# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Ed pysch - Behavioral Management Plan.docx

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Reading Workshops are an important part of helping Kindergarteners developing reading skills. In this video we see how one teacher structures her reading workshop to benefit her students.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
ERIC - Inequality: A Reassessment of the Effect of Family and Schooling in America., 1972

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The results and interpretation of three years of research into inequality are presented in this book.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.authors[].name
Administration for Children and Families (ACF)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
SBE-Adopted ELA/ELD Framework - ELA/ELD Framework (CA Dept of Education)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The State Board of Education adopted the English Language Arts/English Language Development (ELA/ELD) Framework at its July 9, 2014, meeting. This is the final, edited digital version of the ELA/ELD Framework, published July 2015.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This resource covers the parts of the basic business letter and provides three sample business letters.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Edutopia is a free source of information, inspiration, and practical strategies for learning and teaching in preK-12 education. We are published by the George Lucas Educational Foundation, a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
All Posts

No single teaching approach will engage each student at once, but building a strategy to consistently deliver culturally-responsive teaching lessons will help you appeal to diverse learners with distinct backgrounds.

Rooted in differentiated instruction principles, culturally-responsive pedagogy aims to link content - from delivery to assessment - with students' ancestral and contemporary cultures.

To augment their understanding and responsiveness, this involves:

Empowering students to share thoughts

Integrating diverse work and study practices

Understanding student learning needs and styles

Emulating culturally-significant instruction styles, such as oral storytelling

To help you plan and deliver lessons that resonate with a diverse classroom, we'll explain what culturally responsive teaching is and how it is implemented.

We also put together 15 culturally-responsive teaching strategies and examples that will resonate with diverse students and foster an inclusive classroom environment.

These strategies are available as a downloadable list below for quick reference so you can reference them during classroom instruction.

Let's start with some simple explanation of what culturally responsive teaching actually means.

What is culturally responsive teaching?

Culturally responsive teaching (CRT) is a pedagogy that acknowledges and embraces students' cultures, languages and experiences - and relates them to classroom learning.

Culturally responsive teachers are actively aware of the various cultural backgrounds present in their classrooms, and act as a facilitator of lessons that can resonate with each.

It is not an easy task - creating this learning environment requires not only a high level of cultural competence, but also an intentional effort to learn about students' backgrounds and cultures.

It can be majorly beneficial to closing achievement gaps between students of different backgrounds and addressing inequities in the classroom. You can also create stronger partnerships with your students by fostering a learning environment where they are represented clearly.

Conditions for creating a culturally-responsive classroom

Reflected in the 15 strategies and examples in the next section, there are four conditions any teacher must fulfill to establish a culturally-responsive classroom, according to an authoritative academic book about the subject called Diversity and Motivation.

As you prepare and deliver any lesson, strive to:

Establish inclusion

This starts by highlighting how the topic you're teaching may relate or apply to students. For example, many societies and cultures have fireworks festivals.

While such a festival runs, you could teach how to calculate speed using fireworks in sample questions. Establishing inclusion also involves regularly grouping students with different classmates, encouraging discussion to solve problems. In doing so, they can share unique perspectives and diverse background knowledge.

Develop positive attitudes

This further focuses on relating content to students. A popular method is allowing them to choose between activities and assessments that let them showcase their values, strengths and experiences.

For example, while providing clear learning goals and evaluation criteria, encourage students to submit their own project ideas.

Enhance meaning

You can bolster lesson content by drawing connections with real-world issues, asking students to use opinions and existing knowledge to address them.

For example, when teaching about government, you could contextualize concepts through municipal political issues. When appropriate, use student jargon to clarify these issues or improve communication in general.

Foster confidence

Make the assessment process less intimidating by offering different ways to demonstrate skills and understanding. For example, avoid handing out quizzes that are purely multiple choice or fill-in-the-blank.

Among other question types, mix in problems that involve writing short- and long-form answers. After, give students time to assess their own progress and performance, helping them focus on growth.

Meeting these four conditions largely relies on using specific approaches, such as the 15 explored below.

15 Culturally-responsive teaching strategies and examples

1. Learn about your students

At the start of the year or semester, demonstrating a desire to adapt your teaching style to students can help them feel valued. Because open communication should uncover their learning needs and preferences, try:

Distributing questionnaires, asking about interests

Handing out surveys, gathering information about learning styles

Holding open discussions, allowing students to talk about positive experiences from past classes

Once you've gathered enough information, tell the class you'll focus on adjusting your teaching approach to help them learn as best as they can. Students should quickly warm up to you.

2. Interview students

You'll build a stronger understanding of students' values and habits - as well as strengths and weaknesses - by individually asking them questions. While running a large-group exercise, pull each student aside for a few minutes. Ask about:

Hobbies

Their favourite lessons and activities

Which kinds of exercises help them remember lessons and improve skills

Note what each student says to identify themes and different preferences. Then, when possible, relate content to their interests and deliver lessons that appeal to shared strengths.

3. Integrate relevant word problems

Many students will take a greater interest in math if you use word problems to contextualize equations. Working with 41 7th grade students throughout an academic year, a study published by the Canadian Center of Science and Education used such contextual learning strategies to increase test scores by more than 44%. Create culturally-relevant word problems by:

Including student names to make subject matter relatable

Linking to student interests, such as by measuring the shot distance of a famous soccer player

Referencing diverse cultures, such as by determining the diameter of a specific ethnic food platter

Using these word problem tips will not only help you establish a culturally-responsive classroom, but engage students more than by using abstract questions.

4. Present new concepts by using student vocabulary

Delivering relatable content goes beyond math class. In any subject, you can grab and keep student attention by using their vocabulary to build understanding before moving to academic diction. Let's say many of your students are sports fans with family from soccer-crazed nations. Use a soccer example to demonstrate metaphors in language arts class:
Andrea Pirlo is an eagle on the pitch, armed with vision sharp enough to detect the smallest openings and recognize opportunities his opposition can't.
This kind of culturally-responsive language should open the door to presenting challenging skills and concepts, engaging students while doing so.

5. Bring in guest speakers

Guest speakers can bring context and passion to history, geography and social studies lessons, capturing student interest.

A war veteran could deliver a vivid narrative of his or her experiences. A mountaineer could give a striking recount of scaling Lhotse. Both could answer questions many teachers would struggle with, while engaging students much more effectively than a slideshow.

Plus, according to a study by the Economics of Education Review, students are often encouraged to work harder when they share a background with an educator. So, diverse guest speakers may inherently engage and motivate students who share a culture with them.

6. Deliver different forms of content through learning stations

Whether due to culture, socialization, preference or learning needs, students respond differently to different types of content. You can provide a range of material to each student by setting up learning stations. Each station should use a unique method of teaching a skill or concept related to your lesson.

For example, students can rotate between stations that involve:

Playing a game

Creating artwork

Watching a video

Reading an article

Completing puzzles

Listening to you teach

After going through each station, you can help students further process the material by holding a class discussion or assigning questions to answer.

7. Gamify lessons

Want another way to consistently diversify content and its delivery, appealing to different learning styles? Gamify some lesson elements. Easy-to-implement practices include:

Offering rewards, such as badges, for completing specific tasks or achieving certain scores

Setting a clear learning goal for the lesson, charting progress throughout the class to motivate students

Creating an "instruction manual" for a project, which contains the rubric and best practices for earning a high grade

Plus, gamifying your lessons is a way of making connections with contemporary gaming culture - helping students within this culture process and demonstrate understanding of content.

8. Call on each student

Call-and-response - the practice of asking students frequent questions while giving lessons - usually keeps them engaged, but also enables them to share thoughts and opinions. Involve everyone by:

Encouraging the sharing of personal perspectives, when a question allows for it

Calling on students without their hands up, acclimatizing them to speaking amongst peers

Asking a question after each new point or thought, having a student teach back the concept you just spoke about

By lesson's end, this call-and-response approach should allow each student to speak at least once.

9. Use media that positively depict a range of cultures

Children process content more effectively when their cultures and languages have places in the curriculum, according to an oft-cited academic book about teaching in multiracial schools.

Using media, such as books and movies, that positively depict a range of cultures and are relevant to your syllabus can partially address this need. Finding options through databases such as IMDB or American Literature isn't a tough task.

As a bonus, using different media should boost engagement levels.

10. Offer different types of free study time

Free study time typically appeals to students who prefer solo learning, but many cultures prioritize learning in group settings. You can meet both preferences by dividing your class into clearly-sectioned team and individual activities, such as the following:

Provide audiobooks, which play material relevant to your lessons

Create a station for group games that teach curriculum-aligned skills

Keep a dedicated quiet space for students to take notes and complete work

Allow some students to work in groups while taking notes and completing work, away from the dedicated quiet space

Presented with these options, free study time should appeal to a wider range of learners.

11. Encourage students to propose ideas for projects

By asking students to submit ideas for their own projects, the benefits of choice extend beyond free study time. Specifically, they should build confidence by showcasing their strengths and existing background knowledge.

So, encourage them to pitch ideas for taking a project from concept to completion. A student must show how the product will meet academic standards in his or her pitch. If the idea falls short, give the student ideas to refine it. If the student can't refine the idea, he or she can choose a project from a list of options you provide.

Not only will you be pleasantly surprised by some pitches, but you may generate ideas for future culturally-responsive exercises and assessments.

12. Experiment with peer teaching

There'll almost always be some student vocabulary and communal practices you never pick up on. But you can fill these gaps through peer teaching. Relatively-simple exercises include:

Students who read and discuss story passages with peers recall more content and score higher on assessments, according an Ohio University pilot study. And, according to a science education study, students who work in pairs and groups typically perform better on tests that involve reasoning and critical thinking.

Such results are largely achieved due to students discussing and rationalizing concepts in their own words, many of which belong to contemporary cultural lexicon and are not academic.

13. Establish cooperative base groups

Cooperative base groups - which come from collaborative learning pedagogy - allow students to regularly learn and process content together.

Your role consists of creating groups of three or four, scheduling meeting times and detailing agendas for them. Filling knowledge gaps and encouraging communication is also involved. Students' roles focus on supporting each other while striving to meet learning goals over the year.

While working in base groups, students can:

Review lessons

Take on guided research

Address each other's questions

Complete in-class assessments

The connection to culturally-responsive teaching is the same as peer learning: cooperative base groups encourage students to make sense of concepts you've taught by using their own words and thoughts.

14. Run problem-based learning scenarios

The flexibility of problem-based learning lends itself to culturally-responsive teaching. This is because, when presenting a relatable real-world problem for your students to solve, two cultural connections will typically occur.

1. First, there will likely be a cultural link in the question, whether it's explicit or students make it themselves.

2. Second, because they can apply different approaches toward problem-solving, they may use unique cultural perspectives.

But if you want to create a scenario with explicit cultural ties, consider:

Encouraging students to take historical, sociological and anthropological viewpoints

Framing the problem using ethnic events - for instance, solving logistical challenges of running a heritage festival - in the area

Regardless, the student-centred nature of problem-based learning will allow your class to use culturally-relevant examples and information when appropriate.

15. Involve parents by using take-home letters

Involving parents in their child's learning is a core part of almost any culturally-responsive teaching approach -- they act as the main educators in many societies and can provide cultural context. When starting a new unit or trying out an education tool for the first time, consider sending a letter home to parents.

For reference, here's the letter Prodigy provides to its teachers. This opens the door to parent participation. While not all parents will be subject matter experts, most should be able to provide guidance.

Downloadable list of culturally-responsive teaching strategies and examples

Click here to download and print a simplified list of the 15 culturally-responsive teaching strategies and examples to keep at your desk.

Interested in other teaching strategies to deploy in your classroom?

Culturally-responsive teaching strategies overlap in important ways with many other pedagogical approaches. Consider researching other teaching and instructional strategies to help bolster your approach, or combine different elements of each strategy!

Active learning strategies empower, engage, and stimulate your students as they put them at the center of the learning process.

Experiential learning activities, in contrast to traditional learning activities,aim to develop knowledge and skills through direct, firsthand experience.

Project-based learning involves an open-ended approach that sees students work alone or collectively to work on engaging, intricate curriculum-related questions or challenges..

Inquiry-based learning is broken down into four categories, all of which emphasize student questions, ideas and analyses.

Adaptive learning focuses on changing - or "adapting" - content for each student on an individual basis, especially with the help of technology.

Social emotional learning activities help students build social skills, establish healthy relationships and manage their emotions.

Final thoughts about culturally-relevant pedagogy

Delivering culturally-responsive lessons can not only help you engage students, but allow them to make personal connections with content.

Student populations across your school district are comprised of different races, backgrounds, cultural identities and socioeconomic statuses - it's important that teaching practices reflect and embrace these differences.

Greater student investment should lead to other benefits, such as more rigor and motivation. A happier, focused classroom is the ideal outcome.

Prodigy is a digital game-based learning platform that delivers a range of culturally-relevant math content through engaging word and scenario-based problems. Standards-aligned, it's used by millions of teachers and students across the world.

Create your free teacher account

Create your free teacher account

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Culturally Responsive Teaching: Examples, Strategies & Activities for Success

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
All Posts No single teaching approach will engage each student at once, but building a strategy to consistently deliver culturally-responsive teaching lessons will help you appeal to diverse learners with distinct backgrounds. Rooted in differentiated instruction principles, culturally-responsive pedagogy aims to link content - from delivery to assessment - with students' ancestral and contemporary cultures.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Resources >> Browse Articles >> Class Management

Elissa Miller

Hustle & Flow: Classroom Style

The words hustle and flow describe one basic word to me: activity.

I want my classroom to be full of activity. Productive activity. You may not agree with some of the things I'm writing, but remember, I'm suggesting these for the long-term effect they will have on the student culture and classroom atmosphere.

The following are some ways to keep the hustle and flow going in your classroom and to help create a positive learning environment.

1. Address students by name. Our names are our identity and we should use them as much as possible. Learn your students names, and the correct pronunciation immediately!

2. Use "please" and "thank you". We take these words for granted but we need to keep in mind how important giving respect is in order to earn respect. Put these words to daily use on tests, homework, worksheets, presentations, etc. Saying "thank you" for an answer shows you hear them and appreciate them, even if the answer is wrong.

3. Listen. Students crave our attention and focus. We should be extremely careful that in listening we are NOT physically turning away, sighing, frowning, rolling our eyes, talking to someone else, or looking away. We show people they matter by our body language, whether we mean it or not. Body language can create a division in the classroom.

4. Don't allow bullying/teasing/put downs. Students need to know that they are entering a safe environment. They need to be comfortable and know they fit in before they can learn and take risks in their learning. This needs to be implemented from the very beginning. No bullying from students or from teachers! We are responsible for what we allow in the classroom. For every put down, require two put ups (that person now has to say two nice things.) The put ups don't mean anything; what matters is your consistency in protecting life and creating a level playing field for everyone.

5. Make Eye Contact. Making quick eye contact is important in creating a culture of trust. Students matter. They aren't lifeless objects just sitting in our room (although they may look like it) and we should we treat them as the valuable people they are. Recognize them.

Continue reading tips 6-10 on the next page.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
10 ways create positive learning experiences class management benefits articles

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
10 Ways to Create Positive Learning Experiences

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Hustle & Flow: Classroom Style The words hustle and flow describe one basic word to me: activity. I want my classroom to be full of activity. Productive activity. You may not agree with some of the things I'm writing, but remember, I'm suggesting these for the long-term effect they will have on the student culture and classroom atmosphere.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
California English Language Development Standards: Kindergarten Through Grade 12
California English Language Development Standards (PDF)
The California English Language Development Standards (CA ELD Standards) amplify the California State Standards for English Language Arts and Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects (ELA/Literacy). The CA ELD Standards, when used in tandem with state content standards, assist English learner students to build English proficiency, refine the academic use of English, and provide students access to subject area content.

English learner students need a purpose for using language (social function), need to understand how to use the language meaningfully, and access resources to be knowledgeable in language selection to be precise and convey exact meaning.

The SBE adopted the CA ELD Standards in November 2012.

The CA ELD Standards are available as a free download. Printed publications of the CA ELD Standards may be purchased through the California Department of Education (CDE) Press Educational Resources Online Ordering web page.

CA ELD Standards Implementation Plan

Letter presenting the CA ELD Standards Implementation Plan to the Governor
Following adoption of the CA ELD Standards, EC Section 60811.3 (e) required the State Superintendent of Public Instruction and the SBE to present to the Governor, and the appropriate policy and fiscal committees of the Legislature, a schedule and implementation plan for integrating the CA ELD Standards into the public education system.

CA ELD Standards Implementation Plan (PDF)
The CA ELD Standards Implementation Plan identifies major phases and activities in the implementation of the CA ELD Standards throughout California's educational system. The plan describes the philosophy of, and strategies for, the successful integration of the CA ELD Standards that align to the ELA/Literacy Standards to address English language and literacy skills English learner students need in key content areas. The goal of the CA ELD Standards Implementation Plan is to serve as a guide of the major steps in the development, adoption, and implementation of the CA ELD Standards for LEAs.

Integrated and Designated ELD

Integrated ELD is instruction in which the California English Language Development Standards (CA ELD Standards) are used in tandem with the state-adopted academic content standards (Title 5 California Code of Regulations [ CCR] Section 11300[c]).

Designated ELD is instruction provided during a protected time in the regular school day for focused instruction on the state-adopted ELD standards. During Designated ELD, English learners develop critical English language skills necessary for accessing academic content in English. (5 CCR Section 11300[a]).

The following resources are available to support administrators and teachers to design, implement, and enhance integrated and designated ELD instruction for English learners.

Integrated and Designated ELD Video Series

The ELD Video Series tab contains videos demonstrating designated ELD and related integrated ELD instruction for ELA, mathematics, and science in grades transitional kindergarten/kindergarten through grade twelve.

Integrated and Designated ELD Letter to the Field (Dated December 18, 2019)
The California Department of Education (CDE) and the SBE provides the field with guidance for integrated and designated ELD instruction and additional resources.

English Learner Toolkit of Strategies, Volume 1
The toolkit provides high leverage strategies to increase English language proficiency in both integrated and designated ELD. The toolkit was developed by the Curriculum and Instruction Steering Committee (CISC) ELA/ELD CISC Subcommittee ELD Workgroup.

Expanded View of the ELA/ELD Framework Resources
A collection of resources that support the implementation of the ELA/ELD Framework, including integrated and designated ELD instruction for English learners.

ELA and ELD Implementation Support Videos
Videos from the Implementation Support for the ELA/ELD Framework web page are organized by key theme and area of focus, including integrated and designated ELD.

Content Standards and Curriculum Frameworks

Content Standards
Content standards defining the knowledge, concepts, and skills that students should acquire at each grade level in mathematics, science, history-social science, visual and performing arts, world languages, computer science, health education, and other content areas.

ELA/ELD Framework
The ELA/ELD framework, specifically Chapter 2, provides guidance for implementing the CA ELD Standards for integrated and designated ELD instruction. Chapters three through seven provide guidance for the implementation of ELA/ELD instruction specific to each grade level.

ELA/ELD Framework Vignettes Summary Sheet
The vignette summary sheet is organized so that each grade level section has a pair of vignettes that can be interpreted together: an ELA/Literacy with integrated ELD vignette and a companion designated ELD vignette.

ELA/ELD Framework Vignettes and Snapshots Chart
Snapshots and vignettes for each grade level with the chapter and page numbers, and indicates the different content areas each snapshot and vignette addresses in the ELA/ELD Framework.

All Curricular Frameworks
SBE-adopted curricular frameworks for mathematics, science, history-social science, visual and performing arts, health education, and other content areas.

Integrated and Designated ELD Video Series

ELD Video Series Home | Transitional Kindergarten-Kindergarten Videos | Grade One Videos | Grade Two Videos | Grade Three Videos | Grade Four Videos | Grade Five Videos | Grade Six Videos | Grade Seven Videos | Grade Eight Videos | Grade Nine Videos | Grade Ten Videos | Grade Eleven Videos | Grade Twelve Videos

The California Department of Education (CDE) developed a series of videos demonstrating integrated ELD instruction and its related designated ELD instruction during ELA, mathematics, and science. The Integrated and Designated ELD Video Series demonstrates the relationship between the California English Language Development Standards (CA ELD Standards) and the state content standards. When used in tandem, English learner students build English proficiency, refine academic use of English, and access subject area content in transitional kindergarten/kindergarten through grade twelve.

The videos in this series feature teachers delivering integrated and designated ELD instruction to English learner students. Teachers use the CA ELD Standards to design intentional and purposeful ELD instruction that supports English learners to learn English and apply academic use of English through various content areas. English learners are equipped with linguistic resources and experiences to meaningfully engage with grade-appropriate text and contribute to academic discussions with their peers and teachers.

The CDE ELD Video Series: Administrator's Guide for Facilitating Remote Professional Learning (DOCX) provides guidance and resources for facilitating remote professional learning using the CDE ELD Video Series.

For additional guidance on how to adapt ELD in distance learning, click on the ELD Distance Learning tab.

This video series aligns with the California English Learner Roadmap Policy, Principle Two-Intellectual Quality of Instruction and Meaningful Access, where English learners engage in intellectually rich, developmentally appropriate learning experiences that foster high levels of English proficiency. These experiences integrate language development, literacy, and content learning as well as provide access for comprehension and participation through native language instruction, native language support, and scaffolding lessons in English.

ELD Video Series Webinars

These webinars are designed to engage the field and support educators in incorporating the Integrated and Designated ELD Videos Series into professional learning settings.

The archived webinar recordings are available through the WestEd Webinar Series on the CDE Integrated and Designated ELD Video Series web page.

ELD in Distance Learning

Pursuant to EC Section 43503, LEAs offering distance learning shall include integrated and designated ELD instruction. The following resources are available to teachers and administrators to support the design and implementation of integrated and designated ELD instruction for English learners in distance learning.

Distance Learning Instruction Planning Guidance
Guidance for distance learning instruction planning, including English language development for English learner students, in accordance to Senate Bill 98 .

Integrated and Designated ELD in Distance Learning

Support for Distance Learning: the History-Social Science and English Language Arts/English Language Development Frameworks, May 14, 2020 (Video; 51:18)
This presentation hosted by the California Department of Education (CDE) Curriculum Frameworks and Instructional Resources Division in collaboration with the Monterey County Office of Education and the California History-Social Science Project provides an overview of how the state-adopted curriculum frameworks in history-social science and ELA/ELD can support teachers and administrators in implementing a distance learning instructional program.

ELD Distance Learning Webinars

Distance Learning: ELD and Dual Language Instruction
The CDE presented and recorded this webinar on Distance Learning: English Language Development and Dual Language Instruction on May 14, 2020, as part of the CDE Distance Learning Series.

Distance Learning Series
Series of distance learning webinars on various topics related to changes due to Covid-19.

The San Bernardino County Superintendent of Schools (SBCSS) recorded a webinar highlighting how LEAs can support English learner students with online learning. The webinar takes the Sobrato Early Academic Language article by Heather Skibbins, " Six Considerations for Supporting English Learners with Distance Learning ," and breaks each of the six components down, providing practical resources that support educators at each step. The SBCSS webinar slides are also available.

This archived webinar provides upper elementary teachers ideas and activities to support 3 rd through 5 th grade students' oral language development by asking questions that promote student analysis of a text's key themes in distance learning environments.

Professional Learning Resources

These resources were developed by the California Department of Education (CDE) and outside agencies to assist educators implement the California English Language Development Standards (CA ELD Standards) and enhance integrated and designated ELD instruction for English learner students.

CDE Resources

The Professional Learning Modules (PLMs) are designed to support educators in delivering curriculum aligned to the California State Standards. The PLMs include the CA ELD Standards in the ELD instructional practice. The CA ELD Standards PLMs provide guidance for using the CA ELD Standards in tandem with the California State Standards for English Language Arts and Literacy in History/Social Studies (ELA), Science, and Technical Subjects (ELA/Literacy), and other content standards.

Integrated and Designated ELD

Click on the Integrated-Designated ELD tab to find these and other resources that support teachers and administrators to design, implement, and enhance integrated and designated ELD instruction for English learner students.

Integrated and Designated ELD Video Series

Click on the ELD Video Series tab to find the videos demonstrating designated ELD and integrated ELD instruction for ELA, mathematics, and science in transitional kindergarten/kindergarten through grade twelve.

Implementation Support for the ELA/ELD Framework
Collection of resources supports the implementation of the ELA/ELD Framework.

ELA and ELD Implementation Support Videos
These videos are compiled from those posted on the Implementation Support for the ELA/ELD Framework web page. They are further organized by key theme and area of focus. These select videos support the related guidance in the ELA/ELD Framework

Other Resources

English Learner Toolkit of Strategies, Volume 1
This toolkit includes a resource for teachers to help English learner students accomplish particular learning goals. The toolkit provides high leverage strategies to increase English language proficiency in both integrated and designated ELD. It addresses reading, writing, listening, and speaking for literacy in the twenty-first century, connects to task types found in the English Language Proficiency Assessment for California, and provides a checklist that includes strategies for word, sentence, and text level understanding. The toolkit was developed by the CISC ELA/ELD CISC Subcommittee ELD Workgroup.

ELD Instructional Resources

The following resources are available to support teachers and administrators as they design, implement, and enhance integrated and designated ELD instruction for English learner students in ELA, mathematics, science, and other content areas.

English Language Development

English Parent/Guardian ELD Overview Brochures (PDF)
Spanish Parent/Guardian ELD Overview Brochures (PDF)
These brochures explain the California English Language Development Standards (CA ELD Standards) to parents/guardians, providing insights into what students will learn and highlighting the progression from kindergarten through grade twelve.

Implementation Support for the ELA/ELD Framework
Collection of resources that support the implementation of the ELA/ELD Framework.

ELA and ELD Implementation Support Videos
These videos are compiled from those posted on the Implementation Support for the ELA/ELD Framework web page. They are further organized by key theme and area of focus. These select videos support the related guidance in the ELA/ELD Framework.

Additional California Department of Education (CDE) Resources

Spanish Language Development Standards
The Spanish Language Development Standards are the Spanish translation of the CA ELD Standards with linguistic augmentations.

Clearinghouse for Multilingual Documents
The Clearinghouse for Multilingual Documents is a secure database to assist LEA staff in locating parent notification documents translated into non-English languages.

California State Content Standards

Next Generation Science Standards for California
The Next Generation Science Standards were developed to prepare California students to be future citizens and future scientist.

Content Standards
Content standards were designed to encourage the highest achievement of every student by defining the knowledge, concepts, and skills that students should acquire at each grade level in mathematics, science, history-social science, visual and performing arts, world language, computer science, health education, and other content areas.

Curriculum Frameworks

Science Framework
The 2016 Science Framework was developed to support the implementation of the Next Generation Science Standards.

Mathematics Framework
The 2013 Mathematics Framework supports the implementation of the CA Mathematics Standards by emphasizing mathematical instruction and learning that focus on key topics, build mathematical understanding and fluency in a coherent manner, and develop students' ability to apply mathematics creatively to analyze and solve complex problems.

All Curricular Frameworks
The SBE-adopted curricular frameworks for mathematics, science, history-social science, visual and performing arts, world languages, career technical education, health education, and other content areas.

California English Learner Roadmap Policy

CA English Learner Roadmap (CA EL Roadmap) Policy
The CA EL Roadmap SBE Policy: Educational Program and Services for English Learners explicitly focuses on English learner students in the context of the state's efforts to improve the educational system, the quality of teaching and learning, and educational outcomes. It centers on standards, curriculum frameworks, assessment, accountability and school improvement, educator quality, early childhood and preschool, social and family support services, parent and community involvement, and higher education. Its purpose is to promote local capacity-building and continuous improvement in each of these areas and their interrelationship, based on evidence of effectiveness from local experience as well as the most current rigorous research evidence that speaks to the strengths and needs of the diverse population of English learner students.

CDE Publications

The 2010 CDE publication, Improving Education for English Learners: Research-Based Approaches, assists school districts in the design, implementation, and evaluation of programs for English learner students. It also assists educators in addressing the instructional needs of English learner students and supporting the implementation of ELD, as well as the subject-matter standards and frameworks. This publication is available for purchase on the CDE Press Online Ordering web page.

State and Federal Legal Citations

California Education for a Global Economy Initiative (CA Ed.G.E.)-Proposition 58
School districts and county offices of education will solicit input on, and provide to students, effective and appropriate instructional methods including, but not limited to, establishing language acquisition programs, as defined in EC Section 306. This requirement is intended to ensure that all students, including English learners and native speakers of English, have access to the core academic content standards, including the English language development standards, as applicable, and become proficient in English.

California Code of Regulations

CA Ed.G.E. Initiative-Proposition 58
The CA Ed.G.E. Initiative (Proposition 58) ensures that all children in California public schools receive the highest quality education, master the English language, and access high-quality, innovative, and evidence-based language programs that prepare them to fully participate in a global economy. The CA Ed.G.E. Initiative authorizes school districts and county offices of education to establish language acquisition programs for both native and non-native English speakers, and requires school districts and county offices of education to solicit parent and community input in developing language acquisition programs.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The English language development (ELD) standards, ELD video series, information, and resources to assist local educational agencies (LEAs) design, implement, and enhance integrated and designated ELD instruction for English learner students.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
As of July 2008, California statute (Chap. 517, Stats. 2006) requires all candidates for a preliminary Multiple and Single Subject Teaching Credential to pass an assessment of their teaching performance with K-12 public school students as part of the requirements for earning a teaching credential.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The California Department of Education provides leadership, assistance, oversight and resources so that every Californian has access to an education that meets world-class standards.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Today, we know more about teaching than we ever have before. Research has shown us that teachers' actions in their classrooms have twice the impact on student achievement as do school policies regarding curriculum, assessment, staff collegiality, and community involvement. We also know that one of the classroom teacher's most important jobs is managing the classroom effectively.

Of all the variables, classroom management has the largest effect on student achievement. This makes intuitive sense-students cannot learn in a chaotic, poorly managed classroom. It is very important that there is a balance between teacher actions that provide clear consequences for unacceptable behavior and teacher actions that recognize and reward acceptable behavior. For example, beginning the school year with a positive emphasis on management; arranging the room in a way conducive to effective management; and identifying and implementing rules and operating procedures.

Research has shown that the quality of teacher-student relationships is the keystone for all other aspects of classroom management. Further, research has shown that teachers who had high-quality relationships with their students had fewer discipline problems and rule violations than those who did not have high-quality relationships.

What are the characteristics of effective teacher-student relationships? Let's first consider what they are not. Effective teacher-student relationships have nothing to do with the teacher's personality or even with whether the students view the teacher as a friend. Rather, the most effective teacher-student relationships are characterized by three specific teacher behaviors:

Exhibiting appropriate levels of dominance

Exhibiting appropriate levels of cooperation

Being aware of high-needs students.

1. Appropriate Levels of Dominance
Teachers can exhibit appropriate dominance by establishing these three principles:

Clear behavior expectations

Clear learning goals

Exhibiting assertive behavior

A. Establish Clear Expectations and Consequences
Teachers can establish clear expectations for behavior in two ways: by establishing clear rules and procedures, and by providing consequences for student behavior. Past research has stressed the importance of establishing rules and procedures for general classroom behavior, group work, seat work, transitions and interruptions, use of materials and equipment, and beginning and ending the period or the day. Ideally, the class should establish these rules and procedures through discussion and mutual consent by teacher and students.

Along with well-designed and clearly communicated rules and procedures, the teacher must acknowledge students' behavior, reinforcing acceptable behavior and providing negative consequences for unacceptable behavior.
Teachers can build effective relationships through these strategies:

Using a wide variety of verbal and physical reactions to students' misbehavior, such as moving closer to offending students and using a physical cue, such as a finger to the lips, to point out inappropriate behavior.

Cuing the class about expected behaviors through prearranged signals, such as raising a hand to indicate that all students should take their seats.

Providing tangible recognition of appropriate behavior-with tokens or rewards, for example.

Employing group contingency policies that hold the entire group responsible for behavioral expectations.

Employing home contingency techniques that involve rewards and sanctions at home.

B. Establish Clear Learning Goals
Teachers can also exhibit appropriate levels of dominance by providing clarity about the content and expectations of an upcoming instructional unit. Important teacher actions to achieve this end include:

Establishing and communicating learning goals at the beginning of a unit of instruction.

Providing feedback on those goals.

Continually and systematically re-visiting the goals.

Providing summative feedback regarding the goals.

C. Exhibit Assertive Behavior
Teachers can also communicate appropriate levels of dominance by exhibiting assertive behavior. Assertive behavior differs significantly from both passive behavior and aggressive behavior.
Tips to using assertive body language:

Maintain an erect posture, facing the offending student but keeping enough distance so as not to appear threatening and matching the facial expression with the content of the message being presented to students.

Use an appropriate tone of voice, speaking clearly and deliberately in a pitch that is slightly but not greatly elevated from normal classroom speech, avoiding any display of emotions in the voice.

Persist until students respond with the appropriate behavior. Do not ignore inappropriate behavior; do not be diverted by a student denying, arguing, or blaming, but listen to legitimate explanations.

2. Appropriate Levels of Cooperation
Cooperation is characterized by a concern for the needs and opinions of others. Although not the antithesis of dominance, cooperation certainly occupies a different realm. Whereas dominance focuses on the teacher as the driving force in the classroom, cooperation focuses on the students and teacher functioning as a team. The interaction of these two dynamics-dominance and cooperation-is a central force in effective teacher-student relationships. Several strategies can foster appropriate levels of cooperation:

Provide flexible learning goals

Take a personal interest in students

Use Equitable and Positive Classroom Behaviors

A. Provide Flexible Learning Goals
Just as teachers can communicate appropriate levels of dominance by providing clear learning goals, they can also convey appropriate levels of cooperation by providing flexible learning goals. Giving students the opportunity to set their own objectives at the beginning of a unit or asking students what they would like to learn conveys a sense of cooperation. Giving students this kind of choice, in addition to increasing their understanding of the topic, conveys the message that the teacher cares about and tries to accommodate students' interests.

B. Take a Personal Interest in Students
Probably the most obvious way to communicate appropriate levels of cooperation is to take a personal interest in each student in the class. All students appreciate personal attention from the teacher. Although busy teachers-particularly those at the secondary level-do not have the time for extensive interaction with all students, some teacher actions can communicate personal interest and concern without taking up much time.

Teachers can practices these steps to show interest:

Talk informally with students before, during, and after class about their interests.

Greet students outside of school-for instance, at extracurricular events or at the store.

Single out a few students each day in the lunchroom and talk with them.

Be aware of and comment on important events in students' lives, such as participation in sports, drama, or other extracurricular activities.

Compliment students on important achievements in and outside of school.

Meet students at the door as they come into class; greet each one by name.

C. Use Equitable and Positive Classroom Behaviors
Programs like Teacher Expectations and Student Achievement emphasize the importance of the subtle ways in which teachers can communicate their interest in students. This program recommends many practical strategies that emphasize equitable and positive classroom interactions with all students. Teachers should, for example,

Make eye contact with each student. Teachers can make eye contact by scanning the entire room as they speak and by freely moving about all sections of the room.

Deliberately move toward and stand close to each student during the class period. Make sure that the seating arrangement allows the teacher and students clear and easy ways to move around the room.

Attribute the ownership of ideas to the students who initiated them. For instance, in a discussion a teacher might say, "Cecilia just added to Aida's idea by saying that . . . "

Allow and encourage all students to participate in class discussions and interactions. Make sure to call on students who do not commonly participate, not just those who respond most frequently.

Provide appropriate wait time for all students to respond to questions, regardless of their past performance or your perception of their abilities.

3. Awareness of High-Needs Students
Classroom teachers meet daily with a broad cross-section of students. In general, 12-22% of all students in school suffer from mental, emotional, or behavioral disorders, and relatively few receive mental health services. The Association of School Counselors notes that 18 percent of students have special needs and require extraordinary interventions and treatments that go beyond the typical resources available to the classroom.
Although the classroom teacher is certainly not in a position to directly address such severe problems, teachers with effective classroom management skills are aware of high-needs students and have a repertoire of specific techniques for meeting some of their needs. Marzano summarizes the five categories of high-needs students and suggests classroom strategies for each category and subcategory.

Passive students fall into two subcategories: those who fear relationships and those who fear failure. Teachers can build strong relationships with these students by refraining from criticism, rewarding small successes, and creating a classroom climate in which students feel safe from aggressive people.

The category of aggressive students comprises three subcategories: hostile, oppositional, and covert. Hostile students often have poor anger control, low capacity for empathy, and an inability to see the consequences of their actions. Oppositional students exhibit milder forms of behavior problems, but they consistently resist following rules, argue with adults, use harsh language, and tend to annoy others. Students in the covert subcategory may be quite pleasant at times, but they are often nearby when trouble starts and they never quite do what authority figures ask of them. Strategies for helping aggressive students include creating behavior contracts and providing immediate rewards and consequences. Most of all, teachers must keep in mind that aggressive students, although they may appear highly resistant to behavior change, are still children who are experiencing a significant amount of fear and pain.

Students with attention problems fall into two categories: hyperactive and inattentive. These students may respond well when teachers contract with them to manage behaviors; teach them basic concentration, study, and thinking skills; help them divide tasks into manageable parts; reward their successes; and assign them a peer tutor.

Students in the perfectionist category are driven to succeed at unattainable levels. They are self-critical, have low self-esteem, and feel inferior. Teachers can often help these students by encouraging them to develop more realistic standards, helping them to accept mistakes, and giving them opportunities to tutor other students.

Socially inept students have difficulty making and keeping friends. They may stand too close and touch others in annoying ways, talk too much, and misread others' comments. Teachers can help these students by counseling them about social behaviors.

School may be the only place where many students who face extreme challenges can get their needs addressed. The reality of today's schools often demands that classroom teachers address these severe issues, even though this task is not always considered a part of their regular job.

Studies have found that the most effective classroom managers did not treat all students the same; they tended to employ different strategies with different types of students. An awareness of the five general categories of high-needs students and appropriate actions for each can help teachers build strong relationships with diverse students.

Don't Leave Relationships to Chance
Teacher-student relationships provide an essential foundation for effective classroom management-and classroom management is a key to high student achievement. Teacher-student relationships should not be left to chance or dictated by the personalities of those involved. Instead, by using strategies supported by research, teachers can influence the dynamics of their classrooms and build strong teacher-student relationships that will support student learning.

For classroom examples of this and other topics visit our Strategy of the Week section.

View our some of our new classroom management segments.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Today, we know more about teaching than we ever have before. Research has shown us that teachers' actions in their classrooms have twice the impact on student achievement as do school policies regarding curriculum, assessment, staff collegiality, and community involvement. We also know that one of the classroom teacher's most important jobs is managing the classroom effectively.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Teacher Classroom Resources - Learning Resources®

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Learning Resources&reg; is a leading manufacturer of innovative, hands-on educational materials for classrooms worldwide and learning toys.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Shop the #1 teacher supply store online for teacher resources and supplies you won't find anywhere else.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Free activities kids love and teachers request.