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"Resolved, That California, with suitable boundaries, ought, upon her application to be admitted as one of the States of this Union, without the imposition by Congress of any restriction in respect to the exclusion or introduction of slavery within those boundaries. (Resolutions.Section 1.2)" This document shows California's intention of being a real state, but one that was free. This controversy went to the point where California was in the decision of splitting into two states.

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Uncle Tom' s Cabin- Harriet, a northern woman, wrote this book shadowing the brutality of a slave owner to his slave named Tom. Lincoln acknowledged this book to be a book that started "this great war."

Cannibals All!- This book was pro slavery and claimed that slavery saved the blacks. Fitzhand talked about why equal rights for unequal men is not probable.

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Anti-Slavery Literature in the Founding Era | The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History

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The North, specifically the Republican party, did not favor this decision. The south however, liked this decision, it made slavery more tangible.

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Sound Smart: The Kansas-Nebraska Act Video - Kansas-Nebraska Act - HISTORY.com

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Get a crash course on the causes and consequences of the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 with historian Matthew Pinsker.

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The Supreme Court, in 1857, decided slave owners had the right to take slaves to free areas and still keep them enslaved. This negated popular sovereignty and negated the Republican platform.

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John Caldwell Calhoun to Andrew Jackson, June 1, 1820, "I perceive you have strong foreboding as to our future policy. The discussion on the Missouri question has undoubtedly contributed to weaken in some degree the attachment of our southern and western people to the Union; but the agitators of that question have, in my opinion, not only completely failed; but have destroyed to a great extent their capacity for future mischief. Should Missouri be admitted at the next session, as I think she will without difficulty, the evil effects of the discussion must gradually subside."

Analysis: The Missouri compromise had created some tension between the North and the South/West. But Caldwell believes once Missouri is admitted, this tension must lesson.

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Abolitionist John Brown leads a small group on a raid against a federal armory in Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia), in an attempt to start an armed slave revolt and destroy the institution of slavery.

By 1857, Brown returned to the East and began raising money to carry out his vision of a mass uprising of slaves. He secured the backing of six prominent abolitionists, known as the “Secret Six,” and assembled an invasion force. His “army” grew to include 22 men, including five black men and three of Brown’s sons. The group rented a Maryland farm near Harpers Ferry and prepared for the assault.

On the night of October 16, 1859, Brown and his band overran the arsenal. Some of his men rounded up a handful of hostages, including a few slaves. Word of the raid spread, and by morning Brown and his men were surrounded.

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John Brown was a radical abolitionist who believed in the violent overthrow of the slavery system. During the Bleeding Kansas conflicts, Brown and his sons led attacks on pro-slavery residents. Justifying his actions as the will of God, Brown soon became a hero in the eyes of Northern extremists and was quick to capitalize on his growing reputation. By early 1858, he had succeeded in enlisting a small "army" of insurrectionists whose mission was to foment rebellion among the slaves. In 1859, Brown and 21 of his followers attacked and occupied the federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry. Their goal was to capture supplies and use them to arm a slave rebellion. Brown was captured during the raid and later hanged, but not before becoming an anti-slavery icon.

Abolitionist and insurrectionist. Born in Torrington, Connecticut, Brown spent his boyhood in Ohio, where he mingled from the first with dedicated opponents of slavery. While his professional life featured a series of business failures, his family responsibilities grew even as his abolitionist principles deepened.

Did you know? John Brown declared bankruptcy at age 42 and had more than 20 lawsuits filed against him.

In 1855, after assisting the escape of several slaves, Brown and his five sons moved to Kansas just after that territory had been opened for the possible expansion of slavery by the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Joining the struggle there between proslavery and Free-Soil settlers, Brown appointed himself "captain" of the antislavery forces on Osawatomie Creek. (The struggle arose out of a long-standing disagreement between North and South over slavery's expansion that had its roots in the framing of the Constitution.) When proslavery forces sacked the "free state" town of Lawrence, guerrilla warfare ensued. The success of the proslavery guerrillas inspired Brown, with four of his sons and two other accomplices, to murder five reputedly proslavery settlers who lived along Pottawottamie Creek. Justifying his action as obedience to the will of a just God, Brown soon became a hero in the eyes of northern extremists and was quick to capitalize on his growing reputation. By early 1858 he had succeeded in enlisting a small "army" of insurrectionists, including three of his sons, whose mission was to foment rebellion among the slaves.

Brown had toyed with the idea for years, but it took form after a meeting of Brown and his followers in the free black community of Chatham, Ontario, in the winter of 1858. He proposed to provoke a black insurrection through armed intervention in northern Virginia, thereby establishing a stronghold to which escapees could flee and from which further insurrection might be spawned. Meanwhile, mounting frustration over the failure to achieve peaceful emancipation made many abolitionists receptive to Brown's violent approach. Some of them, known subsequently as the "secret six"-Franklin Sanborn, Thomas Wentworth Higginson, George Luther Stearns, Gerrit Smith, Samuel Gridley Howe, and Theodore Parker-were aware of his intentions and became his financial supporters. Others, however, contributed funds and good wishes while remaining studiously ignorant of Brown's exact plans. Early in 1859, he rented a farm near Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia), collected weapons and his "army," and on October 16 with twenty-one followers attacked and occupied the federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry. Quickly surrounded by militia commanded by Col. Robert E. Lee, Brown's position was overrun, ten of his followers were killed, and Brown himself was wounded and captured.

News of the raid electrified the North and outraged the white South. Brown was tried and convicted of treason. He conducted his defense with extraordinary astuteness, conveying to supporters and sympathizers the appearance of a powerfully inspired and selfless religious martyr. Popular expression of support for Brown was widespread in the North (the best remembered of which is Henry David Thoreau's "Plea for Captain John Brown") before he was hanged on December 2, 1859. In the South, his execution did little to allay spreading fears of slave insurrection and a growing conviction that northern opponents of slavery would continue to stimulate insurrection. Many analysts then and since have concluded that Brown's raid did much to hasten the coming of the Civil War.

The Reader's Companion to American History. Eric Foner and John A. Garraty, Editors. Copyright © 1991 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
The groundbreaking series reimagined. ROOTS premieres Memorial Day at 9/8c on HISTORY.

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John Brown was a radical abolitionist who believed in the violent overthrow of the slavery system. During the Bleeding Kansas conflicts, Brown and his sons led attacks on pro-slavery residents. Justifying his actions as the will of God, Brown soon became a hero in the eyes of Northern extremists and was quick to capitalize on his growing reputation.

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This act effectively nullified the Missouri Compromise and opened up the Nebraska and Kansas territories to popular sovereignty. Bleeding Kansas is a term that referred to the violence between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces in Kansas.

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It was a series of 7 debates. Lincoln and Scott debated over issues such as popular sovereignty, the Lecompton Constitution and the Dred Scott decision. Douglas won these debates, but Lincoln's position in these debates helped him beat Douglas in the presidential election of 1860.

The candidates of the election of 1860 were Abraham Lincoln, Stephan A. Douglas, John C. Breckenridge, and John Bell. Slavery was their main concern. Lincoln opposed adding new slave states.

Consequently, 11 southern stats seceded and 4 slave states, which were known as border states, stayed with the union. These disputes and divisions led to the 1st shots of the Civil War at Fort Sumter on April 12th, 1861.

Electoral College of 1860:

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Henry Clay proposed a series of resolutions in order to achieve a compromise to avoid the impeding crisis between the North and South. Resulting in the Fugitive Slave Laws, and the abolition of the slave trade in Washington D.C.

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Sound Smart: Compromise of 1850 Video - Compromise of 1850 - HISTORY.com

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Matthew Pinsker gives a crash course on the Compromise of 1850, the resolution to a dispute over slavery in territory gained after the Mexican-American War.

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To preserve the balance between the south and the north, Missouri was admitted as a slave state while Maine was admitted as a free state in 1820. It also sated slavery can not be in any territories past the 36'30 line. The Missouri Compromise would later be repealed by the Kansas- Nebraska Act.