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Kyle Cunningham - Boo Radley and Scout, Jem, and Dill

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Kyle Cunningham - Boo Radley and Scout, Jem, and Dill

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Boo Radley is prejudged by the other children because there are many rumors about him and his family in Maycomb, which causes the children to feel like he is something to be feared when in reality they have never met him.

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Aunt Alexandra believes that scout shout start to act like a lady. She tells her multiple times that she can never be a lady if she doesnt dress like one. Scout feels indifferent to her Aunts opinions and feels like Aunt Alexandra doesnt understand how she feels. Aunt Alexandra only tells her to act feminine but does not teach her or guide her. Scout feels like Alexandra does not have a right to tell her what to do or not to do. "I could not possibly hope to be a lady if I wore breeches; when I said I could do nothing in a dress, she said I wasn't suppossed to be doing things that required pants"(Lee 108).

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Scout is the youngest of her small pack of friends and is the only girl. It is only natural that she feels left out sometimes and doesn’t feel that she fits in. She often asks her older brother if she can take part in the games he and their friend, Dill, play. Jem often dismisses her and tries to insult her to get her off of his back. “Jem told me I was being a girl, and that girls always imagined things, that’s why other people hated them so, and if I started behaving like one I could just go off and find some to play with” (Lee 54). Jem feels that the only way to put down his little sister is to dehumanize being a girl. Saying that girls imagine too much which is why no one likes them and if she ever acted like a girl, she could never play with the boys. Sadly, stereotyping is shown from such a young and naive perspective.

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Throughout chapter nine, Atticus is repeatedly faced with prejudice and stereotyping from the townspeople and his own family. Unfortunately, Scout is thereby forced to face the brunt of such cruelty. This is seen when her cousin Francis incites a sensitive topic at Christmas, "'It's bad enough he lets you all run wild, but now he's turned out a ni***r-lover we'll never be able to walk the  streets of Maycomb agin. He's ruinin' the family, that's what he's doin'.'" (Lee 110). This cruelty is due to Atticus' decision to represent a black man in court. Everyone just ignorantly assumes that he is guilty because of his skin color, without even caring to understand the case. This directly ties to Claude Steele's video when he argues, "All these different stereotypes and all types of legal rights because you look this way, and you look that way, and you're telling me it's okay to close a blind eye to the less fortunate simply because they are beneath you." Clearly, this same preconceived standard was set for Atticus' client before anyone could even learn to understand the case. Everyone lives in their own little bubble which suits them and their ignorant beliefs. In short, this encounter with Francis further demonstrates the cruel stereotypes of the world.

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You can use examples from the other chapters, too.

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Throughout chapter 9 there is a common trend that Atticus is a n-word lover and is a disgrace to the town and his family. When Scout, Jem, and Atticus meet up with the rest of their family tensions between cousin Francis and Scout rise high. When Francis proceeds to call Atticus  a "n-word lover" in a slanderous way and says "He's ruinin' the family, that's what he's doin" (Lee 110). This all came about due to the fact Atticus is representing a black man as his client. The extreme prejudiced and disregard for others in their society is clearly seen to the extent even have children think what Atticus is doing is wrong. This connect to the video because he talks about barriers and giving a blind eye to the unfortunate which is exactly what people in chapter 9 are doing. He also mentions predetermined thoughts which I think fits perfect here because so many people just assume that Mr. Robinson is guilty based on the color of his skin. This just goes to show how fractured society is and how unfair the justice system is towards minorities.

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Throughout chapter 9, Aunt Alexandra makes it very clear that she doesn't believe the way Jem and especially Scout are being raised is adequate to the family name. Aunt Alexandra believes Scout should dress and act more like a lady because her behavior is unacceptable. Aunt Alexandra strictly believes in the stereotypes set by society of women in comparison to men. It is brought up by Aunt Alexandra that women should wear dresses never pants, and should play with girl toys not boys. This is a huge example of stereotyping in the novel and displays how Aunt Alexandra was raised with sexist outlooks on women. Atticus even makes a comment to this when talking to Scout, "Aunt Alexandra didn't understand girls much, she'd never had one"(Lee 84). Atticus explains that Aunt Alexandra never got the chance to understand the new age of women since she is stuck in her old ways. Women empowerment during this time period can definitely be exemplified by Scout because she doesn't care was people say about her and she does what she wants without limitations which Aunt Alexandra doesn't understand. Aunt Alexandra uses the physical stereotype as explained in the video that when she sees Scout in her breeches she automatically thinks Scout isn't a proper lady.

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When Miss Caroline introduces herself in the first day of class, she reveals herself to be an outsider to the students of Maycomb County. The students immediately begin stereotyping her for this, thinking she was squeamish and unfit to be a Maycomb teacher. Even when Miss Caroline screamed, the students did not try to see what scared her, they just assumed that she was freaking out over a rat because she has never seen one before.
-Kristina

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Aunt Alexandra practices her belief of what is considered to make up a lady on Scout. She believes a lady should be, "involved playing with small stoves, tea sets, and wearing the Add-A-Pearl necklace she gave me when I was born"(Lee 108). According to her aunt, Scout should dress appropriately, such a a dress. Woman were seen as proper, but Scout went against the common stereotype. Relating to the video, a test was done by given both woman and men a difficult math test. The woman, as they struggled to complete the test, felt as if the stereotype "woman were bad at math" was true. Both woman during the 1930's and woman today face stereotypes. Like Aunt Alexandra had pressure to make Scout act like the stereotypes, the woman in the video believed that the math stereotypes were true about them.

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Throughout chapter 9, Aunt Alexandra displays her beliefs of what it is to be a lady. She shows prejudice against women and she says that Scout, "...wasn't supposed to be doing things that required pants"(108). Aunt Alexandra's "vision" for Scout is to be playing with tea sets and fake kitchens and wearing pearls. She believes that Scout should be lady like and "behave like a sunbeam." The video relates to this in the part where the woman and men were given the same test. While the women struggled with the test, they were growing a belief for the stereotype of women being bad at math. This is similar to Scout because she is living in a world where woman have a stereotypical "life to live" and clearly Scout does not follow that "role" woman played at her time.

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Boo Radley had been a symbol of terror in Maycomb for a long time. The children Dill, Scout, and Jem create a game making fun of the tragedy that is the Radley family story. Boo Radley clearly was in a right mental state and the children believed every rumor they heard about him. Other people judged based off of the rumors of what he did versus who he actually is. The video shows just how detrimental these words can be and how being judged is never gets easier.

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(Leah Kelly) Atticus Finch, Cecil Jacobs, Scout Finch

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(Leah Kelly) Atticus Finch, Cecil Jacobs, Scout Finch

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Atticus Finch faces prejudice for defending a black person. The people of Maycomb, Alabama are know for gossip and spreading rumors around the town. Many people in Maycomb don't accept the fact that Atticus is willing to defend a client, even if they are black. At school one day, Cecil Jacobs exclaims in front of the class that Scout Finches dad defends n*****. Similarly to the video, Jonathan Lykes expresses how he there is perception of how people see others, they are either accepting, or they reject their stance in society. This relates to how Cecil is prejudice towards people of the opposite skin color and how her perception is rejecting them.

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Be sure to try to add a connection to the video that you just watched. 

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Be sure to try to add a connection to the video that you just watched. 

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[JONATHON LYKES] I remember when I felt like I had no voice. Before I faced history, before college was a choice. It was my freshman year of high school when I took my first Facing History course. They taught me about identity, community and choosing to participate. Now I'm involved in my community because I chose to participate. Because I used to feel like my words were like the crooked figures hidden under the barcodes that are pasted on the beaten backs of books that I was never supposed to read.

My words, numbered. Because I used to wonder, how do they see me, how do I see them. For I noticed that there's this thing called perception that gives people the opportunity for exception or on the flip side, to be in the circle of rejection, or different type of sections in groups of cliques making fun of that person and talking bad about this person. So I ask you, what is your outlook on things? All these different stereotypes and all types of legal rights being violated because you look this way and you act that way and you're telling me it's OK to give a blind eye to the less fortunate simply because they're beneath you. Test.

[CLAUDE STEELE] You know, I often say that people experience stereotype threat several times a day. And the reason is that we have a lot of identities. Our gender, our race, our age. And about each one of those identities that I mentioned, there are negative stereotypes. And when people are in a situation for which a negative stereotype about one of their identities is relevant to the situation, relevant to what they're doing, they know they could be possibly judged or treated in terms of that stereotype. They don't know whether they are or not, but they know they could be.

And if the situation is important, that prospect starts to threaten them and upset them and distract them and can affect performance right there in the situation. And so you could find yourself kind of adjusting and deflecting, doing things that would deflect being seen by the stereotype. And it can affect their willingness or their interest in staying in that area of life where that kind of stereotype is relevant.

[JONATHON LYKES] Test. You, in a dark suburban alley alone see a Black man, looks like he's far away from home. Fear runs down your spine and your thoughts roam as you say in your mind, this little Black boy is up to no good and should be picked up by the police. But would you believe that that boy was me and what they didn't see was I was coming home from youth group. So tell me why the mode of pre-determined thought towards me. I'm not in that percentile. We're trying to be all that we can be. And they still stone me with their misconceptions about Black men.

They tend to understand and assume I'm into to misconjugated verbs, oversized pants, and hip hop.

[SONJA SOHN] The year the schools were integrated I was bussed uptown 20 miles. I was in a school with white kids. And on the first day of school they sectioned us all off and they called out groups one, two, three, and four and you went and stood in lines. And I'm seeing all the white kids in one line. And I knew that I had tested pretty high on tests before because I used to study by myself in my school the year before.

And so I knew what line I was going in. And I went into that line filled with the white kids. And that year things changed for me. I lost a lot of confidence. And I was under stereotype threat. I was scared to raise my hand because I couldn't be wrong. Not the Black girl who lived downtown.

[CLAUDE STEELE] I'm a social psychologist and experimentalist and so we've done experiments to test whether or not stereotype threat can have effect on something that we tend to think of as pretty hard-wired like your performance on a cognitive exam or a standardized test. So one simple experiment was to bring women and men into the laboratory one at a time and give them a very difficult math test, a math test that we knew would cause frustration.

And even though everything was the same for the men and for the woman-- the room, the items on the test, the experimenter-- for men, as they went along doing the test and experienced frustration, they could worry that they're not as good at math as they maybe thought they were. But they wouldn't be worried that they were confirming some group-based limitation of ability. But for women, in the same situation, as they start to experience frustration, some part of their brain might worry, am I confirming the stereotype about women having limited math ability? Is that what's going on here?

And that worry, since these are women who we-- women and men-- who we selected for being very committed to math and very good at it, that worry for that kind of person can be upsetting and distracting and can interfere with their performance right there in the testing situation. And that's exactly what happened. Women did considerably worse than the men. However, and here's the good news, we eventually came up with an idea that would take stereotype threat out of that situation.

We simply told them the following: Look, you may have heard that women are not as good at difficult standardized tests. But that's not true for this particular standardized test. The test that you're taking today is a test on which women always do as well as men. So the subtext of that little statement is, look, the frustration you're having on this test has nothing to do with your being a woman. Now we've taken this extra pressure that women might have in this situation out of the situation. They're no longer under the pressure of confirming or being seen to confirm something, some limitation, that's out there in the stereotypes of our society about women lacking math ability.

And if that's what's been depressing their performance earlier, now their performance should go up to match that of equally skilled men. And that is exactly what happened. With that little sentence, women's performance matched that of men.

So some forms of this threat are pretty minor and almost humorful, and other forms of this threat are really poignant. One thing to say in a Facing History context is that stereotypes is one way by which history affects present life, because stereotypes are built up over the history of a society. And they can have an impact on people's functioning in the immediate, present situations, and are big factors in the way our society functions. Who goes into what kinds of fields. Who enjoys what kinds of work. These things are driven, in big part, by these by these kinds of threats.

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How Stereotypes Affect Us and What We Can Do

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Claude Steele describes the idea and effects of stereotype threat in our daily lives.

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Boo Radley is judged by most of the people living in Maycomb County, despite any of them ever meeting him. Rumors circulate about him being a peeping Tom, and being dangerous. He is always the victim of stereotype threats because people always assume about him without actually meeting him. For example, Scout, Jem, and other children always believed the rumors that he ate cats and small animals and was very dangerous, but in reality, he seems to be just a normal person who prefers to stay inside. Similar to the video where the woman's intelligence was judged as a child based on her skin color, Boo Radley is judged based on rumors that have been made up about him, where people tend to believe things that may not even be true.

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Miss. Maudie explains to Scout how she is considered a sinner in town by the other neighbors. She claims they say these harsh things about her because they are all foot-washers and "foot-washers believe that anything that's pleasure is a sin"(59). According to her other neighbors, Miss. Maudie was spending more time tending her flowers than she was inside studying the bible. Just based off this, the people were quick to judge about Miss. Maudie's beliefs and her future in the afterlife. They claimed that her and her "...flowers were going to hell"(59). In the video, it mentions how certain forms of stereotyping can cause people to lose interest in what they typically do, however, Miss. Maudie did not let these comments get to her. She continues to spend time outside tending her plants and holds her head high while doing it.

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The rumor of Boo Radley and his evil instances was told to Jem and Scout by Miss Stephanie Crawford. She explained to them what Boo Radley does and his psyco tendencies. By telling Jem and Sout this, she becomes prejudice by spreading the rumor and influencing others. She also becomes stereotypical by sticking to the crowd of Maycomb individuals that believe this rumor and not thinking of the actual possibilities. In the video, the word perception is brought up that "gives people the opportunity for exception or on the 🤬 side of rejection."  This quote relates to Miss Stephanie and how she chooses to perceive the Boo Radley rumor to others in fear of being rejection by others not believing her story.

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Contrary to what Scout believes, Aunt Alexandra is convinced that Scout should spend her childhood preparing to be a proper lady and a good wife. She tells her to play with stoves and tea sets and to wear the pearl necklace she got her. According to Aunt Alexandra, Scout cannot wear pants and be the light in her father's life at the same time. The video touches on the many prejudices that have been engraved into women's minds. Because of this, Scout has to decipher what she knows to be her purpose in life as opposed to "role" of women in society at that time.

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When Scout meets up with her cousin Francis, he is telling her that her dad is a "n-word lover" in a very derogatory way and he talks about how he is going to destroy the Finch family reputation "'but now he turned out to be a *nword* lover besides, but I'm here to tell you it certainly does mortify the rest of the family'"(Lee 110). All of this transpired because Atticus is representing a black man in court case because he is not prejudice and most other people are. Francis cannot understand that everyone deserves equal representation. This can connect back to video because the video says "So tell me why the mode of pre-determined thought towards me. I'm not in that percentile. We're trying to be all that we can be. And they still stone me with their misconceptions about black men" (in reference to the way people see him). This can relate to Atticus, since he is defending a black man, people automatically look down upon them, and will soon look down upon Atticus, just as they looked down and stereotype a young black man. It is completely unfair to both parties and is morally wrong

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During school Cecil Jacobs harasses Scout about her fathers job because he is a lawyer and currently defending a black man. When Scout gets home that day she proceeds to question her father saying, "Do all lawyers defend n-Negroes, Atticus" (Lee 100)? Due to these derogatory remarks at school, Scout is now lead to believe that standing up for a black man is a negative thing. The video explains that the reason for stereotyping "...is that we have a lot of identities". During this time period people often stereotyped anyone that didn't look, or weren't like themselves, whether it be age, gender, race or ethnicity.

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In the earlier portion of the novel, Atticus is giving Scout advice on making her way through early school life, and gives the iconic quote"You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view...until you climb into his skin and walk around in it."(Lee 39). On top of this clearly hinting towards obvious prejudice in the town, it also shows Atticus wants Scout to not become like the rest of Maycomb and be an individual who is unaffected by the prejudice ways of the town.