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Childhood Obesity and above average BMI: strongly linked to type 2 diabetes rates in children.

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Childhood Obesity and above average BMI: strongly linked to type 2 diabetes rates in children.

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Original Article

Authors

Esther Zimmermann,

Department of Clinical Epidemiology (formerly the Institute of Preventive Medicine), Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Funding agencies: This project has received funding from the Danish Council for Independent Research | Medical Sciences (No.12-125974 to EZ), the European Union project childgrowth2cancer (FP7/2007-2013, ERC grant agreement No. 281419 to JLB), and the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 633595, DynaHEALTH.

Lise G. Bjerregaard,

Department of Clinical Epidemiology (formerly the Institute of Preventive Medicine), Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Funding agencies: This project has received funding from the Danish Council for Independent Research | Medical Sciences (No.12-125974 to EZ), the European Union project childgrowth2cancer (FP7/2007-2013, ERC grant agreement No. 281419 to JLB), and the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 633595, DynaHEALTH.

Michael Gamborg,

Department of Clinical Epidemiology (formerly the Institute of Preventive Medicine), Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Allan A. Vaag,

Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Thorkild I.A. Sørensen,

1. Department of Clinical Epidemiology (formerly the Institute of Preventive Medicine), Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark

2. Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section on Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jennifer L. Baker

Corresponding author

1. Department of Clinical Epidemiology (formerly the Institute of Preventive Medicine), Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark

2. Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section on Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark

Correspondence: Jennifer L. Baker ( jennifer.lyn.baker@regionh.dk)

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Disclosure: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Author contributions: EZ, JLB, and TIAS conceived the study, and all authors were involved in the design of the study. EZ, LGB, and MG did the statistical analysis. All authors were involved in the data interpretation. EZ, LGB, and JLB drafted the manuscript. All authors critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content and approved the final version of this manuscript. EZ and JLB had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Esther Zimmermann and Lise G. Bjerregaard contributed equally to this work.

Abstract

Objective

This study investigated how a wide spectrum of body mass index (BMI) values at ages 7 to 13 years are associated with type 2 diabetes throughout adulthood, including potential modifying effects of sex and birth weight.

Methods

From the Copenhagen School Health Records Register, 292,827 individuals, born between 1930 and 1989, were followed in national registers for type 2 diabetes (women, n = 7,472; men, n  = 11,548). Heights and weights were measured at ages 7 to 13 years.

Results

Below-average BMIs, with few exceptions, were not associated with type 2 diabetes. Above-average BMIs had positive associations that were stronger in women than men, stronger in younger birth cohorts, and weaker with older age at diagnosis. Women born 1930-1947, 1948-1965, and 1966-1983 with above-average BMIs at 13 years (≥18.2 kg/m ²) had hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) ranging from 2.12 (1.91-2.36) to 2.84 (2.31-3.49) per z score when diagnosed at 30 to 47 years. Birth weight did not modify these associations.

Conclusions

Childhood BMIs below average are not associated with type 2 diabetes, whereas childhood BMIs above average are strongly associated with type 2 diabetes in adulthood, corresponding to excess risks even at levels below international definitions of overweight. The associations are stronger in women than men but are not affected by birth weight.

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© 2017 The Obesity Society
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Funded by

Danish Council for Independent Research | Medical Sciences. Grant Number: 12-125974

European Union project childgrowth2cancer. Grant Numbers: FP7/2007-2013, agreement No. 281419

European Union's Horizon 2020. Grant Number: 633595

DynaHEALTH

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Citing Literature

Original Article

Authors

Esther Zimmermann,

Department of Clinical Epidemiology (formerly the Institute of Preventive Medicine), Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
Search for more papers by this author

Funding agencies: This project has received funding from the Danish Council for Independent Research | Medical Sciences (No.12-125974 to EZ), the European Union project childgrowth2cancer (FP7/2007-2013, ERC grant agreement No. 281419 to JLB), and the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 633595, DynaHEALTH.

Lise G. Bjerregaard,

Department of Clinical Epidemiology (formerly the Institute of Preventive Medicine), Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
Search for more papers by this author

Funding agencies: This project has received funding from the Danish Council for Independent Research | Medical Sciences (No.12-125974 to EZ), the European Union project childgrowth2cancer (FP7/2007-2013, ERC grant agreement No. 281419 to JLB), and the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 633595, DynaHEALTH.

Michael Gamborg,

Department of Clinical Epidemiology (formerly the Institute of Preventive Medicine), Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
Search for more papers by this author

Allan A. Vaag,

Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
Search for more papers by this author

Thorkild I.A. Sørensen,

1. Department of Clinical Epidemiology (formerly the Institute of Preventive Medicine), Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark

2. Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section on Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark

Search for more papers by this author

Jennifer L. Baker

Corresponding author

1. Department of Clinical Epidemiology (formerly the Institute of Preventive Medicine), Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark

2. Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section on Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark

Correspondence: Jennifer L. Baker ( jennifer.lyn.baker@regionh.dk)

Search for more papers by this author

Disclosure: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Author contributions: EZ, JLB, and TIAS conceived the study, and all authors were involved in the design of the study. EZ, LGB, and MG did the statistical analysis. All authors were involved in the data interpretation. EZ, LGB, and JLB drafted the manuscript. All authors critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content and approved the final version of this manuscript. EZ and JLB had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Esther Zimmermann and Lise G. Bjerregaard contributed equally to this work.

Ancillary

Article Information

Format Available

Full text: HTML | PDF

© 2017 The Obesity Society
Request Permissions

Funded by

Danish Council for Independent Research | Medical Sciences. Grant Number: 12-125974

European Union project childgrowth2cancer. Grant Numbers: FP7/2007-2013, agreement No. 281419

European Union's Horizon 2020. Grant Number: 633595

DynaHEALTH

Supporting Information

Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article.

Please note: Wiley-Blackwell is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

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Citing Literature

Original Article

Authors

Esther Zimmermann,

Department of Clinical Epidemiology (formerly the Institute of Preventive Medicine), Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
Search for more papers by this author

Funding agencies: This project has received funding from the Danish Council for Independent Research | Medical Sciences (No.12-125974 to EZ), the European Union project childgrowth2cancer (FP7/2007-2013, ERC grant agreement No. 281419 to JLB), and the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 633595, DynaHEALTH.

Lise G. Bjerregaard,

Department of Clinical Epidemiology (formerly the Institute of Preventive Medicine), Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
Search for more papers by this author

Funding agencies: This project has received funding from the Danish Council for Independent Research | Medical Sciences (No.12-125974 to EZ), the European Union project childgrowth2cancer (FP7/2007-2013, ERC grant agreement No. 281419 to JLB), and the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 633595, DynaHEALTH.

Michael Gamborg,

Department of Clinical Epidemiology (formerly the Institute of Preventive Medicine), Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
Search for more papers by this author

Allan A. Vaag,

Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
Search for more papers by this author

Thorkild I.A. Sørensen,

1. Department of Clinical Epidemiology (formerly the Institute of Preventive Medicine), Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark

2. Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section on Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark

Search for more papers by this author

Jennifer L. Baker

Corresponding author

1. Department of Clinical Epidemiology (formerly the Institute of Preventive Medicine), Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark

2. Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section on Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark

Correspondence: Jennifer L. Baker ( jennifer.lyn.baker@regionh.dk)

Search for more papers by this author

Disclosure: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Author contributions: EZ, JLB, and TIAS conceived the study, and all authors were involved in the design of the study. EZ, LGB, and MG did the statistical analysis. All authors were involved in the data interpretation. EZ, LGB, and JLB drafted the manuscript. All authors critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content and approved the final version of this manuscript. EZ and JLB had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Esther Zimmermann and Lise G. Bjerregaard contributed equally to this work.

Ancillary

Article Information

Format Available

Full text: HTML | PDF

© 2017 The Obesity Society
Request Permissions

Funded by

Danish Council for Independent Research | Medical Sciences. Grant Number: 12-125974

European Union project childgrowth2cancer. Grant Numbers: FP7/2007-2013, agreement No. 281419

European Union's Horizon 2020. Grant Number: 633595

DynaHEALTH

Supporting Information

Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article.

Please note: Wiley-Blackwell is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

Related content

Articles related to the one you are viewing

Please enable Javascript to view the related content of this article.

Citing Literature

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Childhood body mass index and development of type 2 diabetes throughout adult life-A large‐scale danish cohort study

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Original Article Department of Clinical Epidemiology (formerly the Institute of Preventive Medicine), Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark Search for more papers by this author Funding agencies: This project has received funding from the Danish Council for Independent Research | Medical Sciences (No.12-125974 to EZ), the European Union project childgrowth2cancer (FP7/2007-2013, ERC grant agreement No.

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Photo Credit: The Strange case of Nauru - Images | Matthieu Paley.

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Educate patient and family on how to control diabetes.

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Educate patient and family on how to control diabetes.

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(American Heart Association, 2016)

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Nurses play a significant role in the solution.

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Nurses play a significant role in the solution.

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Children of Pacific Island descent are at high risk for developing Type 2 Diabetes. (Jaacks, Siegel, Guijral, & Narayan, 2016, p. 341)

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Children of Pacific Island descent are at high risk for developing Type 2 Diabetes. (Jaacks, Siegel, Guijral, & Narayan, 2016, p. 341)

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From 2002-2012 non-Hispanic Whites had a 3.3% annual increase in type 2 diabetes, while Pacific Islanders had a 16% annual increase (Mayer-Davis et al., 2017). Although evidence has yet to prove why, Pacific Islanders have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes. (Mayo Clinic, 2017).