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A-Level Physics Online is a great website to help you out with your studies throughout Years 12 & 13. They are offering some transition content to help you bridge the Year 11 to Year 12 gap. Keep an eye on this page for more information.

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If you're currently in Year 11 and considering A Level Physics next academic year then this is the place for you!

Schools closing due to COVID-19 and the cancellation of GCSEs is something that your teachers could never have planned for. A Level Physics is a fantastic, yet challenging, course for further study and is well regarded by universities and future employees.

This summer I will be putting together some optional tasks for you to have a go at so you can prepare for when school starts again. This is a mix of reading, practical tasks and questions supported by livestreams. You can work through this independently at your own pace so you are ready for the next stage in your education.

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If you're currently in Year 11 and considering A Level Physics next academic year then this is the place for you! Schools closing due to COVID-19 and the cancellation of GCSEs is something that your teachers could never have planned for.

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Watch this video for some more information on SI units.

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SI Units and Derived Units - GCSE Physics

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Sign up to Seneca Learning to brush up on your GCSE skills so you're up to speed for the start of your A-Level Physics journey. Look for a course called GCSE Equations You Should Know.

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World's First Accelerated Learning Platform

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Challenge yourself with some difficult Physics problems on Isaac Physics.

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Isaac Physics is a project designed to offer support and activities in physics problem solving to teachers and students from GCSE level through to university.

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You will have met these before, but you need to have a clear understanding of vector & scalar quantities to succeed in A-Level Physics. This sheet walks you through some examples and then gives you some to try yourself.

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Have a go at the questions here. There are some examples to help you. Check your answers using the mark scheme in the Week 2 Resources column.

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Activity 2 Measurement Uncertainties Mark Scheme

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Activity 2 Measurement Uncertainties Mark Scheme

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Once you have had a go at the Activity 2 Uncertainties sheet, check your answers using the document below.

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Veritasium is a fantastic YouTube channel with lots of interesting videos on Physics and Chemistry. If you have some spare time, I suggest you watch some of his videos. In the meantime, watch the video below for some cool Physics phenomena that you can recreate at home. We will learn the Physics behind most of these during our A-Level course.

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Watch this video for some more information on prefixes used in Physics.

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Prefixes & Standard Form - GCSE & A-level Physics

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Activity 4 Resolving Vectors & Free Body Diagrams

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Activity 4 Resolving Vectors & Free Body Diagrams

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To solve problems in Physics it is useful to represent them as a diagram. Have a go at solving the problems on the worksheet below. There are some worked examples to help you.

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Activity 2 Key Terms for Practical Physics

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Activity 2 Key Terms for Practical Physics

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Understanding key terms when carrying out practical Physics is extremely important in order to succeed at A-Level. Have a go at learning these definitions using your own flashcards, and test yourself until you can correctly define them all.

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Activity 5 Micrometers & Vernier Callipers

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Activity 5 Micrometers & Vernier Callipers

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Micrometers and Vernier Callipers are two very important measuring devices that we use in A-Level Physics. They provide a much greater level of precision than devices that you may have used at GCSE. Watch the video below to get an idea of what these devices look like and how they operate.

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A Level Practical Endorsement - Calipers vs Micrometers

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Activity 2 Uncertainties in Measurements

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Activity 2 Uncertainties in Measurements

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When making a measurement in any Science, we can never be sure that the value is exactly what we say it is. In Physics we need to take into account the uncertainty in our measurements so that we know how confident we can be in our calculations. Have a go at working out the uncertainty in the following examples.

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Reading the measurement on a Vernier Calliper can be more complex than using other, more everyday, devices. Watch the video below to learn how to make these measurements before attempting some problems yourself. Be aware that not every Vernier Calliper will have the same scale, but the way in which you use them doesn't change.

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Have a go at learning the key terms listed below in preparation for your A-Level studies. You will need to be able to explain what each term means, and use them when evaluating practical work that you carry out.

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Reading the measurement on a micrometer can be more complex than using other, more everyday, devices. Watch the video below to learn how to make these measurements before attempting some problems yourself. Be aware that not every micrometer will have the same scale, but the way in which you use them doesn't change.

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How to Read a Metric Micrometer by WeldNotes.com

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Working with vectors is a key skill in A-Level Physics as it comes up in almost every topic that we cover. Watch the video below to learn how to resolve vectors, then have a go at the worksheet.

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Physics underpins all aspects of everyday life, so it is vitally important that you understand where the Physics that you will study fits into the bigger picture of life. Watch the four videos on the playlist below to see some examples of how fundamental Physics affects us on a daily basis.

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Activity 5 Reading Vernier Callipers & Micrometers

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Activity 5 Reading Vernier Callipers & Micrometers

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Once you have watched the three videos on Vernier callipers and Micrometers, have a go at the problems below. There is a worked example for each device included in the document.

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The biological sciences tend to make the headline news when it comes to Covid-19 however, behind the scenes, Physicists are studying the virus to understand how we can protect ourselves against it. X-ray crystallography is a technique that was developed in Leeds, and is something that you will learn about when we study Quantum Physics in Year 12. Read the article below to find out how it is being used in the fight against Covid-19.

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Taken from the April 2020 issue of Physics World where it appeared under the title "Fighting a pandemic". Members of the Institute of Physics can enjoy the full issue via the Physics World app.

The latest novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has reached pandemic status. While health workers and governments do their part, scientists are trying to understand the virus and develop vaccines and treatments. Jon Cartwright looks at how physics plays an important role in the fight

Zhao Jianping (third from right), a respiratory and critical care specialist, instructs his colleagues at a severe case ward in Wuhan, China on 18 February 2020. (Courtesy: Xinhua/Shutterstock)

It probably originated in one of the several species of horseshoe bat found throughout east and south-east Asia. Possibly, a pig or another animal ate the bat's droppings off a piece of fruit, before being sold at a wet market in Wuhan, China, and subsequently infecting one of the stallholders. Or maybe the first transmission to a human occurred elsewhere.

There is a lot we don't know about the novel coronavirus now called SARS-CoV-2 and its resultant disease, COVID-19. What we do know is that Chinese authorities alerted the World Health Organization (WHO) to the first known cases in Wuhan at the end of last year. Less than a fortnight later, one of those infected people was dead. By the end of January, with more than 10,000 diagnosed cases and 200 fatalities in China alone, and with the virus cropping up far beyond the country's borders, the WHO declared a global emergency.

As of this article's publication (19 March), the WHO reports that the virus has spread to 166 countries, areas and territories, with over 205,000 confirmed cases worldwide and the number of deaths exceeding 8500. The status of "pandemic" was officially designated on 11 March and many countries have introduced social distancing, travel restrictions and quarantine methods to try to curb the spread. Festivals, sports events, parades and conferences are being called off due to the front-line support services they require and the concern that large gatherings of people could help spread the virus. The American Physical Society, for example, axed both its annual March meeting in Denver, Colorado, and April meeting in Washington DC.

When it comes to viruses, there is good reason to worry about novelty. Throughout its history, humanity has had to contend with new diseases springing up seemingly out of nowhere, spreading like wildfire and leaving scores of dead in their wake. In ages past, bacterial plagues were often the source of that terror. Since the birth of modern medicine, however, novel viruses have assumed the mantle of doom. Take Spanish flu for example, which killed up to 100 million people a century ago, and then more recently, HIV, which has led to around 32 million deaths to date. It is only a matter of time before another devastating pandemic, and though epidemiologists do not know what type of virus it will be, they do know that it will be different from anything witnessed before.

Whether or not SARS-CoV-2 is the next "big one", there is something else epidemiologists are grimly aware of: today, disease travels fast. The Black Death that ravaged Europe, as well as parts of Asia and Africa, in the mid-14th century spread at an average of just 1.5 km a day - hardly surprising, since this was before ships could reliably cross oceans and the fastest mode of transport was by horse. Contrast that with the 2015 outbreak of Zika virus in South America, where the daily dispersion was on average 42 km, peaking in the densest-populated parts of Brazil at 634 km. Faced with more populous cities, more mobile people and more international travel, scientists must respond to the threat of viral pandemics faster than ever.

Structural biology has reached the stage where it's fast enough for almost anything

Fortunately, those scientists now have much more efficient tools at their disposal. Structural biology - the study of the structure and function of biological macromolecules - has come a long way since it was first used as the basis of rational (as opposed to trial-and-error) drug design 30 years ago. Back in the early 1990s, viral structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank - an international repository for structures of biological macromolecules - numbered just a few dozen annually, but by the mid-2010s, there were well over 500 new additions a year. Modern techniques, such as automation and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), mean that viral structures can be identified almost instantly in many cases. "Structural biology has reached the stage where it's fast enough for almost anything," says Alexander Wlodawer, chief of the macromolecular crystallography laboratory at the US National Cancer Institute in Frederick, Maryland.

But is it fast enough to halt a pandemic?

The speed of physics

Physics-based techniques play a huge role in the field of structural biology. The vast majority of biological macromolecule structures are obtained by X-ray crystallography, going back to 1934, when John Desmond Bernal and Dorothy Hodgkin recorded the first X-ray diffraction pattern of a crystallized protein, the digestive enzyme pepsin. Their work stemmed from that of physicists such as Wilhelm Röntgen, who discovered X-rays; Max von Laue, who discovered that X-ray wavelengths are comparable with inter-atomic distances and are therefore diffracted by crystals; and William Henry and William Lawrence Bragg, who showed how to use a diffraction pattern to analyse the corresponding crystal structure. Hodgkin went on to win the 1964 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances.

Single biological molecules also diffract X-rays, but only very weakly. Crystallization, as Bernal and Hodgkin employed for pepsin, is helpful because it results in the repetition of huge numbers of molecules in an ordered, 3D lattice, so that all their tiny signals reinforce one another and become detectable - by photographic plates in the early days and by active pixel detectors today. These signals are not images of the molecules, for there are no materials that can substantially refract, and thereby focus, scattered X-rays. Rather, the signals are merely the sum of the contributions of X-rays diffracted from different parts of the molecule. To pick apart these contributions, structural biologists rely on a mathematical tool - the Fourier transform. The calculated contributions are then equated with possible atomic structures by a lot of careful (and now largely computer-driven) interpretation.

Of course, to obtain the signals in the first place requires X-rays. Nowadays, synchrotron radiation sources - large facilities that accelerate electrons in a continuous ring - are ideal for macromolecular crystallography because they produce high-intensity X-rays with a very narrow spread of wavelengths. At these machines, according to Wlodawer, diffraction datasets that would have taken months with X-rays from traditional rotating anode generators take just seconds to compile.

Technological developments such as these spurred the first forays into rational drug design, in which scientists study the structure and function of molecules in order to work out what drugs might bind to them - and in the case of viruses, prevent them from replicating. Antiviral drugs for HIV were an early success. When HIV protease was identified in 1985 as an essential enzyme - and therefore a potential drug target - in the virus's life cycle, it took four years for its first crystal structures to be determined, and a further six years for the first licensed drugs to inhibit it. "That's probably one of the best-documented cases of how quickly rational drug design can go," says Wlodawer, who contributed to the international effort.

Today, it might have gone faster. The four-year delay in obtaining the structure of HIV protease was primarily due not to the brilliance or quality of X-rays, but to the lack of sizeable crystals of the enzyme. Current synchrotrons and ever newer free-electron lasers - which extract diffraction data from molecular crystals in the few femtoseconds before they are annihilated - employ techniques such as serial crystallography to build up a complete diffraction dataset from numerous partial datasets of crystals that would otherwise be too small. Moreover, both the crystallization and data collection are now automated, so that structural biologists need not even visit a light source themselves: they simply post their proteins to a facility and download the dataset when it is ready.

The analysis of SARS-CoV-2 is a prime example of this type of modern pipeline in action. On 5 February this year, a little over a month after the Chinese authorities disclosed the existence of the new coronavirus, a research team led by Zihe Rao and Haitao Yang at ShanghaiTech University in China uploaded the structure of the virus's main protease to the Protein Data Bank ( DOI: 10.2210/pdb6lu7/pdb), having obtained the dataset using X-ray crystallography at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility. "A decade ago, that would have taken a year," says Wlodawer. "At least." The structure is already helping pharmaceutical companies to explore potential drugs, such as those used to tackle HIV.

The protein pipeline

Even if molecules refuse to be crystallized, there is still the chance of obtaining structures using cryo-EM, a technique pioneered by Jacques Dubochet of the University of Lausanne in Switzerland, Joachim Frank of Columbia University in New York City, US, and Richard Henderson of the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, UK, for which they shared the 2017 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. In a cryo-EM experiment, a solution containing the biomolecule or complex of interest is applied to a sample holder, or "grid", as a thin layer. The grid is flash-frozen in liquid ethane to vitrify the sample, which is then imaged by the electron microscope with low doses of electrons to minimize radiation damage. Because single molecules or complexes are imaged directly, there is no need for crystallization.

Thanks to cryo-EM, Daniel Wrapp and Nianshuang Wang of the University of Texas at Austin, US, and colleagues were able to obtain the structure of an outer "spike" protein of SARS-CoV-2 that is believed to enable the new virus to weasel its way into host cells. From harvesting the protein to submitting a paper to the journal Science on 10 February, the entire process took just 12 days ( 10.1126/science.abb2507). "Without cryo-EM," says the University of Texas's Jason McLellan, an author on the paper, "it may not have been possible at all."

The structure of the external spike is more useful for creating coronavirus vaccines than drugs. If host cells are exposed to virus-like particles that brandish the same external features, while being hollow inside, those cells can still help the body build an immunity but without the risk of being exposed to a dangerous, fully fledged virus. David Stuart - a structural biologist at the University of Oxford in the UK and director of life sciences at the Diamond Light Source, a "third-generation" synchrotron - has used this synthetic trick to create a new vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease. This virus, which is still devastating livestock in large parts of Africa, the Middle East and Asia, is in a family of single-stranded "positive sense" RNA viruses that also includes polio and human rhinovirus - the latter being behind most cases of the common cold. "Only in the past few years have we been able to exploit structural biology to understand immunity to disease," he says. The knowledge of viral structures can even be used to design synthetic "therapeutic antibodies" to directly attack diseased cells, he adds.

Stuart obtained the structure of the foot-and-mouth virus itself back in 1989 at the (now defunct) Synchrotron Radiation Source in Daresbury, UK. Indeed, it was one of the first viral structures ever deposited in the Protein Data Bank. For that reason, he knows first-hand how much the techniques have progressed. "Getting those first structures, that was a big deal!" Stuart recalls.

Beware the unknowns

It is too early to predict how long it will take to develop drugs or vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. A US biotechnology firm, Moderna Therapeutics, has already begun human trials for a vaccine candidate, but even if it successful, it could still take up to 18 months for it to be available to the public. Borrowing the infamous terminology of the former US defence secretary Donald Rumsfeld, Stephen Cusack - the head of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) in Grenoble, France - puts the virus in a category of formidable "unknown unknowns", which covers viruses that break out without precedent, such as HIV, Zika and the 2002 coronavirus, SARS-CoV. But Cusack says we should still beware the more familiar "known unknown" pandemic influenza, which has struck three times since the Spanish flu of 1918. Its most recent incarnation in 2009, swine flu, is believed to have infected up to a fifth, and killed up to half a million, of the world's population - although that, relatively speaking, was not such a bad case. Similar numbers are met every year with seasonal flu - in Cusack's terminology, the "known known".

Though he graduated as a physicist, Cusack has spent much of his career studying influenza as a structural biologist, and in particular its polymerase - the enzyme behind the virus's transcription and replication. Like other viruses, in order to replicate, influenza has to produce a code for its proteins known as messenger RNA (mRNA). This needs to match the mRNA of the healthy host cell that the virus is invading in order to trick the cell to produce more of the virus. Some viruses have their own enzymes to synthesize the matching mRNA from scratch; influenza does not, and instead steals a "cap" from the host-cell mRNA as a primer. Biochemists have known of this influenza "cap snatching" for many years, but in 2014 Cusack's group used structural-biology techniques to understand its basic mechanism at an atomic level. In their most recent work, yet to be published, the researchers have employed cryo-EM to snapshot different stages of the entire polymerase transcription - in effect creating a molecular movie - in order to uncover weaknesses that can be targeted by drugs. "If you can stop this mechanism from working, you can stop the virus from replicating," Cusack says.

All of which suggests that structural biologists are well-equipped to tackle the next pandemic, be it a known-unknown or unknown-unknown. Whether their techniques are sufficiently advanced to prevent some of the huge death tolls humanity has suffered in the past, however, is still an open question. Those who study complex networks believe they can now predict the rate at which pandemics spread in the modern world (see box below), although these only stress the shortness of the deadlines on which scientists must act. Moreover, finding a drug is only the first step in a long regulatory process involving fabrication, initial toxicology testing and clinical trials.

Even then, there is no guarantee of success. In 2018 Xofluza was the first antiviral drug for influenza approved by regulators in Japan and the US for decades, billed by the press as a "miracle cure" that was able to stop the virus dead in its tracks just 24 hours after a single dose. A year later, the Japanese company that developed it, Shionogi, discovered that, far from being killed off, the virus in patients taking the drug spontaneously mutated into a more resilient form. Working with Shionogi, Cusack and colleagues used structural-biology techniques to show that although the mutated virus bound to the drug less tightly, it was also less fit to replicate, leaving a question mark over the drug's efficacy. "No-one knows whether the drug will be useless in a year or two," he says.

And therein lies a lesson. "The virus is always cleverer than you are," Cusack says. "But we knew that anyway."

The global village

Back in the 14th century, when the bubonic plague known commonly as the Black Death was advancing through Europe, geographical proximity to an infected town or village was a reliable indicator of how likely a neighbouring settlement's inhabitants would contract the disease. In today's globalized world, however, with the ease of long-distance travel, that is no longer true - at least according to the physicist Dirk Brockmann of Humboldt University Berlin in Germany and the physicist-turned-social-scientist Dirk Helbing of ETH Zurich in Switzerland. In 2013, based on an analysis of airports, the pair showed that computer models could better describe the progress of previous epidemics, such as the swine flu of 2009, if they spread through an "effective" distance between points - one that is dependent not on miles or kilometres but the density of traffic flow between them ().

Although their model - and others like them - could be important for predicting the spread of current viruses and targeting disease-control measures, population flow between cities is not always known to high accuracy. In a preprint posted online in February this year, however, Piet Van Mieghem and colleagues at the Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands showed that it is possible to make short-term predictions about the rate of progression of the latest coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, from Wuhan to other cities in the Chinese province of Hubei if population interactions between cities are inferred from initial observations of the spread, rather than relying on prior knowledge. Comparing their model with real data, they found that its predictions for infections in Hubei cities three days ahead were within 7.5% of the actual numbers ( arXiv:2002.04482). "The coronavirus pandemic has been a good case to demonstrate the power of our method," says Van Mieghem.

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COVID-19: how physics is helping the fight against the pandemic - Physics World

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Taken from the April 2020 issue of Physics World where it appeared under the title "Fighting a pandemic". Members of the Institute of Physics can enjoy the full issue via the Physics World app. The latest novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has reached pandemic status.

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Isaac Physics is an excellent resource for practice problems at A-Level standard and beyond. Now that you have learned five week's worth of important information, have a go at testing your knowledge at the link below. The system will provide you with hints and tutorials if you get stuck, and it will let you know whether you've got the answers correct. Complete activities A1 - A7.

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Isaac Physics

Isaac Physics a project designed to offer support and activities in physics problem solving to teachers and students from GCSE level through to university.

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Isaac Physics

Isaac Physics a project designed to offer support and activities in physics problem solving to teachers and students from GCSE level through to university.

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Isaac Physics a project designed to offer support and activities in physics problem solving to teachers and students from GCSE (Y11), through to university.

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Physics is the most important subject that humans study. It explains everything from the behaviour of the atoms that make up your body, through to the motion of stars and galaxies in space, and everything else in between.

Helen Czerski explains this fantastically in the video below. She presents some excellent ideas of how you can get your head around important, fundamental Physics using only things you will find lying around the house.

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Motion is one of the most fundamental topics in Physics, and is something that we will study in detail early on in Year 12. Get ahead of the curve by thinking about how energy and momentum affect the way things move.

Follow the link below to a series of questions that will make you think long and hard about energy and mechanics. You should have a go at answering questions 3, 4 and 6.

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Start investing - A guide to financial freedom

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Start investing è il punto di riferimento per l’informazione finanziaria indipendente. Segui i nostri consigli per raggiungere l’indipendenza finanziaria.

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You may have come across some of the SUVAT equations at GCSE. These are some of the most important equations in Physics and they form the basis of many areas of Mechanics that we will study in Year 12. The video below gives a great introduction to the SUVAT equations, showing you how to identify the symbols used and how to put the equations to work. Watch this before attempting the problems in the Challenge section.

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SUVAT - Newton's Equations of Motion - A-level & GCSE Physics

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Become a member to get access to Q&A livestreams: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCkNRdK0q5KZssogiS--R4pQ/join http://scienceshorts.net Please don't forget ...

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Once you have watched the SUVAT video, have a go at the problems below which have been set by The University of Newcastle. These are the types of problems that we will solve at A-Level and they require skills that we will use throughout our course. Each problem has a worked solution with it, so make sure you don't scroll too far to reveal the solutions before you have attempted to answer it by yourself.

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ASK has advice on developing your academic skills and information about where you can go for support.

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A current Year 12 student came across this fascinating article last week. It shows how Physicists are using X-ray telescopes to map the Universe from 1.5 million km away from Earth. Astronomy and Cosmology are topics that you will study in your second year of A-Level Physics, and you will learn how maps like this are created, and what they can tell us about the behaviour of the universe.

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Breathtaking new map of the X-ray Universe

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Behold the hot, energetic Universe. A German-Russian space telescope has just acquired a breakthrough map of the sky that traces the heavens in X-rays. The image records a lot of the violent action in the cosmos - instances where matter is being accelerated, heated and shredded.

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Without using any notes or resources to help you, have a go at answering the questions below. These will test your practical knowledge, algebra skills and problem-solving abilities.

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Ofsted, 2021

Leaders and governors foster a culture of exceptionally high expectations for students' academic success

Ofsted, 2021

Students enjoy their lessons, which are taught by skilled, enthusiastic and knowledgeable teachers

You're treated as an individual... Everything is geared towards getting you ready for life and the staff really help prepare you for your exams

Ofsted, 2021

Leaders and staff create an exceptionally safe and welcoming culture

Ofsted, 2021

Students participate in an extensive range of activities and projects that develop their confidence and broaden their interests

Ofsted, 2021

There exists an ambitious curriculum that equips students exceptionally well with the knowledge and skills that they need to progress

Ofsted, 2021

Students thrive in the academy's calm and harmonious environment

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Trinity Sixth Form Academy - Outstanding Sixth Form in Halifax

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Ofsted, 2021 Leaders and governors foster a culture of exceptionally high expectations for students' academic success Ofsted, 2021 Students enjoy their lessons, which are taught by skilled, enthusiastic and knowledgeable teachers You're treated as an individual...

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The gap between GCSE and A-Level Physics is a big one, and there are a lot of new mathematical techniques and scientific ideas that you will need to get comfortable with using, very quickly. The work here is designed to help you build a strong foundation to your A-Level Physics studies.

contactus@sixth.trinitymat.org

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Have a look at the specification to get an idea of the things you will learn in A-Level Physics.

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Converting between units and working with area, volume and length are all skills that need to be second-nature to you at A-Level. Have a go at converting the quantities in the problems below to test your knowledge on length, area and volume.

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Week 10: Converting Length, Area & Volume

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Week 10: Converting Length, Area & Volume

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If you need to refresh your memory on how to convert length, volume & area then watch the video below. It will take you through step by step examples which you can then apply to other problems. Remember that you must use the same units throughout your calculations, which means you may need to convert them before you start.

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Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube.