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SAXOPHONIST

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2016658726
MUD203

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WHAT IS                                                                               MICROPHONE?

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WHAT IS                                                                               MICROPHONE?

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A microphone is a device that captures audio by converting sound waves into an electrical signal. This signal can be amplified as an analog signal or may be converted to a digital signal, which can be processed by a computer or other digital audio device. Microphones enable many types of audio recording devices for purposes including communications of many kinds, as well as music and speech recording. Frequently, microphones are designed for a given purpose. One of the main considerations, aside from the type of device, is what is being recorded. Directionality of microphones is one such consideration in microphone design. Omnidirectional  microphones are suited to recording all sounds in an area but poor for focusing on a single subject amongst background noise. Directional, bidirectional and shotgun microphones are suitable for interviews. However, the same effect is often achieved with two unidirectional devices, such as cardioid microphones.

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There are three types of microphone. The condenser microphone, the dynamic microphone and the ribbon microphone.

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Condenser microphones are commonly used for audio recording purposes. They are known for their sensitivity and flat frequency response. Each condenser microphone includes a front plate (the diaphragm) and a back plate that is parallel to the front plate. When sound waves hit the diaphragm, it vibrates and alters the distance between the two plates. This change is transmitted as an electrical signal. Unlike dynamic microphones, condensers require electrical power. This current may be provided by an internal battery, but is most often provided as 48 volt "phantom power" from an external preamp or mixing console.

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Dynamic microphones are the most widely used microphones. They have a simple design that includes a magnet wrapped by a metal coil. A thin sheet called a diaphragm is placed on the front end of the magnet and transmits vibrations from sound waves to the coil. The coil then transfers these vibrations to electrical wires that transmit the sound as an electrical signal. Since dynamic microphones use a simple design, they are typically very durable and do not require electrical power.

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Ribbon microphones are also known for their high fidelity. They contain a thin ribbon made of a aluminum, duraluminum, or nanofilm, which is suspended in a magnetic field. Incoming sound waves make the ribbon vibrate, generating voltage proportional to the velocity of the vibration. This voltage is transmitted as an electrical signal. While early ribbon microphones required a transformer to increase the output voltage, modern ribbon mics have improved magnets that provide a stronger signal – in some cases even stronger than dynamic microphones. Though ribbon mics have been largely replaced by condensers, several models are still manufactured and used today.

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A heart or bean-shaped pattern that captures audio from one direction; commonly used for recording vocals or a single instrument.

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A figure 8 pattern that captures audio from two separate directions; may be used for recoding audio from two different sources or to capture reverb.

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A circular pattern that captures audio from all directions; often used to capture groups of vocalists or ambient sounds.

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Large-diaphragm microphones (LDMs) are most often the choice for studio vocals and any instrument recording where a deeper sound is desired.

A large-diaphragm microphone warms up the sound of what it's recording, which also leads to the myth that most LDMs reproduce low frequencies better than small diaphragm mics.

This isn't true, in fact, small-diaphragm mics are much better at reproducing everything evenly, including bass. You'll want a pop screen if you're using a condenser microphone for vocals; they're so sensitive to transient noises that the "P" and "SH" sounds you make will cause distortion.

If you’re looking for a microphone with a large diaphragm, a good option is the Audio-Technica AT2035, which provides a natural sound. You can use it in your home, at a recording studio or in live performances; its cardioid studio condenser ensures low background noise.

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Small-diaphragm microphones (SDMs) are the best choice when you want a solid, wide-frequency response and the best transient response, which as noted above, is the ability for your microphone to reproduce fast sounds, such as stringed instruments. SDMs are also the preferred choice for concert taping.