbot (2004 - 2013)

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The Independant 2207: BBC Backs Down on Plan to Censor 'Fairytale of New York'

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The Independant 2207: BBC Backs Down on Plan to Censor 'Fairytale of New York'

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http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/bbc-backs-down-on-plan-to-censor-fairytale-of-new-york-765902.html

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BBC News 2001 Debate: Should Eminem be Banned in the UK

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BBC News 2001 Debate: Should Eminem be Banned in the UK

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http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/talking_point/1158016.stm

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You're a bum
You're a punk
You're an old slut on junk
Lying there almost dead
On a drip in that bed

You scumbag
You maggot
You cheap lousy faggot
Happy Christmas your arse
I pray God
It's our last

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If even the mention of Stan's girlfriend screaming in the trunk" is censored for most music and radio channels, how come NOTHING is censored in 'Fairytale of New York'?

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What Could be Effecting Censorship Decisions?

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What Could be Effecting Censorship Decisions?

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- The Artists
What are the statuses of these artists in the public eye? How are they represented in the media?
- The message
What message comes from the songs as a whole?
- Target Audience
Who listens to these songs? Do they have the same audience? Are Eminem's audience considered more impressionable than The Pogues audience?

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"Fairytale of New York" The Pogues Ft. Kirty Macoll

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"Fairytale of New York" The Pogues Ft. Kirty Macoll

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Often voted the best Christmas song of all time. Although there is a radio edit it is very rarely used even on BBC radio.

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The Pogues -  Fairytale Of New York (Official Video) [HD Upgrade]

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In the MTV "clean" version the song and video were censored. Significant portions from the first two verses and most of the third verse were removed. MTV also cut out all traces of Stan’s girlfriend bound in the trunk of the car and removed one scene showing him guzzling vodka while driving.[5] In the MTV full version, which is 8:15 long, verse 3 censors Stan mentioning his girlfriend in the trunk (so "Shut up bitch" and "screaming in the trunk" is censored), and about him not slitting her throat, but tied her up, and "if she suffocates, she'll suffer more, then she'll die too", which "slit", "tied her up", "suffocates", and "die" is censored.

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Some Cases & arguments you might find interesting!

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Some Cases & arguments you might find interesting!

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Marxists are critical of this model because they suggest that social needs may be socially manufactured by the media and may therefore be ‘false needs’.

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https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/sociology/mass-media-0/effect-media-content-audiences-society

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people use the media to obtain information and news in order to help them make up their minds on particular issues.

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people may use the media to ‘make over’ or to modify their identity. Social networking websites, such as Facebook, allow people to use the media to present their particular identities to the wider world in a way that they can control.

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media products such as soap operas may compensate for the decline of community in our lives, e.g. socially isolated elderly people may see soap opera characters as companions they can identify with and worry about in the absence of interaction with family members. Cyber-communities on the Internet may also be seen by users as alternative families.

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people may immerse themselves in particular types of media to make up for the lack of satisfaction at work or in their daily lives, e.g. women may compensate for the lack of romance in their marriages by reading Mills and Boon romantic novels. Some people even have alternative lives and identities as avatars on websites such as Second Life.

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Uses & Gratification Theory - Blumler and Mcquail (1968) and Lull (1995)

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Uses & Gratification Theory - Blumler and Mcquail (1968) and Lull (1995)

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see media audiences as active. Their uses and gratifications model suggests that people use the media in order

to satisfy particular social needs that they have, e.g. Wood (1993) illustrated how teenagers may use horror films to gratify their need for excitement. Blumler and McQuail identify four basic needs which people use the media to satisfy.

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https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/sociology/mass-media-0/effect-media-content-audiences-society

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active audience approaches see the media as far less influential. They believe that people have considerable choice in the way they use and interpret the media. There are various versions of this view, outlined on the next page.

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looked at over 3500 research studies into the effects of screen violence, encompassing film, television, video and more recently, computer and video games. He concluded that there is still no conclusive evidence that violence shown in the media influences or changes people’s behaviour.

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Some sociologists believe that children are not as vulnerable as the hypodermic syringe model implies, e.g. research indicates that most children can distinguish between fictional/cartoon violence and real violence from a very early age, and generally know that it should not be imitated. Sociologists are generally very critical of the hypodermic syringe model because it fails to recognise that audiences have very different social characteristics in terms of age, maturity, social class, education, family background, parental controls, etc. These characteristics will influence how people respond to and use media content.

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The effects model also fails to put violence into context, e.g. it views all violence as wrong, however trivial, and fails to see that audiences interpret it according to narrative context. Research by Morrison suggests that the context in which screen violence occurs affects its impact on the audience.

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The media effects model fails to be precise in how ‘violence’ should be defined. There are different types of media violence such as in cartoons, images of war and death on news bulletins and sporting violence. It is unclear whether these different types of violence have the same or different effects upon their audiences or whether different audiences react differently to different types and levels of violence. The effects model has been criticised because it tends to be selective in its approach to media violence, i.e. it only really focuses on particular types of fictional violence.

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argues that people, especially children, do not behave as naturally under laboratory conditions as they would in their everyday environment, e.g. children’s media habits are generally influenced and controlled by parents, especially when they are very young.

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argues that seeing the effects of violence and especially the pain and suffering that it causes to the victim and their families, may make us more aware of its consequences and so less inclined to commit violent acts. Sensitisation to certain crimes therefore may make people more aware and responsible so that they avoid getting involved in violence.

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found that screen violence can actually provide a safe outlet for people’s aggressive tendencies. This is known as catharsis. They suggest that watching an exciting film releases aggressive energy into safe outlets as the viewers immerse themselves in the action.

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An Argument Against the Hypodermic needle Model

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An Argument Against the Hypodermic needle Model

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A number of critiques have developed of the imitation-desensitisation model of media effects, e.g. some media sociologists claim that media violence can actually prevent real-life violence.

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https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/sociology/mass-media-0/effect-media-content-audiences-society

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Newson’s report led directly to increased censorship of the film industry with the passing of the Video Recordings (Labelling) Act 1985, which resulted in videos and DVDs being given British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) age certificates. The BBFC also came under increasing pressure to censor films released to British cinemas by insisting on the film makers making cuts relating to bad language, scenes of drug use and violence.

Television too was affected by this climate of censorship. All the television channels agreed on a nine o’clock watershed, i.e. not to show any programmes that used bad language or contained scenes of a sexual or violent nature before this time. Television channels often resorted to issuing warnings before films and even edited out violence themselves or beeped over bad language.

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Newson argued that sadistic images in films were too easily available and that films encouraged viewers to identify with violent perpetrators rather than victims. Furthermore, Newson noted that children and teenagers are subjected to thousands of killings and acts of violence as they grow up through viewing television and films. Newson suggested that such prolonged exposure to media violence may have a drip-drip effect on young people over the course of their childhood and result in their becoming desensitised to violence. Newson argues that they see violence as a normal problem-solving device and concluded that, because of this, the latest generation of young people subscribe to weaker moral codes and are more likely to behave in anti-social ways than previous generations.

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concluded that media violence has a disinhibition effect – it convinces children that in some social situations, the ‘normal’ rules that govern conflict and difference can be suspended, i.e. discussion and negotiation can be replaced with violence with no repercussions.

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Early studies of the relationship between the media and violence focused on conducting experiments in laboratories, e.g. Bandura et al. (1963) carried out an experiment on young children which involved exposing them to films and cartoons of a self-righting doll being attacked with a mallet. They concluded on the basis of this experiment that violent media content could lead to imitation or copycat violence.

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The hypodermic syringe approach to media effects believes that a direct correlation exists between the violence and anti-social behaviour portrayed in films, on television, in computer games, in rap lyrics, etc. and violence and antisocial behaviour such as drug use and teenage gun/knife crime found in real life. The model suggests that children and teenagers are vulnerable to media content because they are still in the early stages of socialisation and therefore very impressionable.

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15 Real Life Crimes Inspired By Video Games

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15 Real Life Crimes Inspired By Video Games

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https://www.thegamer.com/15-real-life-crimes-inspired-by-video-games/

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Study: Rap Music Linked to Alcohol, Violence

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Study: Rap Music Linked to Alcohol, Violence

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https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5390075

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5 Brutal Murders That Were Influenced By Music

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5 Brutal Murders That Were Influenced By Music

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https://www.top5s.co.uk/5-murders-believed-to-of-been-influenced-by-music/

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16 Real Life Crimes and Murders Inspired by the Joker

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16 Real Life Crimes and Murders Inspired by the Joker

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https://www.ranker.com/list/real-crimes-inspired-by-the-joker/jacob-shelton

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8 Horrific Crimes Influenced By Pop Culture

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8 Horrific Crimes Influenced By Pop Culture

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https://www.oddee.com/item_99036.aspx

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HORROR STORY Real-life crimes inspired by films and TV shows… including Scream copycat murders and a foiled Saw torture plotDebate rages over whether glamorising the criminal lifestyle leads to similar behaviour in viewers by Sarah Barns

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HORROR STORY Real-life crimes inspired by films and TV shows… including Scream copycat murders and a foiled Saw torture plotDebate rages over whether glamorising the criminal lifestyle leads to similar behaviour in viewers by Sarah Barns

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https://www.thesun.co.uk/living/2101206/real-life-crimes-inspired-by-films-and-tv-shows-including-scream-copycat-murders-and-a-foiled-saw-torture-plot/

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Early Marxist Commentator, Marcuse (1964)

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Early Marxist Commentator, Marcuse (1964)

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believed that the media transmitted a mass culture which was directly injected into the hearts and minds of the population making them more vulnerable to ruling class propaganda.

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claims that media coverage of political issues can influence voting behaviour.

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argue that there is a causal link between representation of (US) size zero models in magazines and eating disorders.

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Feminists, Dworkin (1988) & Morgan (1980)

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Feminists, Dworkin (1988) & Morgan (1980)

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have suggested that there is a strong relationship between the consumption of pornography and sexual crime.

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sees a cause-effect relationship between screen violence and real-life violence.

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Sociologists have argued that media content can have a direct effect upon their audiences and trigger particular social responses in terms of behaviour and attitudes.
https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/sociology/mass-media-0/effect-media-content-audiences-society

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Influential psychologists, pressure groups, religious leaders and politicians have suggested that there is a direct causal link between violence in films, television programmes and computer games and violent real-life crime. It is argued that such media content exerts an overwhelmingly negative effect on impressionable young audiences. These beliefs have led to increased state control over and censorship of the media in Britain.

https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/sociology/mass-media-0/effect-media-content-audiences-society