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French design is unconventional in modern design terms; it doesn’t have the minimalism and refinement of Scandinavian or Swiss design, or the bold colors and exaggerated characters of Japanese design, but it certainly has its characteristic features that range from aesthetic to philosophical and ideological.

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Curving

Gracefully delicate ornamentation

Asymmetrical design

White, gold, light pastels

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Curving

Gracefully delicate ornamentation

Asymmetrical design

White, gold, light pastels

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Religion is the main theme of Gothic art and architecture

Latin cross

Pointed arch

Cross ribbed vaults

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Religion is the main theme of Gothic art and architecture

Latin cross

Pointed arch

Cross ribbed vaults

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Clean, elegant lines

Uncluttered appearance

Flat roofs

Free standing columns

Massive buildings

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Clean, elegant lines

Uncluttered appearance

Flat roofs

Free standing columns

Massive buildings

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Simple, clean shapes, often with a “streamlined” look

Built with new industrial materials like stucco, concrete and stainless steel

Strong vertical emphasis

Many buildings have surface decorations above doors and windows done in low relief that combines geometric patterns and figures

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Simple, clean shapes, often with a “streamlined” look

Built with new industrial materials like stucco, concrete and stainless steel

Strong vertical emphasis

Many buildings have surface decorations above doors and windows done in low relief that combines geometric patterns and figures

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- Assimilated from Malay culture
- Baju Panjang (long dress), adapted from the Baju Kurung
- worn with a batik sarong (wrap-around skirt), and kerosang (brooches)
- Kasut Manek (beaded slippers) are hand-made with tiny faceted glass cut beads sewn onto canvas

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Over the course of those fifty years, fashion within the country has transformed greatly along with the changing times. From the late 1950s to the present, we explore the changing face of fashion in Singapore:

1930s
- At the time, fashion trends came from Hollywood movies, cabaret performances, song and dance (gewutai) performances in amusement parks, as well as newspapers and magazines
- local fashion styles such as the cheongsam and samfoo

1950s
Themes Women’s Rights / Globalisation / Ethnic Hybrids

- Dressing up in the latest styles was a luxury only afforded to the wealthy classes. The Straits Chinese, for example, were more exposed to Western culture and their clothing reflected it. Given their wealth, they had easier access to literature and education from the West, and soon adopted a more Westernized manner of living. Men dressed in formal white shirts and ties, pants, a coat and leather shoes.
- Singapore’s growth as a regional textile hub during the 1950s contributed to the availability of a wide range of fabrics and silhouettes
- The combination of these influences resulted in womenswear moving away from more traditional garments towards a mixture of ethnic and Western clothing
- As women began to interact with people from other cultures and religions, they were also inspired by them in terms of fashion, creating an eclectic fusion of styles and designs
- Form-fitting styles were also preferred to the relatively shapeless traditional garments of previous years

1960s
Themes: Western Influence / Leisure & Sports / Independence

- The year 1965 marked the independence of Singapore
- Traditional styles of clothing began to take a backseat as Westernised outfits became increasingly popular as the primary choice for workwear, with the former being reserved for formal occasions. This was in part due to encouragement from the government to dress stylishly to reflect Singapore’s newly-found independence (from 1965) and the prosperity that it was enjoying
- Additionally, the Women’s Charter was implemented in 1961. This meant greater gender equality, with efforts being made to improve and advance the situation of women in Singapore. Conventional pieces like the qipao were replaced by sleeker Western dress styles as a stance against the old gender hierarchy, or updated to become more figure-flattering
- Once considered inappropriate, more casual forms of dress were also enjoying the limelight during this decade.
-Shorts and culottes could now be seen on the streets as a result of the increased availability and accessibility of sporting facilities.

1970s
Themes Identity / Singapore Girl / Western Culture

- The separation of Singapore and Malaysia in turn led to the split of the Malaysian-Singapore Airways (MSA), leading to the establishment of Singapore Airlines (SIA). A new airline meant new uniform, and so French designed Pierre Balmain created the ‘Singapore Girl’ look: a sensual outfit adapted from the traditional Malay sarong kebaya. The brightly-coloured ensemble is now a visual trademark of SIA and the Singapore Girl even has its own wax figurine in Madame Tussaud’s.
- Western culture continues to make headway in the market with the introduction of overseas brands such as Levi’s, Wrangler and Lee Cooper. Generously flared bell-bottoms (or bootcut jeans as they were also known) marked the development of jeans culture here during this time.

1980s
Themes Popular Culture / Shopping Malls / Home-Grown Labels

- Overseas pop culture continued to have an impact on local consumers, often through television programmes and magazines.
- Geometric prints, baggy trousers, pastel colours and neon leggings were some of the prominent fashion trends that made their way into the wardrobes of many young Singaporeans during the 1980s
- Extensive departmental stores were a sign of  improvements in living standards and also became a platform for local talents to showcase their wares.
- Home-grown labels were being supported in other ways during this time: the Singapore Trade Development Board (TDB) organised a trip for local designers and garment manufacturers to exhibit in Paris. “Singapore Apparel” was an annual event developed by the Economic Development Board (EDB) and TDB. Daniel Yam, Allan Chai and Bobby Chng are a few examples who benefited from such ventures

1990s
- The miniskirt was high fashion during the Nineties, as well as casual, comfortable clothing like Bermuda shorts.
- The growth of computer technology now also meant that Singaporeans were up to date on global fashion trends, and not as outdated as before. It also gave rise to designers celebrating Singaporean heritage. An example of this is the “orchid” style of the early Nineties. Designers created clothing adorned in this indigenous flower - a sign of national pride. - - Today, these bright, floral styles have become synonymous with Singapore's identity globally.

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Hopscotch is a traditional children’s game in which one or more players hop over a series of squares drawn on the ground. A puck or game piece is thrown progressively across the squares, and players have to hop their way across the hopscotch framework according to certain rules without losing balance or stepping on the lines of the framework.

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- founded by Coco Chanel in 1910

- replaced structured-silhouettes based upon the corset and bodice with functional and flattering garments.
- non-constrictive, simple-line designs, instead of hourglass-figure
- used colours associated with masculinity, such as grey and navy blue
- indicate feminine boldness

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1913
- Gabrielle "Coco" Chanel opens boutique in Deauville, France
- Revolutionizes and democratizes women's fashion with tailored suits, chain-belted jerseys, quilted handbags; the most copied fashion designer in history

1920s
- Women participate in sports,
prompting new styles, including the "Flapper."
- Madeleine Vionnet creates flowing, feminine clothes, including the chiffon handkerchief dress; creates cowl neck, halter top; set trends in 1930s.
- Late 20s: Elsa Schiaparelli opens Paris boutique; pioneers use of zippers, shoulder pads, unusual buttons; favors bright colors, including "shocking pink"

1930s
- Alix "Madame" Grès becomes famous for elegant draped dresses

1947
- Christian Dior reestablishes
Paris as fashion center; revives haute couture; replaces wartime austerity with the glamour of the "New Look" with tight waist, stiff petticoats, billowing skirts
- Shoes have pointed toes, stiletto heels

1954
- Cristóbal Balenciaga introduces "semi-fit" dresses with soft, round shoulders

1960s Mid 60s
- Influenced by rock music, "Mod" scene makes London major fashion center with fun, revolutionary clothes: bell bottoms, psychedelic prints, wild colors, dresses made of vinyl, paper, cellophane, metal, covered in mirrors; go-go boots; ruffled shirts for men; Nehru jackets; fur vests
- Rudi Gernreich creates "radical" fashion - topless swimsuit, see-through blouse, "no bra" look

1968
- Calvin Klein begins producing elegant, simple clothes, favoring neural earth tones and luxurious fabrics
- Ralph Lauren creates men's wear line; expands into women's wear; favors natural fabrics; designs feature western or country motifs

1974
- Giorgio Armani creates men's wear line
- popularizes Italian tailoring

1990s Late 90s
- Alexander McQueen emerges as daring new designer; features cozy, romantic designs, dresses looking like quilt blankets, rabbit-skin dresses
- favors highly theatrical fashion shows, models parade in rings of fire, get doused with paint or water, skate on real ice
-Stella McCartney, at Cloé fashion house gains following with daring new designs

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- Founded 1946, by Christian Dior

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Since British advertising agencies brought modern graphic design into Singapore after the Second World War, a thriving community of independent studios has emerged in this former colony in Southeast Asia. Today, Singapore is a modern city but the nation-state is still struggling to create a distinct local identity with its contemporary graphic design scene.

Singaporean design could be described as: Asian narratives fused with Western digital art forms.

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Today’s designers in Singapore cherish having their own voice, which is evident in the diversity of studios with different design styles, specialisations and approaches. While older designers believe it is important to keep their voices out of their designs and cater to all kinds of clients, many of this generation of designers want to have a say in their designs, developing their own visual languages to sell to select clients instead.

For instance:
- Illustrations that incorporate both elements from the East and West (:phunk studio)
- Corporate chic with an off-beat touch (Asylum)
- Experimental that handles mainly fashion clients (WORK)
- Known for its annual reports with a strong story-telling concept (Epigram)
- Minimal modernist output (H55)

Our multicultural environment poses a challenge for a singular design identity to emerge in Singapore, a problem that has “neutralised” design here. “Singapore’s East-West, Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Others mix actually makes it difficult,” says Alex Mucha of Equus. “In our work, we often have to be careful not to give too much of any one influence.” However, for other designers, this open environment is what makes Singapore an attractive place to practice.

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ref https://designobserver.com/feature/east-and-west-graphic-design-in-singapore-today/38515

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ref: https://www.moodswingsvintage.com/blogs/news/singapore-vintage-fashion-the-1950s

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ref https://prezi.com/wtfrnaeq3eua/french-fashion-timeline/

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'The Bees' cover for Creative Review magazine (2004) by :phunk studio

'Soundtrack for a Book' album for Concave Scream (2009) by Kinetic Design

WERK magazine (2006) by WORK

BigO magazine cover (2000) by fFurious

Independence book (2012) by H55

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Questions from Brother Bear (Felicia & Vania)

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Questions from Brother Bear (Felicia & Vania)

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1. (Aesthetic) Does anyone in Singapore still wearing any peranakan clothings? if so, on what occasion? - Felicia
2. Have Singapore built their own Rococo, Gothic, Art Deco building, or all of them are French Heritage? - Vania
3. as for now, do you consider Singapore having an identity crisis in term of design to represent Singapore as a whole? considering some of the tradition came from Malaysia and other neighboring country?
4. How did the France aesthetic influence the Singapore's aesthetic? - Felicia

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1. For graphic design, so which example in Singapore design is belongs to which category that you mentioned in France design?
2. In design culture, I see the description is exactly the same... is there any more features that describe the Singapore architectures?
3. The peranakan clothing is assimilated from Malay culture. So how does this explain to France fashion influenced Singapore fashion?
4. Since when the fashion in France affected Singapore

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1) Concerning fashion, how do you think it will progress in Singapore?
2) In what way does the Graphic Design in France ' tell a Visual story'?
3) Do you think aesthetics and fashion in Singapore is valued as equally as France?
4) Are there any fashion trends that are specific to France or Singapore?
5) Which of the architecture styles is more dominant in Singapore?
6) Although they're following the same building styles, why does the Singapore and France architecture differ so much?

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1. Shorts and culottes originated from France? - Janice

2. Under aesthetics, mainly you talk about how western influence fashion, but you did not focus on how France actually influence Singapore? - Janice

3.The France influence the peranakan clothing? - Asmira

4. Under graphic design singapore, you mentioned that it was the british advertising agency that brought in modern designs. Why are you talking about british and not France? - Janice

5. Among the list of architecture influences, which among them greatly influence singapore? - Asmira

6. Examples of France Artist? - Asmira

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1. Why do you think Singapore decided to adapt France's design culture (architecture), even though Singapore was colonialized by Great Britain? - Naninda
2. Can you add more pictures so we can see the Singapore's and France's change in terms of fashion from the past to nowadays? -Misa
3.  Are there any influence in terms of Graphic Design from France to Singapore (or vice versa)? - Misa
4. Do you think Singapore will grow more towards the French style of graphic design in the future? - Naninda

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Questions form guradians of galaxy(XinYi and Zilin)

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Questions form guradians of galaxy(XinYi and Zilin)

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1.You can add more pictures here
2.What is the impact of graphic design on Singapore
3.Why choose the Singapore and France?
4.Do you think there will be more impact in Singapore?
5.What do you think in the future of Singapore's graphic design?
6.What do you think is the biggest influence of France on Singapore Fashion

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Questions from Pulp fiction Siti Syazwani & Kenneth Tay (Absent)

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Questions from Pulp fiction Siti Syazwani & Kenneth Tay (Absent)

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1. Were there reasons to why the architectural designs were mostly Gothic etc?
2. While graphic design is seen to be subjective and has a wide range of styles crossing over each other, is there a proper way to distinctly identify a particular work's origins just by looking? (Kenneth)
3. Did Singapore's evolved fashion aesthetics manage to bring out exclusivity and uniqueness in its own style despite its influences?(Kenneth)
4.Most of the French fashion brands are seen to be made for affluent customers. Does Singapore have its own brand for such customers?(Kenneth)
5.Only heritage buildings like churches and museums are seen to possess elements of the French design. Are there are more examples of other buildings with similar appearances? (Kenneth)
6. Are there instances whereby Singapore's own graphic design style is seen in the works of the French? (Kenneth)

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STAR WARS : Shahnabil (F16DM0146) & Owen (Absent)

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STAR WARS : Shahnabil (F16DM0146) & Owen (Absent)

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Question 1 : What is the history of of the architecture in France?
Question 2 : Who influenced Singapore with Singapore's architecture?
Question 3 : Singapore is a

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- Has Singapore built their own Rococo, Gothic, Art Deco building, or all of them are French Heritage?
- Concerning fashion, how do you think it will progress in Singapore?
- Do you think aesthetics and fashion in Singapore is valued as equally as France?
- Are there any fashion trends that are specific to France or Singapore?
- Examples of French artists
- Are there any influence in terms of Graphic Design from France to Singapore (or vice versa)? - Misa
- Although they're following the same building styles, why does the Singapore and France architecture differ so much?
- Did Singapore's evolved fashion aesthetics manage to bring out exclusivity and uniqueness in its own style despite its influences?
- Most of the French fashion brands are seen to be made for affluent customers. Does Singapore have its own brand for such customers?

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- Taking a Pictorial Approach

Illustrations, photographs, colored imagery, or simple line drawings

More of pictures – rather than typography or symbols

Effect of adding sophistication and artistry to a design, as well as making the work appear more personal and emotive

- Using Unconventional Imagery
Using unconventional imagery is certainly one way to avoid clichés and the French are very good at being unconventional, which is why they are often are the forefront of trends and fashion. Incorporating an image or picture by abstracting it or presenting it in a different manner can serve to challenge your audience’s perception and engage their attention.

- Distort Image

Needless to say experimentation and manipulation is also applied to images in order to distort their form and volume. This adds a layer of emotional, intellectual and visual interpretation to what may otherwise be quite straightforward design, requiring the audience to engage with the image to understand its meaning or message.

- Tell a Visual Story
French design will often tell a visual story or narrative rather than convey a coded message. Visual compositions have always been a big part of French graphic design, which of course ties in with the strong emphasis on pictures and illustration and the desire to take pictorial approach. A visual story engages the audience and forces them to view the image longer in order to interpret the message.

- Avoid Clichés

When it comes to advertising products, French designers, art directors, and copywriters push the boundaries to find new ways to present their ideas and reach their audience. This often means avoiding cliché images and recycled ideas, and coming up with new and innovative visual concepts in order to influence and challenge viewers intellectually.

- Provoke an Emotional Response

French graphic design seeks to create a connection with its audience by provoking an emotional response. This may be through imagery, text, or overall concept and by conveying a thought-provoking message or using imagery that conjures up a certain mood or feeling. The aim is to make viewers think about the deeper message or broader context of the work.

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Chapteh is a traditional game which requires players to keep a weighted shuttlecock in the air, usually using their feet, although other parts of the body may be used, except for the hands. Some advanced players use both feet alternatively while others show off fancy moves along the way. The chapteh consists of feathers attached to a rubber or plastic sole.

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1920s
- Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT) set up by British colonial government
- SIT was ineffective; supply of housing could not meet demand

1959
-high-rise buildings were rare
- People's Action Party pledged to provide low-cost housing for the poor if elected

1960
- Housing and Development Board formed
- responsible for public housing in Singapore
- high-rise and high-density flats were chosen due to land constraints
- local population living in public housing raised from 9% in 1959 to 23% in 1965
- as of 1985, houses around 80% of Singaporeans

- meant to promote social cohesion and patriotism

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The Tintin Shop is a version of an eclectic memorabilia store for fans who follow the comics stores of Paris. Unpretentious and classically displayed, the art and magic of the adventures is unrevelled through every toy figurine and artefact.

It is located at 28 Pagoda Street in Chinatown.

The character is seen in various forms throughout the shop: hardcover books ($29), limited edition resin figurines and box scenes (from $40) and even large standing statues (from $7,000). There are plenty of touristy trinkets too: book cover postcards go for $2.50 and t-shirts start from $38.

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ROCOCO -- SHOPHOUSES
NEO GOTHIC
COMMERCIAL & RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
SIMILAR BUILDINGS IN FRANCE FROM HERITAGE TRAILS (BUGIS+)

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Created by Georges Remi (Hergé), Tintin is one of the French speaking world’s best-loved comic-strip characters.
In France, the comic strip is treated as an art form in its own right, and is known as the ‘Ninth Art’ – on a par with New Wave cinema. Often considered as the founder of European comic strips, Hergé was one of the first French-language writers to make regular use of the speech bubble, popularised in US comic-strip art. The influence of his style, especially the use of clear, strong lines and bold colours, spread beyond the world of comic books, with artists such as Marcel Duchamp and Andy Warhol taking inspiration from his work.

Over the years, Tintin’s face has been used to advertise such quintessentially French items as Citrôen cars, La Vache Qui Rit cheese and even pastry.

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- Yellow

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- Red

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Escargot is one of the traditional French children's games from which American hopscotch draws inspiration. Instead of a linear diagram, French children draw the board in the shape of a giant snail, or an "escargot" in French, with 15 to 20 numbered squares leading towards the blank center square. Throughout the game, players must hop on one foot to and from the center square without landing on any drawn lines or opponent's squares, or they lose a turn and can not claim a box. If they complete the circular journey, however, they get to choose a square to initial as their own exclusive place of rest Instead of throwing pucks or markers. As the game progresses and players claim more territories, the journey to and from the center square becomes more challenging and ends when it is impossible for players to hop to the center square, with the winner claiming the most spaces.

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1775
Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans is a former industry building that provided worker's housing

19th century
Company towns appeared

1889
- HBM (habitation à bon marché or inexpensive housing) is created
- funded by charity rather than state

1949
- Population increased drastically after World War 2
- War damage reduced the number of houses
- Rental prices rose, causing the government to pass a rent control law.

1950
- HLM (Habitation à Loyer Modéré or low-income housing) is created to combat the housing crisis
- some are private, others are public
- makes up 16% of all French housing

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Mint Museum of Toys is a purpose-built museum showing a private collection of vintage toys. The toys and items hail from over 40 countries and range in date from the 1840s to 1970s.

It features Tintin items such as puzzles, figurines, books, clocks, keychains.

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Hon hon hon ;))

Baguette

Croissant

The Eiffel Tower

Beret

The Louvre Pyramid

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1936
-First project by the SIT
- three to five storeys tall
-Designed with thick walls and underground bunkers

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- four-storey shophouses
- six flats per floor
- each floor shared one kitchen and two bathrooms
- residents were mostly Chinese and Malay civil servants

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- four-storey blocks completed in late 1940s
- demolished in 80s, replaced by Bugis VIllage

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- 1948-1951
- large round staircases
- modeled after Britain towns, designed in Art Deco style

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- built in 1951 along Upper Pickering street
- three nine-storey SIT flats
- now occupied by Hong Lim Complex
- infamous as "suicide flats"

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Margaret Drive flats
- development of district started in 1954, only completed in 1970 after HDB took over
- built library, cinemas, hawker centres, wet markets and shops
- red-bricked, 15-storey tall

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- SIT flats at Redhill Close, 1955
- seven-storey
- pinkish
- trapezoid roofs and curved-top facades

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Bukit Ho Swee

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1963-1980s

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!977
The iconic coloured flats

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Two blocks of flats at Bras Basah Complex

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Y-shaped block at Toa Payoh

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- HDB blocks at Farrer road
- similar to the SIT Redhill flats

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- the only Clover-shaped block of flats by HDB

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The Merlion

Singlish

Ice cream cart

Kopitiam

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- bistro known for its French roast chicken
- 5 outlets in Singapore

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Eiffel tower is part of the dining image

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The outlets are usually inside malls. The use of artificial light within the mall instead of natural sunlight gives it a grander look than the rustic bistros in France

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-small, casual
-home-style, hearty and simple meals along with wine
-Usually more affordable and quicker than upscale restaurants
- simple decor, basic furniture

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sandwich board outside a bistro